Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti dzinalo siligwirizana konse ndi mawonekedwe kapena mawonekedwe a nyama. Ku Far East ku Russia, mbalame zimakhala m'makona akutali kwambiri a spruce-fir taiga grouse, kapena wakuda hazel grouse. Alenje am'deralo amamutcha "hazel grouse" wonyozeka chifukwa mbalameyi siyiwopa anthu ndipo imakhala m'malo mwake pakagwa ngozi.
Ikhoza kulola mlenjeyo kuti afike patali, ena mpaka adakhoza kuyiphulula. Kutengeka koteroko kwa mbalame sikugwirizana ndi dzina lake konse, ndipo kumakhala kovuta kufotokoza. Mwachiwonekere, cholakwacho chinatuluka. Kumene kumakhala mbalame yodabwitsa grouse, momwe imawonekera ndi zomwe amachita, tidzayesa kudziwa.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Aliyense amene anawonapo hazel grouse kapena grouse yakuda amatha kulingalira za grouse yakutchire. Ndi golide wa hazel, wokulirapo kamodzi ndi theka, ndipo mumdima wake amafanana ndi capercaillie wambiri. Komabe, mukamudziwa kwambiri, mumamvetsetsa bwino: kusiyana pakati pa mbalameyi ndi abale ake ndikofanana kwambiri. Koma izi makamaka zimakhudza moyo wa nzika zakum'mawa kwa Far.
Kulemera kwake kwa mbalameyo kumatha kukhala kuchokera ku 400 mpaka 750 g, ndipo thupi limakhala pafupifupi masentimita 40-45. Thupi limakhala lothinana, mutu ndi wocheperako, khosi limakhala lalitali komanso lolimba, mulomo ndi wamfupi komanso wakuthwa. Mchira, kuyambira kukula kwake mpaka masentimita 10 mpaka 13, umakwezedwa mwamphamvu kumtunda ndipo umathera pamakona atatu. Mwa amuna, malekezero a mapiko ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ngati mphero.
Kunja, Siberia Grouse ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi grouse yamatabwa
Grouse yamphongo imakhala yakuda bulauni, pafupifupi yakuda. Kumwaza modabwitsa kwamadontho oyera kumawonekera pansi pamthupi komanso kumapeto kwa nthenga za mchira. Mutu pakhosi ndi m'khosi ndi makala ndi malire amtundu wofiirira m'mphepete mwake. Nsidze zofiirira zobiriwira, kolala lokwera komanso nthenga zonunkhira pakhosi zikuwonetsa kuti yamphongo imafunitsitsa kukhala pachibwenzi. Tambala amanyadira bwenzi lake chovala chake chaukwati.
Mkazi grouse pachithunzichi zimawoneka zocheperako. Amavala nthenga zonyezimira zokhala ndi mbewa, m'malo okutidwa pang'ono ndi poyipa. Zowona, mawonekedwe abulawuni otseguka amawapangitsa kukhala osangalatsa pang'ono. Palibe nsidze zofiira, zopanda mutu. Kudzichepetsa ndi kukongola palokha.
Mitundu
Mtundu wa grouse waku Siberia umagwirizanitsa mitundu itatu, yofanana kwambiri ndi mtundu, kukula ndi moyo: Asia Siberia Grouse (wamba), yomwe imapezeka ku Russia kokha ku Far East, ndi abale ake awiri omwe amakhala ku America - grouse yaku Canada ndi phiri.
- Canada nthumwi, monga zikuwonekeratu, amakhala ku North America. Kukula kwake kuli kocheperako pang'ono kuposa masiku onse - pafupifupi masentimita 35 m'litali, kulemera kwake ndi kuchokera 450 mpaka 600. Ili ndi mchira ndi mapiko ataliatali, nthenga za apical zomwe sizoyera, koma zofiirira.
Mimba yake ndi thupi lake lakumunsi amakongoletsanso ndi zolemba zoyera m'mbali mwa chokoleti, komabe, alibe mawonekedwe owoneka ngati "mtima", monga gulu lathu. Dera lakuda lomwe lili pachifuwa cha tambala limagawidwa ndi mzere wopita kumtunda ndi kumunsi. Ndipo mapiko ake sakhala akuthwa ngati a Far Eastern Siberia Grouse.
