Mbalame za mphodza. Kufotokozera, mawonekedwe, mitundu, moyo ndi malo okhala mphodza

Mitundu yambiri ya mbalame imakhala mu Dziko Lapansi, mitundu yambiri ya mbalame imakhala ku Russia. Asayansi apereka ntchito zambiri pofotokozera oimira nyama, komanso pakuphunzira za moyo wawo. Mmodzi mwa akatswiri odziwa zamatsenga ku Russia amatha kutchedwa Sergei Alexandrovich Buturlin (1872-1938), chifukwa cha omwe tidadziwana ndi zitsanzo zambiri zosangalatsa.

Mwachitsanzo, ponena za mbalame ina, analemba muzolemba zake kuti: “Kodi munamvapo mbalame yamtchire ikuimba likhweru, osaphunzira konse? Maluwa imachita bwino kwambiri. " Zinthu zosangalatsa zomwe mbalame iyi imatha kutiimbira, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala zapadera, ndi momwe mungazindikirire, tidzayesa kuzilingalira.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndikuti mawu oti "che-che-wi-tsa", omwe ambiri amamva munyimbo yake, adangopatsa dzina mbalameyi. Ngakhale apa mutha kukangana pang'ono. Ena amakonda kumva munyimbo yake: "Wamuwona Vitya?" Pakadali pano, nyimbo yamitengoyi imayimba chonga ichi: "Ti-tu-it-vityu ...". Ndipo nthawi zambiri ndimatchulidwe amafunso.

Mverani mphodza zikuimba

Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe

Mbalame ya mphodza pachithunzichi imawoneka ngati mpheta yokhala ndi nthenga zopaka utoto. Kwenikweni, dzina lake lachiwiri ndi mpheta yofiira. Zowonadi, mu kukula kwake ili pafupi kwambiri ndi mbalame iyi, komanso, ndiyamphamvu ya odutsa. Koma utoto wake ndi wosiyana kwambiri. Mtundu wakale: oimira azigonana olimba kuposa zaka zitatu amawoneka achisangalalo, achifumu.

Mtundu wa nthenga ndi pinki yolemera ndi utoto wofiira, kolala yolimba pachifuwa ndiyowala bwino kwambiri. Chifuwa ndi mimba ndi pinki yotumbululuka, madera a nthenga zowala zimawoneka pansi pamanja ndi pansi pa mchira. Pansi pa occiput, utoto umayamba mdima, ndikudutsa kumbuyo ndi mapiko kale ngati mthunzi wa chokoleti wokhala ndi malire amkaka m'mbali mwake. Wamkulu wamwamuna, wowala kwambiri mtundu wa "chovala" chake: mthunzi wa duwa wofalikira pang'onopang'ono umadzazidwa ndi "msuzi" wa chitumbuwa kapena rasipiberi.

Mbalamezi zimasiyanitsa pakati pa zolimba komanso zosagonana. Lenti wamkazi alibe kuwala koteroko mu zovala. Maonekedwe ake ndi odzichepetsa kwambiri. Chovalacho ndi imvi-mabokosi okhala ndi nondescript marsh tint, wokhala ndi nthenga zofiira pamimba.

Pali kunyezimira kowala pamapiko. Ma Juveniles ali pafupi ndi akazi muutoto, mitundu yokha ndiyo yosawoneka bwino komanso yakuda. Amapeza chovala chokongola posintha nthenga kawiri, mwanjira ina, pambuyo pa molt wachiwiri. Thupi la mbalameyo ndi lalitali, mutu wake ndi waudongo. Mlomo ndi waung'ono, koma wonenepa komanso wolimba, wowoneka bwino pang'ono.

Mitundu ya mphodza yamphongo ndi yamwamuna ndiyosiyana.

Mchirawo umakhala wotalika masentimita 7 ndikutalikirana pang'ono, mapikowo amafupikiranso, mpaka masentimita 8 mpaka 9. Mbalameyi imalemera pafupifupi 75-83 g Amuna ndi akulu kuposa achikazi. Kuimba mphodza zovomerezeka, zogwirizana komanso zosangalatsa pamakutu anyimbo, zomwe nthenga iyi imalemekezedwa moyenera ndi onse okonda mbalame zanyimbo.

Mitundu

Mbalamezi ndi gawo la banja la finch, banja laling'ono la zolengedwa zagolide. Kuyimba kwanyimbo ndilo gawo lawo lalikulu, limakhala pafupifupi pafupifupi onse. Mitundu ya mphodza (ndipo pali 22) imakhala ndi utoto wosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza apo, imatha kugawidwa m'malo okhala:

Amakhala ku Europe:

• Manyowa wamba - utoto monga muyezo, mtundu wakale kwambiri;

Mitundu itatu imakhala ku North America:

• Msuzi wa ku Mexico - mitundu iyi imaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 10. Kwa onse, mchira ulunjika kumapeto (kopanda kudula m'mphepete) ndipo mlomo umakhuthala m'munsi mwa mawonekedwe a kondomu. Imapangidwa ndi utoto wa burgundy wokhala ndi zonyezimira, mapikowo ndiosiyanasiyana, masitepe okhala ndi zoyera;

• Katsamba kofiira kofiira - kumbuyo kwa mutu kuli kapezi "yarmulke", apo ayi ili pafupi ndi mphodza wamba;

• Msuzi wofiirira - thupi ndi pinki wotumbululuka, mapiko ake ndi ofiira ofiira ndi mikwingwirima yoyera, pamphepete mwake amakhala ndi chokoleti, mulomo umakhalanso ndi nthenga zowala;

Zitsanzo zina zonse ndi nzika zaku Asia:

• Maluwa apinki - osati mbalame yosamuka. Okhala ku Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan) ndi Tien Shan.

• Lentil ya mphodza kapena pinki yaying'ono (yomwe kale inkayesedwa ngati subspecies yake), imagawana gawolo ndi wachibale wakale. Chovala chachimuna chofiirira chimakongoletsedwa ndi zolemba za silvery pamasaya ndi pamphumi. Achinyamata ndi akazi ali ndi nthenga zonyezimira za khofi zokhala ndi mbali zofewa zokoma. Mtundu uwu ndi wokulirapo kuposa "mpheta" ndipo umakhala ndi mchira wautali.

• Maluwa akuda (Sinai) - nthenga zamphongo ndizofiyira komanso pinki, akazi ndi ana amakhala ndi nthenga zachikaso zowala, zomwe zimakhala zakuda pang'ono kumbuyo. Imadziwika kuti ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro za Yordano.

• Mphodza zazikulu - inde, wokulirapo kuposa mitundu ina, thupi limaposa masentimita 20, mapiko ake ndi ochokera masentimita 10. Kukula kwambiri osati mpheta, koma kuphulika kapena nyenyezi. Nthenga zimakhala zosalala, nthenga ndizitali. Mbiri yonse ya nthenga ndi yofiira pinki, yokhala ndi zotuwa zosalala. Pali kakhosi kakang'ono pamutu. Mulinso ma subspecies atatu - aku Caucasus, Mongolia ndi Central Asia. Kuchokera maina mutha kumvetsetsa komwe amakhala.

Mverani mawu a mphodza yayikulu

• Katsamba kofiira kofiira - amakhala ku Himalaya, amuna amadziwika ndi nthenga zakuda kofiira.

• Chofiyira chofiira (mphodza) - amakhala kwambiri, mpaka 3000 m, m'mapiri a Central Asia. Yaimuna imakhala ndi nthenga zofiira pamwamba pa mchira ndi nthenga zofiira pamutu ndi m'khosi. Liwu lalikulu ndi silvery imvi. Akazi, monga nthawi zonse, samakhala okongola - nthenga zawo ndizimvi zakuda, zokhala ndi ubweya wobiriwira mchira.

• Mphodza waku Siberia - zikuwonekeratu kuti amakhala ku Siberia, kumadera akum'mawa ndi apakati. Mwa mitundu iyi, zazikazi zimajambulidwa mu pinki wotumbululuka, ndipo amuna, inde, owala kwambiri, nthenga ndi mtundu wa red fuchsia (pinki yakuya yokhala ndi lilac tint). Ali ndi mtundu wa motley pamapiko amdima ndi kumbuyo, kumutu ndi kukwawa, nthenga zakumwamba (pinki yotumbululuka);

• Mphodza zitatu za lamba - okhazikika m'nkhalango zowala za paini kumadzulo kwa China. Mtunduwo ndi wowala komanso wowala kuposa muyezo.

• Lelo loyera-loyera, chosiyana - mikwingwirima yopepuka ngati "nsidze" pamwamba pamaso. Amakhala ku Himalaya, kumalire a Afghanistan ndi Pakistan, kumadzulo kwa China. Amakonda mapiri, kuyambira 2400 m pamwamba pamadzi.

Mitundu yonse ya nthenga za mphodza za mbalame ndizofanana kwambiri.

• Manyowa ofiira a vinyo (mphesa inanyamuka). Amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha kwambiri ku Nepal ndi China. Mtunduwo ukhoza kufotokozedwadi ngati "utoto wakuda wa Cahors". Pamapiko pali hule la "vinyo wokhala ndi sinamoni", ndi zonyezimira zoyera, ngati ma coconut flakes.

• Maluwa a Alpine - anasankha Tibet ndi Himalaya kuti athetse. Kukulirapo kuposa achibale awo. Nthenga zimayandikira muyezo.

• Maluwa ofiira ofiira - nthenga zofiira magazi za amuna, amakhala m'mapiri a Himalaya.

• Mphodza wothira - Manyowa ambiri amakhala ndi mabanga a imvi, pinki komanso ofiira, mumtundu uwu amadziwika kwambiri. Amakhala mdera la Indo-Malay zone (dera la South ndi Southeast Asia)

• Lentil ya makilogalamu ochepa - mlomo ndi wocheperako kuposa uja wamba, bere limakhala lakuda. Amakhala kumpoto kwa India ndi China.

• Blanford Lentils - mtundu wa nthengayo uli pafupi ndi wakale, amakhala ku India, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan.

• Mphodza wa Roborovsky - Gule wapampopi waku Tibet, malo okhala - India, China, Nepal, madera amapiri;

Moyo ndi malo okhala

Madera oyika mahatchi makamaka ku Central ndi Central Asia, kuphatikiza Siberia ndi Urals, komanso Eastern Europe ndi North America. Mutha kuwawona nthawi zambiri kudera la Anadyr, pachilumba cha Sakhalin ndi ku Kamchatka. Kukukula kwa dziko lomwe kale linali Soviet Union, mbalameyi imapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula Moldova ndi Transcarpathia. Anakhazikika m'malo ambiri ku India, China, Afghanistan, Iran, komanso Caucasus.

Mbalamezi zimauluka kumwera kwa Asia m'nyengo yozizira. Koma pakati pawo pali mitundu yomwe samauluka kulikonse m'nyengo yozizira ndikukhalabe m'malo mwake. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala kale kumadera ofunda. Amatha kuuluka maulendo ataliatali, ngakhale atakhala ochepa. Mutha kuwawona mosayembekezereka ku Malta, kapena ku Sweden, komanso kumpoto kwa Holland.

Nthawi zambiri amasamukira m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Amasonkhana nyengo yachisanu kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, ndikubwerera mochedwa, kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena Meyi. Pofuna kumanga mazira, amasankha zitsamba zowirira m'madambo kapena kumadera akutali a m'nkhalango. Mungapeze mbalame yotere m'mphepete, pakamwa pa mtsinje, m'manda osiyidwa kapena m'minda yakale. Ena amakhala pamwamba pamapiri.

Maluwa amakhala pomwe pali masamba akuda ndi madzi. Amakhala m'malo otsekedwa. Pa nthawi yovundikira mpamene amaimba, kulankhula, nthawi yonse yomwe amakhala achinsinsi kwambiri. Ulendo wozizira umachitika mosadziwika bwino, popeza ziweto zawo sizochuluka.

Ndegeyi ndiyothamanga komanso yosalala. Amayenda modumpha pang'ono pansi. Amasuntha modabwitsa kwambiri komanso mwachangu m'nkhalango zowirira, akumamatira panthambi ndi zikhadabo zawo, akudutsa ndikulumpha. Kwa iwo omwe adzipezere okha mbalamezi, tikupangira kuti aziphimba chipinda chawo (khola kapena aviary) ndi nsalu zoyera poyamba, ndi amanyazi kwambiri.

