Kum'mwera kwa zone ya zipululu za arctic pali malo okongola owopsa opanda nkhalango, chilimwe chotalika komanso kutentha - tundra. Chikhalidwe cha nyengoyi ndi chokongola kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri chimayera chipale chofewa. Kuzizira kwa dzinja kumatha kufikira -50⁰С. Zima mu tundra zimatha pafupifupi miyezi 8; palinso usiku waku polar. Chikhalidwe cha tundra ndi chosiyanasiyana, chomera chilichonse ndi nyama iliyonse imazolowera nyengo yozizira komanso chisanu.
Zosangalatsa pamtundu wamtunduma
- M'nthawi yachilimwe, malo otentha amatentha pafupifupi theka la mita kuya.
- Pali mathithi ndi nyanja zambiri m'chigwacho, chifukwa cha kutentha kosalekeza, madzi ochokera pamwamba amasanduka nthunzi pang'onopang'ono.
- Pali mitundu ingapo ya moss mu maluwa a tundra. Ziphuphu zambiri zidzasungunuka pano; ndi chakudya chokonda kwambiri nyama yamphongo m'nyengo yozizira.
- Chifukwa cha chisanu choopsa, nyengo imakhala yocheperako, nthawi zambiri zomera zamtundra zimakhala zochepa, chifukwa mphepo yozizira imamvekera pafupi ndi nthaka.
- M'nyengo yotentha, ma swans ambiri, cranes ndi atsekwe amauluka kupita kumtunda. Amayesetsa kupeza ana mwachangu kuti akhale ndi nthawi yolera anapiye chisanu chisanadze.
- Kusaka kwa mchere, mafuta ndi gasi kukuchitika mumtambo. Kachitidwe ndi mayendedwe antchito amasokoneza nthaka, zomwe zimabweretsa kufa kwa zomera zomwe ndizofunikira pamoyo wa nyama.
Mitundu yayikulu ya tundra
Mtundawu umagawika m'magawo atatu:
- Nyanja ya Arctic.
- Tundra yapakati.
- Kumwera kwa tundra.
Nyanja ya Arctic
Nyanjayi imakhala ndi nyengo yozizira kwambiri komanso mphepo yozizira. Chilimwe ndizabwino komanso kuzizira. Ngakhale izi, nyengo yam'mlengalenga yamkuntho imakhala:
- zisindikizo;
- ma walrus;
- zisindikizo;
- Zimbalangondo zoyera;
- ng'ombe yamphongo;
- mphalapala;
- mimbulu;
- Ankhandwe aku Arctic;
- hares.
Madera ambiri amapezeka ku Arctic Circle. Chikhalidwe chachigawochi ndikuti sichimera mitengo yayitali. M'chilimwe chisanu chimasungunuka pang'ono pang'ono ndikupanga madambo ang'onoang'ono.
Tundra yapakati
Tundra yapakatikati kapena yodziwika bwino yokutidwa ndi mosses. Madera ambiri amakula nyengo ino; mphalapala zimakonda kudyetsa m'nyengo yozizira. Popeza nyengo yapakatikati pa tundra imakhala yocheperako kuposa tundra yapamtunda, pali birches zazing'ono ndi misondodzi. Mtunda wapakati umakhalanso ndi moss, ndere ndi zitsamba zazing'ono. Makoswe ambiri amakhala pano, akadzidzi ndi nkhandwe zimadya pa iwo. Chifukwa cha zimbalangondo zomwe zimapezeka nthawi yayitali, pali ma midge ndi udzudzu wambiri. Kwa anthu, gawo ili limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuswana. M'nyengo yotentha kwambiri komanso nyengo yachisanu salola kulima kulikonse kuno.
Kumwera kwa tundra
Tundra yakumwera nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "nkhalango" chifukwa ili pamalire ndi nkhalango. Dera limeneli ndi lotentha kwambiri kuposa madera ena. M'mwezi wotentha kwambiri chilimwe, nyengo imafika + 12⁰⁰ kwa milungu ingapo. Kum'mwera kwa tundra, mitengo kapena nkhalango zokha za ma spruces kapena ma birches ochepa zimakula. Ubwino wa nkhalango tundra kwa anthu ndikuti ndizotheka kulima masamba, monga mbatata, kabichi, radishes ndi anyezi wobiriwira. Yagel ndi zomera zina zomwe amazikonda kwambiri zimamera kuno mwachangu kwambiri kuposa madera ena am'mbali, chifukwa chake, mphalapala zimakonda madera akumwera.
Nkhani zina zokhudzana nazo:
