Ma diatoms ndi gawo lofunikira pakupanga dongosolo lamadzi, lomwe limaphatikiza mogwirizana nyama ndi zomera. Mbali yake ndi diatom, yomwe ndi khungu lokutidwa ndi chipolopolo cha silicon. Monga lamulo, mtundu uwu wa ndere umakonda mtundu wamakholoni.
Mu aquarium, ntchito yawo yofunikira imawonekera ngati mawonekedwe obiriwira obiriwira, nthawi zina imvi kapena bulauni. Ma diomom mumchere wa m'nyanja yamadzi ndi ofunikira kwambiri pokonza zachilengedwe padziko lapansi. Algae amapanga zinthu zambiri zakuthupi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti opanga ma biomaterials komanso oteteza zachilengedwe azisamalire. Algae ya diatom mumtsinje wa aquarium ndichinthu choyipa chomwe chiyenera kutayidwa pakangoyamba kupezeka chochitika. Koma pa izi ndikofunikira "kudziwa bwino" mtundu uwu wa ndere kuti mumvetsetse kapangidwe kake, mfundo zake ndi cholinga chake.
Diatoms amatseka
Ma microscopes amphamvu kwambiri, omwe amatha kukulitsa chinthu nthawi masauzande ambiri, adatithandizanso kudziwa kapangidwe ka chigobacho. Gawo lalikulu la chipolopolocho ndi silicon dioxide yokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotayidwa, chitsulo, magnesium, zinthu zachilengedwe. Ndi chipolopolo chakunja, chopangidwa ndi magawo awiri - mavavu, nthawi zambiri amakakamizidwa. Kutengera mitundu, ma valve amalumikizidwa mwachindunji kapena amakhala ndi olekanitsa ngati mawonekedwe azisilamu omwe amalola ma valve kuti asunthike padera kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwama cell.
Gawo laling'ono lazinthu zachilengedwe limatha kuwoneka panja pa chipolopolocho. Chopachacho chili ndi mawonekedwe osafanana; apa mutha kuwona zokopa, m'mbali, zikwapu, ndi maselo osiyanasiyana. Izi makamaka ndi ma pores kapena zipinda. Pafupifupi dera lonselo (75%) limakutidwa ndi mabowo. Muthabe kuwona zophukira zosiyanasiyana, poyamba cholinga chawo sichinali chodziwika, koma asayansi adatsimikiza kuti cholinga chake ndi kugwirizanitsa madera.
Pansi pa microscope, zinali zotheka kupeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazipolopolo:
- madiski;
- ziphuphu;
- zonenepa;
- mabokosi;
- ng’oma;
- chopota;
- mipira;
- zibonga.
Sashes amaperekedwanso mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zapangidwe zimapanga kuphatikiza kovuta, ndipo ili ndi khungu limodzi lokha!
Kapangidwe ka diatom
Cytoplasm imagwira ntchito yoteteza ndipo imakhala yopyapyala pang'ono mozungulira makoma. Pali mlatho winawake, womwe uli ndi diploid nucleus ndi nucleoli. Danga lokhala ndi ma cell limakhala kwathunthu ndi vacuole. Ma chromatophores amapezeka m'mbali mwa mpanda wonsewo. Ndi timbale tating'ono ndi mbale. Zocheperako kukula, kokulirapo. Algae Heterotrophic alibe inki. Ma diatoms a Autotrophic amasunga ma plastids amitundu yosiyanasiyana muma chromatophores awo.
Chifukwa cha photosynthesis, osati chakudya wamba chomwe chimapangidwa mchipinda, monga zomera zonse zapansi, koma lipids. Kuphatikiza pa mafuta, omwe amafunikira kuti agwire bwino ntchito, thupi limakhala ndi zinthu zina zowonjezera ndikusungira zinthu, mwachitsanzo, chrysolaminarin.
Kubereka
Nderezi zimaberekana m'njira ziwiri:
- Zomera;
- kugonana.
Kuchuluka kwa kuberekako kumathamanga, nthawi zambiri kumachepetsa. Kuthamangako kumadalira mwachindunji chilengedwe. Selo limodzi limatha kupanga zamoyo zatsopano pafupifupi 35 biliyoni patsiku. Mtundu uwu umakhala pafupifupi madzi aliwonse padziko lapansi, amamva bwino m'madzi, mitsinje, nyanja zokhala ndi kutentha kwamadzi pang'ono, ngakhale samaopa akasupe otentha ndi madzi oundana. Zakudya zimayambitsa maziko a phytoplankton ya World Ocean ndi zomera zina zing'onozing'ono zofananira.
Amakhala ndi mavitamini, mafuta ndi phulusa. Chifukwa chake, ndi chakudya chokoma kwambiri m'nyanja zazing'ono zomwe nsomba zimadya.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za diatoms ndikupanga oxygen.
Mitundu
Mitundu ina imakhala pansi, ina imakonzedwa ndi gawo lapansi, mwachitsanzo, pansi pa sitima zapamadzi. Nthawi zambiri amalumikizana m'magulu ambiri, kutuluka kwapadera kapena ntchofu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zizimangire. Kapangidwe ka njuchi sizangochitika mwangozi, chifukwa chake tizilombo timayesetsa kukana kuwonetsa kwachilengedwe. Pali mitundu ya diatom yomwe imangokhala pamtundu umodzi wa gawo lapansi, mwachitsanzo, pamimba pa nsomba kapena pachomera china.
Pali mitundu ya ma diatom omwe amayenda momasuka (kuwuluka) m'madzi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake, chipolopolo cha porous, ndi mafuta inclusions. Kuti zitheke, zimakhala ndi matupi ataliatali m'matupi awo omwe amawalola kuphatikizika m'magulu akulu oyandama. Nthawi zina mamina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti agwirizane, ndi opepuka kuposa madzi.
Magulu akulu mwatsatanetsatane
Pali mitundu yoposa 10,000 mu dipatimenti ya Bacillariophyta. Akatswiri ofufuza zamoyo padziko lonse lapansi akuti chiwerengerochi chikuwonjezerapo kangapo. Kwa zaka zana zapitazi, kusungidwa kwa ma diatoms kwasintha kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mikangano yambiri ndi zokambirana zikuchitika, mutu waukulu ndi kuchuluka kwamakalasi.
Ma diatoms apakati
Algae a m'kalasiyi ali ndi mawonekedwe amtundu umodzi komanso atsamunda. Chipolopolocho ndi chozungulira, chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Ma chromatophores amaimiridwa ngati mbale zazing'ono. Ma diatoms apakati pa centric amatsogolera moyo wosasunthika. Kuberekana munjira yokhayokha. Oimira ma diatom a centric apezeka m'mabwinja akale padziko lonse lapansi.
Dongosolo la Coscinodiscales. Nthawi zina amakhala okha, koma makamaka ngati magulu okhala ngati ulusi. Maonekedwe a chipolopolocho alibe ngodya, motero dzina:
- ozungulira;
- ozungulira;
- lenticular;
- alireza.
Ma valve amakhala ozungulira; ali ndi zotuluka zosiyanasiyana, nthiti, ndi zina zapadziko.
Mtundu wa melosir. Amakhala m'magawo amakankhidwe, ambiri aiwo ndimaselo ozungulira. Amalumikizidwa ndi mitsempha pamwamba pa chipolopolocho. Ma valve ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ma pores amapezeka pa iwo. Ma Chromatophores amapezeka ambiri ndipo amakhala ndi ma disc.- Mtundu wa cyclotella. Algae amaperekedwa ngati kabokosi kakang'ono. M'mphepete mwa lambawo pali mizere yozungulira. Ma chromatophores amapangidwa ngati ma mbale ang'onoang'ono, omwe amapezeka mu cytoplasm. Ma diatoms amtundu wa cyclotella amalumikizidwa ndi ntchofu zopangidwa kapena zotupa, pomwe madera amafanana ndi ulusi. Nderezi zimapezeka m'matupi amadzi osayenda.