Ayenera kukhala ndi maola khumi usana, ndiye kuti khola liyenera kutsimikizika pafupi ndi zenera. Ndipo m'nyengo yozizira mumafunikira kuunika kowonjezera. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mbalame imodzi kapena ziwiri. Koma amayenera kusungidwa padera ndi mbalame zina, amatha kumenya nkhondo ndikukangana ndi mitundu ina. Akazolowera malo atsopano, amatha kuswana ali mu ukapolo.

Zakudya zabwino

Mndandanda wazomera ndiwo maziko azakudya zawo. Amatola nthanga zazing'ono zamiyamba ndi ma ambulera, komanso buttercups ndi sedges. Makolo amadyetsa anapiye ndi mbewu za udzu wokometsera nyenyezi. Mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ngati mapuloteni. Kawirikawiri awa amakhala kafadala, mbozi ndi nsabwe za m'masamba.

Amakonda kwambiri zipatso, makamaka kucha mbalame yamatcheri, mlombwa, mabulosi akutchire ndi hawthorn. Komanso buckthorn, honeysuckle ndi viburnum. Kapangidwe kazakudya kamalamulidwa ndi malo okhala ndi nyengo. M'nyengo ya masika, iyi ndi masamba amitengo, ma cathedral catkins, ndiye kuti nthawi yambewu ndi tizilombo amabwera.

Pambuyo pakuwoneka kwa ana, chakudyacho chimakhala masamba, masamba osapsa a bango ndi bango amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwa njira, mbalameyo imadya iwo nthawi yozizira. Ngati minda ya oat ili pafupi ndi malo obisalirapo, mbalame zimazidya, ndikuweramira pansi.

Ali mu ukapolo, amafunika kudyetsedwa ndi zosakaniza zazing'ono, mbewu za zitsamba ndi zomera zomwe amawadziwa, komanso zipatso zomwe amakonda. Mungapereke finely akanadulidwa masamba ndi zipatso, zitsamba. Nthawi zonse payenera kukhala madzi akumwa.

Kuvuta kusunga ndikuti chifukwa cha chakudya chosasankhidwa bwino, amataya nthenga, mpaka dazi, ndipo nthenga zatsopano sizimawoneka. Kuphatikiza apo, amakonda kunenepa kwambiri, simungathe kuwadyetsa.

Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo

Pambuyo pa dzinja, amabwerera kumayambiriro kwa Meyi. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kumanga chisa. Lentil mbalame Kukhala ndi mkazi m'modzi, maanja amapangidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Amakhala okhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake, mkazi amakhala pafupi ndi chibwenzi chake. Komabe, chifukwa chotsutsana, champhongo chimayenera kuteteza masamba ake ndi theka lake nthawi zonse.

Molimba mtima komanso modzipereka amenya nkhondo ndi osankhidwa ndi anthu ena. Pakadali pano, mnzake akumanga chisa. Mwamuna ali pankhondo, mkazi amalimbitsa banja. Chisa chimamangidwa kuyambira theka la mita mpaka mita ziwiri kuchokera pansi. Nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa tsamba lomwe silingafanane ndi mbalame zina.

Mwachitsanzo, atha kupanga zokonza m'matumba ang'onoang'ono a nthambi za alder ("tsache la mfiti"), kapena pakati pa mapesi owonera. Amangidwa ndi masamba, udzu, udzu, mphukira zopota, mizu ndi zinthu zina zothandizira. Kapangidwe kakang'ono kofika masentimita 16 kumawoneka kosalala, kotayirira, malekezero a zimayambira zazikulu zimatuluka mbali zosiyanasiyana.

Chopangidwa ndi fluff chomera kapena moss. Palibe nthenga pachisa, chomwe chimapangitsa kukhala chosiyana ndi zisa za mbalame zina. Nthawi ya kukaikira mazira imadziwika ndi "ma konsati" angapo amphongo, panthawiyi amalankhula ndikuimba kwambiri, akuuluka kuchokera ku nthambi kupita kunthambi.

Ndipo, pokonzekera kubowoleza, woimbayo amakonzekera - kukankhira nthenga, kukweza chingwe, ndikukhala pamwamba pamtengo, kutulutsa chifuwa chake - kenako nyimbo yothira idatsanulidwa. Mawu a Lentil pakadali pano akung'ung'uza ndikung'ung'uza ndi ma trill, zikuwonekeratu kuti kholo ndiwosangalala kubwerera kuchokera ku dzinja, kukhazikitsidwa chisa chatsopano ndi ana omwe akuyembekezeredwa.