Mwa mitundu itatu yonse yamtunduwu, Canada ndiofala kwambiri. Amapezeka ku Canada kuchokera kunyanja ya Atlantic mpaka Pacific, kulikonse komwe ma conifers amakula.
- Phiri lamapiri amakhala kokha m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino za mapiri a Koridilyer. Ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi waku Canada, ngakhale nthawi imodzi amawerengedwa kuti ndi subspecies. Zimangosiyana ndi tsatanetsatane wa utoto komanso kuthawa kwapadera pakadali pano.
Yaimuna imawuluka mozungulira, imakhala panthambi yayikulu, imakhazikika pamenepo ndikukhala pamenepo kwakanthawi. Ikamauluka, imatsika, ikuuluka pafupifupi mamita 20. Nthawi yomweyo, mapikowo amawomba m'manja mwamphamvu kawiri, komanso nthawi ina ikamatera. Amakhala pang'ono pang'ono kuposa abale ena, pafupifupi zaka 12-13.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mbalame yakutchire kwathunthu ku Russia, komwe kumapezeka m'dziko lathu lalikulu. Mbalameyi imadziwika bwino ndi anthu okhala m'chigawo cha Amur komanso m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk, kuphatikizapo chilumba cha Sakhalin. Ilibe malo opitilira; pamapu, magawidwe ake amawoneka ngati malo osiyana obalalika m'nkhalango zowirira za spruce.
Malo abwino kwambiri a grouse ndi malo omwe amapezeka kwambiri ku taiga ndi miyala yamiyala. Chifukwa chokonda miyala komanso miyala, mbalameyi imatchedwanso miyala ya hazel grouse.
Mbalameyi imakonda kusungulumwa, imangoyenda pang'ono, imakhala chete. Amawona chipulumutso chake pakutha kubisala, osathawa. Amayesetsa kubisala kuti wina asaone kapena kumva. Amazolowera kwambiri malo amodzi. Amakhala nthawi yayitali pamtengo, kutsikira pansi ndikubisala usiku.
Grouse amakonda kucheza nthawi m'nkhalango zowirira
Amayenda pang'onopang'ono, makamaka poyenda, kuyesa kuti asamawuluke, ngakhale atakhala ovuta kwambiri. Amatha kukhala osasunthika kwa nthawi yayitali, kuwuluka kawirikawiri komanso patali pang'ono - mpaka 20-30 m. Dikusha pothawa zomveka ndi mluzu wamapiko womwe umayenda nawo.
Nthawi yozizira kwambiri, mbalamezi zimakhamukira m'magulu amitu ya 15-20. Mwinanso kuti mumve chimfine. Komabe, ngakhale atatero amayesetsa kuti asayankhulane ndipo samadyera limodzi.
Chinthu china cha mbalameyi ndikuti nthawi yachisanu chimasunga nkhalango zokhazokha, ndipo nthawi yotentha imatha kuwonedwa pamitengo ya larch. M'nyengo yozizira, amapanga timipando tating'ono m'chipale chofewa, momwe amabisalira usiku. Nthawi zambiri, kupezeka kwa kulowetsedwa kumakhala koopsa kwa iwo. Satha kuboola matalala ndikubisala pachipale chofewa.
Kenako mbalamezi zimaundana kapena kugwera m'mano mwa zilombo. Kuchokera kukumba chipale chofewa kumapeto kwa dzinja, nthenga pamapiko awo zimafufutidwa. Inde, poyamba mbalameyi imakumba chipale chofewa ndi mapazi ake, kenako imalowa mkatikati mwa kabowo, ndikukankhira kunja ndi mapiko ake. Ngati nyengo yachisanu imakhala yotentha, grouse yaku Siberia siyabowole mu chipale chofewa kuti nthenga zisanyowe.