Mtundu wa melosir. Amakhala m'magawo amakankhidwe, ambiri aiwo ndimaselo ozungulira. Amalumikizidwa ndi mitsempha pamwamba pa chipolopolocho. Ma valve ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ma pores amapezeka pa iwo. Ma Chromatophores amapezeka ambiri ndipo amakhala ndi ma disc.Dongosolo la Biddulphiales. Maselowa ndi okhaokha, koma nthawi zina amalowa m'magulu angapo, chifukwa ziphuphu zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachikopacho. Mwa njira, chipolopolocho chimapangidwa ngati silinda kapena prism. Masambawo ndi ozungulira, monga lamulo, elliptical, nthawi zina amakhala ophatikizana. Ma valve ndi amtundu wosiyana, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwazing'ono zazing'ono ndi mabowo.
Mtundu wa Hetoceros. Maselo ozungulira, okhala ndi setae yayikulu yomwe ili pamagetsi. Mitengoyi imawalola kuti aziphatikizidwa ndi maunyolo onga ulusi. Ma chromatophores amawoneka ngati mbale zazikulu.
Cirrus diatoms
Unicellular algae, omwe nthawi zambiri amapanga zigawo, amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Carapace imakhala ndimagawo awiri ofanana (mavavu), ngakhale pali mitundu yazachilengedwe yomwe imafufuza bwino. Monga lamulo, valve ili ndi nthenga. Ma chromatophores amafanana ndi mbale zazikulu. Fomuyi imagwira ntchito, imakhala ndi seams osiyanasiyana komanso ma canal. Kubereka kumachitika mwachizolowezi chogonana, koma mwanjira inayake yomwe imafanana ndi kuphatikiza.
Chiyambi
Ma diatom amasiyana kwambiri ndi omwe amaimira zomera zam'madzi. Pambuyo pofufuza mosamalitsa za mbale za pigment komanso ndondomeko ya photosynthesis yomwe imapezeka m'maselo, zinali zotheka kudziwa kuti zamoyozi zimachokera kwa oimira ma flagellates. Hypothesis iyi idapeza umboni wowonekeratu pakutha kwa ma diatoms kukonza ndikupanga zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mitundu yawo yokongola.
Udindo wa diatoms mu aquarium
M'zinthu zachilengedwe, zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu, chifukwa ndiwo gawo lalikulu la plankton ndipo amatenga nawo gawo pakupanga zinthu zamoyo padziko lapansi, ndipo zipolopolo zawo zikafa, amatenga nawo gawo pakupanga miyala. Ngakhale kufunikira kwakuthupi kotere, ma diatom siothandiza m'nyanja yamchere. Ndere zofiirira zomwe zimamangirira chipupa pamakoma, makamaka pomwe kuwala kocheperako kulowamo, ndi diatoms.
Zakudya zimayenera "kukhazikika" mu aquarium yatsopano patatha masiku ochepa mutadzazidwa ndi madzi. M'madzi akale, ndere zimawoneka zosawunika bwino, nthawi zambiri sizokwanira kapena zochepa.
Pofuna kubweretsa diatoms amathandizira kuti:
- pH ndiyoposa 7.5;
- mkulu kuuma madzi;
- kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a nayitrogeni.
Kuphulika kwa kukula kwa ndere kumatha kuyambitsidwa ndi mchere wambiri wamchere m'madzi, nthawi zambiri nsomba zikagwidwa mchere wamchere. Ma diatom amayenera kuchitidwa mwadongosolo, apo ayi aziphimba makoma onse osungira. Miyala ndi zida ziyenera kutsukidwa ku mamina ndi ziphuphu zofiirira, zitangotuluka. Pofuna kupewa chitukuko, m'pofunika kuwongolera kuyatsa, ndikuwunika momwe madzi alili. Ma diatom amakula pang'onopang'ono ngati kuyatsa kwasinthidwa ndipo thanki imatsukidwa nthawi ndi nthawi.
