Mitundu ya mbalame nthawi zina imakhala yovuta kumvetsetsa chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, mchenga wodziwika bwino si mbalame imodzi, koma mbalame zonse zam'madzi zam'madzi zam'madzi.
Mmodzi mwa oimira chikhalidwe cha mbalame zam'mlengalenga ndi wamiyendo yayitali Wokonza mchenga. Chimaonekera pakati pa ena ndi milomo yake yosinthasintha, miyendo yayitali, ndi mapiko otambalala kumapeto kwa mchira wowongoka, ngati fupa la nsomba.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kukhazikika adapeza dzina kuchokera kumapazi ataliatali omwe amayenda pansi mosatsimikiza, ngati pamitengo. Miyendo ndi kutalika kwa 18-20 cm, popeza kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 33 mpaka 40. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi ofiira kapena owala pinki. Monga nthabwala, titha kunena kuti mbalameyi "ili ndi ma leggings apinki."
Komanso, mwapadera, mulomo wowongoka, wautali komanso wakuda. Mwa kukula kwa thupi lonse, gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi limagwera pamlomo, pafupifupi masentimita 6-7. Lolemera pafupifupi 200 g, pafupifupi ngati nkhunda. Mitundu ya ngwazi yathu ndi yakuda komanso yoyera. Mutu, khosi, kutsogolo, kumunsi ndi malo ang'onoang'ono pamwamba pa mchira ndi oyera, owoneka bwino.
Mapiko ndi kumbuyo, ndikusunthira mbali, ndizosiyana zakuda. Kuphatikiza apo, mwa akazi achikulire, mtundu wakuda umaponyedwa wobiriwira, ndipo mwa amuna - wokhala ndi mthunzi wa sinamoni. Mosiyana ndi azibale ake, stylobeak imakhala ndi mlomo wowongoka, osati wopindika m'mwamba, miyendo yayitali, koma khosi lalifupi.
Chala chakumbuyo chachepetsedwa, khasu likuwoneka ndi zala zitatu. Pali ukonde wawung'ono pakati pa chala chachiwiri ndi chachitatu. Mapikowo ndi opapatiza, aatali komanso osongoka kumapeto. Mapiko ake ndi 67-83 cm. Khazikika pachithunzichi amafanana ndi dokowe wamng'ono, ndi wokongola, atavala bwino ndipo nthawi zambiri amatengedwa m'madzi, monga choncho. Amawonekera bwino, ndipo zimawonekeratu kuti gawo lamadzi ndi kwawo. Mapiko opindidwa amayenda bwino kumchira.
Mkati mwake, ndi oyera. M'ngululu ndi chilimwe, nthenga zaimuna yayikulu imada kwambiri pamutu woyera, ndipo yarmulke yakuda imawonekera kumbuyo kwa mutu. Kenako amawoneka ngati kadinala. Mkazi ali ndi nthenga zonyezimira. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, malo onse amdima amapepuka kuposa achikulire.
Mitundu
Mtundu wokhazikikawo umaphatikizapo mitundu isanu ya mbalame zomwe zimakhala pakatikati pa Europe, kumwera kwa Africa, Australia, New Zealand ndi America. Odziwika kwambiri mwa awa ndi timitengo tofala, takuda komanso timizere.
Khola lamizere yaku Australia limapezeka ku Australia kokha. Zofanana kwambiri ndi zachizolowezi, miyendo yokha ndi yofupikirapo. Amakhalanso ndi ziwalo zosambira pakati pa zala zake zonse. Pali kusiyana kumodzi kwa nthenga ndi koyamba, kumakhala ndi mdima wowonekera pansi pa khosi, ndikudutsa pachifuwa choyera ndi mzere. Chifukwa cha ichi, amatchedwa mizere. Amawonedwa ngati munthu wapakatikati pakati pa khola ndi awl.
Khola lakuda Amadziwika pakati pa abale ake chifukwa ndi wakuda ndipo amakhala ku New Zealand kokha. Mapiko ake ndi kumbuyo kwake zimakhala ndi ubweya wobiriwira. Miyendo yake ndi yaifupi pang'ono ndipo mlomo ndi wautali kuposa uja wa mlomo wabwinobwino. Ndi mbalame zazing'ono zokha zomwe zimakhala ndi zilumba zoyera.
Kukula, amasandulika wakuda kwathunthu. Mwachilengedwe, palibe anthu oposa 100 a mbalameyi, chifukwa cha ichi, ili pangozi. Choyambitsa tsokali chinali makamaka zochita za anthu. Anakulitsa madera ake azaulimi, anamanga madamu, ndipo pafupi ndi anthu nthawi zonse pamakhala zolusa zambiri - amphaka, makoswe ndi mahedgehogs. Zonsezi zidapangitsa kuti stilt yakuda ithe.
