Nkhalango mwanjira yathu yonse ndi malo pomwe mitengo yambiri, tchire ndi zitsamba zimakula. Komanso oimira nyama zakutchire amakhala: mbalame, tizilombo, nyama, ndi zina zambiri. Mwanjira yayitali, nkhalangoyi ndi njira yovuta kwambiri yopangira zinthu zamoyo, yopanda zomwezo padziko lapansi pano sizingakhale zotheka. Nkhalango zonse zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo ndi zina. Pali magawo ambiri kutengera zizindikilo zosiyanasiyana, taganizirani zina mwa izo.
Nkhalango zowuma
Nkhalango yowonongeka imakhala ndi mitundu ya mitengo ndi masamba. Palibe mitengo yamtengo wapatali, m'malo mwake - aspen, msondodzi, apulo wamtchire, thundu, mapulo, ndi zina zambiri. Koma mtengo wofala kwambiri wamtunduwu ku Russia ndi birch. Ndiwodzichepetsa kwambiri, amatha kumera panthaka zosiyanasiyana ndipo amakhala ndi moyo wazaka 150.
Nkhalango zodulidwa kwambiri zimapezeka ku Northern Hemisphere. Malo omwe amakulirako amakhala ndi nyengo yotentha komanso nyengo yosintha bwino. M'nkhalangoyi mumakhala magawo angapo: mitengo yazitali zosiyanasiyana, kenako zitsamba ndipo, pamapeto pake, chivundikiro chaudzu. Nthawi zambiri, pali mitundu yambiri ya udzu kuposa mitundu ya mitengo.
Chizindikiro m'nkhalango zowononga masamba ndikuthyola masamba asanafike nyengo yozizira. Munthawi imeneyi, nthambi za mitengo zimakhala zopanda kanthu, ndipo nkhalango imakhala "yowonekera".
Nkhalango za Broadleaf
Gululi ndi gawo logawanika nkhalango ndipo lili ndi mitengo yokhala ndi masamba otambalala. Dera lokuliralo limakhala kumadera okhala ndi chinyezi komanso kotentha pang'ono. Kwa nkhalango zowuma, kugawa ngakhale kutentha mchaka chonse cha kalendala ndipo, makamaka, nyengo yofunda ndiyofunikira.
Nkhalango zazing'ono
Gululi limapangidwa ndi nkhalango, zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi mawonekedwe amitengo yokhala ndi masamba ochepa masamba. Monga lamulo, izi ndi birch, aspen ndi alder. Nkhalango zamtunduwu ndizofala kumadzulo kwa Siberia, ku Far East.
Nkhalango yomwe masamba ake ndi ochepa kwambiri ndi yopepuka kwambiri, chifukwa masamba samasokoneza kwambiri kuwala kwa dzuwa. Chifukwa chake, pali dothi lachonde komanso zomera zosiyanasiyana. Mosiyana ndi ma conifers, mitengo yazitsamba zazing'ono sizikufuna malo okhala, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo ogwetsa mafakitale ndi moto m'nkhalango.
Nkhalango za Coniferous
Nkhalango yamtundu uwu imakhala ndi mitengo ya coniferous: spruce, pine, fir, larch, mkungudza, ndi zina zambiri. Pafupifupi onsewo amakhala obiriwira nthawi zonse, ndiye kuti, samasiya singano zonse nthawi imodzi ndipo nthambi sizikhala zopanda kanthu. Kupatula kwake ndi larch. Ngakhale panali masingano a coniferous nyengo yachisanu isanafike, amawatsanulira mofanana ndi mitengo yodula.
Nkhalango za Coniferous zimamera m'malo ozizira, m'malo ena omwe amafika kupitirira Arctic Circle. Mitunduyi imapezekanso m'malo otentha, komanso m'malo otentha, koma imayimiriridwa pang'ono.
Mitengo ya Coniferous ili ndi korona wandiweyani womwe umaphimba madera ozungulira. Pamaziko a khalidweli, pali nkhalango zakuda za coniferous komanso zowala. Mitundu yoyamba imadziwika ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka korona komanso kuwunikira pang'ono padziko lapansi. Ili ndi nthaka yolimba komanso yopanda zomera. Nkhalango zowala kwambiri zimakhala ndi mphako wowonda, womwe umalowetsa kuwala kwa dzuwa pansi.
Nkhalango zosakanikirana
Nkhalango yosakanikirana imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwamitengo ikuluikulu komanso yamitengo ikuluikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wosakanikirana umaperekedwa ngati pali zoposa 5% zamtundu winawake. Nkhalango zosakanikirana nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo otentha komanso ozizira. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maudzu ndi yayikulu kuno kuposa nkhalango za coniferous. Izi ndichifukwa chake, choyambirira, ndikuwala kochuluka komwe kumalowera kudzera mumikota yazamitengo.
Nkhalango zamvula
Malo omwe nkhalangoyi imagawidwa ndi madera otentha, madera ozungulira equator. Amapezekanso pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Kumalo otentha kumasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yambiri yazomera. Pali mitundu yambiri ya udzu, zitsamba ndi mitengo. Chiwerengero cha mitunduyo ndichachikulu kwambiri kotero kuti ndizosowa kupeza mbewu ziwiri zofanana zikukula limodzi.
Mitengo yambiri yamvula imakhala ndi magawo atatu. Pamwambapa pamakhala mitengo ikuluikulu, yomwe kutalika kwake kumakhala kwa 60 mita. Pali ena mwa iwo, chifukwa chake zisoti zachifumu sizitsekana limodzi, ndipo kuwala kokwanira kwa dzuwa kumalowera kumtunda wotsatira. Pa "chipinda chachiwiri" pali mitengo mpaka 30 mita kutalika. M'madera ena, akorona awo amapanga denga lokwanira, chifukwa chake mbewu zotsika kwambiri zimakula pakasowa kuwala.
Nkhalango ya Larch
Nkhalango yamtunduwu ndi ya coniferous, koma imasiyana ndi yofananira ndi kuthekera kwake kukhetsa singano nthawi yachisanu. Mtundu waukulu wa mtengo pano ndi larch. Ndi mtengo wolimba womwe umatha kumera ngakhale panthaka yosauka komanso m'malo ozizira kwambiri. Kufikira kutalika kwa 80 mita, larch ili ndi korona wosaya, chifukwa chake sichimalepheretsa kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Nkhalango za Larch zili ndi nthaka yachonde kwambiri, mitundu yambiri yazitsamba ndi udzu zimakula. Palinso nthawi zambiri kamtengo kakang'ono kamene kamakhala ngati mitengo yotsika: alder, willow, shrub birch.
Nkhalango zamtunduwu ndizofala ku Urals, Siberia, mpaka ku Arctic Circle. Pali nkhalango zambiri za larch ku Far East. Ma latch nthawi zambiri amakula m'malo momwe mitengo ina sipangakhaleko. Chifukwa cha ichi, amapanga maziko a nkhalango zonse m'zigawozi. Nthawi zambiri m'nkhalango zamtunduwu mumakhala malo osaka nyama, komanso malire achilengedwe okhala ndi zipatso zambiri ndi bowa. Kuphatikiza apo, larch imatha kuyeretsa mpweya kuchokera kuzinyalala zowopsa pakupanga kwa mafakitale.