Nthawi zina, amakhala osakondera ndipo amakonda kukhala chete. M'nyengo yotentha, pali clutch imodzi yokha, momwe mulibe mazira opitilira 6 amtundu wosangalatsa kwambiri: wabuluu kapena wobiriwira pang'ono wokhala ndi bulauni lakuda, pepo kapena phulusa lamalasha. Pamapeto pake, ma specks amaluka mawonekedwe ofanana ndi corolla.

Kukula kwa mazira kumachokera 19 * 13 mpaka 22 * ​​16 mm, kutengera mtundu wa mbalame. Mzimayi mmodzi amawafungatira, ndipo pakatha theka la mwezi anapiye anapiye. Makolo onse amadyetsa ana. Ngati mungadziyese munthawi yake, ndiye kuti kumayambiliro a Juni mutha kupeza zigwiriro zonse, kumapeto kwa June anapiye amapezeka zisa zawo, ndipo pakati pa Julayi amayamba kutuluka m'nyumba ya makolo.

Mwa njira, ndizosavuta kupeza chisa, mbalame zazikulu sizimangolekerera komanso zamanyazi, zimauluka pamalo awo pangozi yayikulu, zikuyamba kuwuluka mopanda phokoso pamwamba pake. Koma kufikira pamenepo sikophweka. Tiyenera kumenya nkhalango ndi lunguzi, kukakamira mchithaphwi, komanso kuwonetsetsa kuti nthambizo sizikupweteketsani nkhope yanu.

Lentil chisa mbalame ndi zowalamulira

Anapiyewo atawuluka, makolo awo amayamba kukhala moyo wosawoneka bwino. Nyimbo sizimveka, amayesa kusunga mumthunzi. Pali malingaliro akuti chikondwerero chonse cha moyo ndikubala ana.

Makolo "amakhala kunja" miyezi yachilimwe, atasonkhana pang'onopang'ono m'nyengo yozizira (anthu osamuka). Pakadali pano, zisa ndizovuta kuzipeza, pokhapokha nthawi zina mumangomva kulira kwa achinyamata. Nthawi zambiri, mphodza amakhala zaka 7-8, ndikundende, ndikusamalira bwino, mpaka zaka 12.

Zosangalatsa

• Ngakhale adatsimikiza kuti mphodza ndizokwatirana, asayansi adakwanitsa kukonza chodabwitsa pakati pa mbalamezi - gulu la zisa zingapo. Wamwamuna mmodzi ankatumikira akazi oposa atatu mwakhama ndipo amawadyetsa mosinthana nthawi iliyonse. Chifukwa chomwe izi zidachitika sizikudziwika. Mwina chifukwa chaimfa yamphongo yoyambayo, uyu adatenga udindo wamabanja atsopano. Kapena mwina pali mphepo zoterezi pakati pa mbalame zokhazokha.
• Pambuyo pobereka ana, abambo amakhala chete, kuletsa ma roulades osefukira. Chilichonse ndicholondola, nkhawa zatsopano zikuwunjikana, moyo wawukulu wayamba, banja liyenera kudyetsedwa, osati nyimbo.
• Amakhulupirira kuti wamwamuna m'modzi amayimba nyimbo mu mphodza, komabe, chachikazi chisa nthawi zambiri chimadzipatsa ngati mphuno yofewa komanso pang'ono "Chuiii ... pyuyi ...".
• Mphodza wosamuka amakhala miyezi itatu kapena inayi okha pamalo obisalapo, miyezi yonse yomwe iwo kulibe. Nthawi yayikulu imagwiritsidwa ntchito panjira, chifukwa nthawi zonse zimauluka ku Siberia, nthawi yonse yachisanu komanso yozizira. Mbalamezi zimayenda modzidzimutsa, osataya nthawi komanso kuyesetsa kuti apatuke panjira yolunjika. Mwinanso izi ndi zongopeka zam'mbuyomu pamtundu wamtundu, chifukwa pali lingaliro loti Siberia ndiye kwawo koyambirira kwa mbalamezi.