Zakudya zabwino
Mbalame yodyedwa nthawi zonse imadya padera. M'nyengo yozizira, amangodya singano zokha za mitengo ya Khrisimasi ndi firs, akumazidulira nthambi ndi mulomo wake. Pali chakudya chochuluka, mbalame sizifunikira kusuntha kwambiri kuti ziifunefune. Amakhala panthambi ndipo amadya singano pang'onopang'ono. Spruce amadya pafupifupi 150 g ya utomoni wama vitamini chakudya patsiku.
Kuswa chakudya sikukhalitsa, pafupifupi theka la ola. Ndipo madzulo kwambiri imawuluka pamtengopo, imadzibisa yokha mu matalala kapena masamba obisala mpaka kugwa. M'mawa amayambiranso zosangalatsa zomwe amakonda - kuyamwa singano. M'chilimwe, menyu yake imasiyanasiyana. Amakhala ndi zipatso, nthangala za moss, masamba a shrub, komanso nthawi zina tizilombo.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Nkhuku zimatha kuberekanso mchaka chachiwiri chamoyo. Amuna okha amakhala okhwima ali ndi zaka zitatu. Pakati pa nyengo yokhwima, yomwe ndi Meyi, nthawi zambiri azimayi a taiga omwe amakhala chete amakhala osangalala kwambiri. Komabe, alibe mpikisano wamatambala omwe amapezeka mgulu lililonse la hazel.
Pachithunzicho, grouse anapiye
Mkwati amasankha malo otseguka okwatirana, amakhala pansi ndikumanga maukwati. Amayang'anitsitsa mwambowu wonse, kuphatikiza kudumpha, kulira pang'ono kofanana ndi kumveka kwa mphepo mu chitoliro, kukupiza mapiko ake, ndikukupiza manja ake. Cockerel amalimbikitsa bwenzi lake kuti awone momwe alili wanzeru, wanzeru komanso waluntha.
Koma grouse wamkazi waku Siberia ndi wa mphepo, monga nkhuku zambiri. Alibe awiriawiri okhazikika. Tsiku lotsatira laukwati ndi mkwati m'modzi, atha kudzipereka kwa wina ngati atadzionetsera kwinakwake pafupi. Ndipo yamphongo yomwe ikudontha imatha kudzisankhira yaikazi iliyonse.
M'chisa muli mazira 7-12 a mthunzi wobiriwira wobiriwira wokhala ndi zitsotso. Kukula kwa machende ali pafupifupi 48x32 mm. Zomangamanga nthawi zonse zimakhala m'malo obisika, m'nkhalango zowirira. Mkazi amakhala mmenemo mwamphamvu komanso osasunthika, akuwona momwe moyo wake ulili - kuti asadziwike. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku pafupifupi 23-26. Chisa chomwecho nthawi zambiri chimakhala molunjika pansi, chopangidwa ndi timitengo tating'ono, singano zakale ndi nthenga.
Ataswa, anauma pang'ono, anapiyewa amaoneka ngati timipira ting'onoting'ono, mbali imodzi yomwe ndi yachikasu, ndipo inayo ya bulauni. Pa tsiku lachiwiri amathamanga kwambiri, ndipo tsiku lachinayi amayenda nthambi.
Wamphongo satenga nawo mbali pokhadzula kapena kulera ana. Ntchito yake yokhayo kukhala pafupi ndikuchenjeza za ngozi munthawi yake. Makamaka mayi wokhala ndi ana ake akayamba kuyenda mozungulira nyumba yaying'ono.
Anapiye amachita manyazi poyamba, koma akamakula, amakhala ndi “chidwi” chachitetezo cha zonse zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira iwo. Kutalika kwa moyo wawo, monga ma grazel angapo, pafupifupi zaka 8-10. Komabe, anthu ochepa amakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka izi chifukwa cha kuukira kwa adani ndi matenda.
Kusamalira ndi kukonza
Kuyesera kukupanga kubereka mbalame mu ukapolo. Ku Zoo ya ku Moscow, dziko lapadera "chipatala cha amayi oyembekezera" lidapangidwira alendo osowa chonchi, pafupifupi ngati mzinda womwewo. Pamenepo, paokha, m'malo oyandikira kuthengo, mbalame ndi nyama zimatha kubala.
Pali malo angapo awiriawiri aku Far Easters. Kuphatikiza pa Moscow, malo ena osungira nyama ndi malo osungirako nyama akuchita nawo kuswana mbalame zosowa - Sikhote-Alinsky, Komsomolsky, Zeisky, Bureinsky, Dzhungursky, Paranaysky, komanso Tundrovy ndi Severny pachilumba cha Sakhalin.
Mwachitsanzo, ku Zoo ku Novosibirsk, ntchitoyi yakhala ikuchitika kuyambira 1986, ndipo anapiye ambiri akhala akuweta. Pofika chaka cha 2008, izi zidalola kuti anthu pafupifupi 100 amasulidwe kuthengo ngati kuyesa. Izi zidapangitsa kuti anthu ochepa akhale m'chigawo cha Novosibirsk.
Kusayenda bwino kwa mbalameyi komanso kupanda mantha kwake kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yosangalatsa monga wokongoletsera komanso malo ena osungira nyama. Amagwirizana mosavuta ndi anthu ena okhala mndegemo. Chofunikira chachikulu chomwe chiyenera kukwaniritsidwa ndikupanga malo obisika komwe amatha kubisala.
Momwemo, muyenera kuyambitsa mbalameyi pawiri, makamaka patsamba lomwe lili m'nkhalango ya coniferous. Kenako amatha kupanga zinthu zofanana ndi zachizolowezi. Sikoyenera kusokoneza moyo wa nzika za taiga, chinthu chachikulu apa ndikuwonetsetsa komanso kuwunika kwakanthawi kwa tiziromboti ndi thanzi. Chakudya chawo ndichosavuta, madzi ayenera kuwonjezeredwa pakufunika. Ngati mpandawo ndi wokulirapo ndipo mitengo ikukula mmenemo, mbalame zimadzipezera zosowa zawo.
Adani achilengedwe
Njira "yobisalira, yosaoneka" idatembenukira ku Siberia Grouse. Ali ndi adani ambiri mwachilengedwe, koma sable ndipo mwamunayo wapha iye. Ndizovuta kuti chilombocho chiletse kufunafuna gulu lodzichepetsera la hazel. Koma lamuloli limaletsa munthu kumusaka. Komabe, kodi mungayang'anire bwanji anthu opanda mitima m'nkhalango yamtchire?
Mdani wamkulu wa grouse amatha kutengedwa ngati munthu
Ndipo zidachitika kuti mbalame yonyengeka ija inali pafupi kuwonongedwa, ndipo pakadali pano Grouse mu Red Book Russia idalandira chiphaso chokhazikika. Kuphatikiza pa opha nyama mosavomerezeka, chiwerengerocho chidakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi moto komanso kudula mitengo mwachisawawa. Zikuoneka kuti ndi m'malo osungidwa okha momwe mbalame zosowa zimatha kukhala zotetezeka.
Zosangalatsa
- Alenje akomweko akum'mawa amayesa kuti asaphe mbalameyi, atakumana nayo koyambirira kwa kusaka. Izi sizimabwera chifukwa chokomera mtima mbalameyo, koma chifukwa chakusamalira wotsatira wotsatira, yemwe atha kukhala wofooka komanso wanjala. Malo oterewa atha kukhala othandiza kwa munthu wotopa, ndi nyama yosavuta. Sizachabe kuti mbalameyi imatchedwanso "chakudya cham'mawa cha mlenje".
- Amasaka nyama yaku Siberia makamaka chifukwa chopeza chikho, popeza nyama yake imakhala yowawa kwambiri. Kupatula apo, amangodya singano zapaini moyo wake wonse.
- Ngakhale kuti mbalameyi ikupezeka, sizovuta kukumana nayo. Mutha kuwona ndi kuyandikira iyo pokhapokha mwadzidzidzi mutalowa m'nkhalango. Kusaka kwapadera sikudzabweretsa chilichonse - ndiwokhoza kubisala.