Kukhazikika kwakumpoto, sicklebeak, common, Australia, American, Andes shiloklyuv - onse atha kutchedwa achibale apafupi kwambiri ndi stilt sandpiper wathu. Amachokera kubanja lamalamulo olipidwa ndi ma shilok. Izi ndi mbalame zam'madzi komanso zam'madzi zomwe zimapezeka padziko lonse lapansi.
Amasiyana pamakhalidwe, kakhalidwe, ndi malo okhala. Zinthu zitatu zokha ndizofala - miyendo yoluka ndi mulomo, komanso moyo pafupi ndi madzi. Kutali, komabe achibale awo amatha kuwonedwa ngati opepuka, opunduka, ma gulls, ma Arctic terns, ma sandpipers, skuas ndi mbalame zina zambiri zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi madzi.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Zolengedwa izi zimayimiriridwa padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe pali malo osungira. Iwo amakhala m'makontinenti onse kupatula Antarctica. Sizimapezeka kokha kumpoto kwa kumpoto, ku Arctic ndi madera ouma. Khola limakhala m'madzi otseguka, madzi abwino komanso amchere.
Zitha kuwonedwa pagombe lina lomwe lili kunyanja, m'mbali mwa nyanja, pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa mtsinje komanso ngakhale dambo. Dera lalikulu lokhalamo stilt wamba ndi Europe, gawo lake lapakati, pafupi kumwera. Nyanja ya Caspian, Black Sea, steppe zone ya South Urals ndi Western Siberia ndi malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ku Russia.
Ndi mbalame zokhazokha zomwe zimakhala m'malo otentha zomwe zimauluka m'nyengo yozizira. Amapita ku Africa ndi kumwera kwa Asia. Anthu akummwera si mbalame zosamuka. Mawu a nthengawa ndi akuthwa komanso osayembekezereka, ofanana ndi kukuwa kwa galu.
Khola limafuula, koma zikuwoneka kuti mwana wagalu akugundana pafupi. Amakhazikika m'magulu awiriwa komanso m'magawo, momwe mumakhala magulu angapo. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwonekera limodzi ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi, mbalame zamphongo ndi terns.
Mbalame zimakhala pamadzi masika onse, chilimwe komanso koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira. Amapirira kutentha, mphepo yozizira komanso nyengo yoipa. Mphepo ikakhala yamphamvu kwambiri kuchokera kumadzi, imapeza pogona. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwonekera pafupi ndi madzi opangidwa ndi anthu.
Komabe, akaona munthu, amathawa msanga. Pouluka, amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo yayitali ngati chiwongolero. Amayenda m'njira yachilendo, amatenga masitepe akulu, atadalira manja awo onse. Pambuyo pawo, zotsalira zazikulu za miyendo itatu zimatsalira pamchenga.
Zakudya zabwino
Padziko lapansi, amachita zovuta, miyendo yake yotchuka imamusokoneza. M'madzi, amayenda momasuka kufunafuna chakudya. Komanso, imakwera mozama kuposa mbalame zina zambiri. Chifukwa chake, ali ndi chakudya chochuluka. Kuphatikiza apo, nthenga imatha kusambira ndikutsika. Amatha kuyenda kwa maola ambiri mpaka kumimba m'madzi, kusonkhanitsa chilichonse chodyera chomwe chikubwera panjira.
Amadyetsa makamaka mphutsi ndi tizilombo. Oyendetsa mchenga amakhala m'madambo ozungulira, onetsetsani madera onse pambuyo pa mafunde otsika posaka molluscs ndi crustaceans. Osanyoza duckweed wobiriwira ndi zomera zina zam'madzi. Pafupi ndi gombeli, amakonda kukumba mu dothi, kutola nyongolotsi ndi tadpoles. Pansi, amasaka pang'ono, chifukwa samakhala nawo bwino.
Nthawi yosaka yokha ndiyosangalatsa. Apa akuyenda, akukweza miyendo yake m'mwamba, akuyang'ana mosamalitsa pamwamba pamadzi. Mwadzidzidzi chinjoka chimauluka chapafupi kwambiri. Pothamanga kwambiri, mbalameyi imaponyera mutu wake kutsogolo pang'ono ndi mlomo wotseguka ndipo imawumenya ngati msampha. Nthawi zina amatha kubowola kapena kupita m'madzi kuti atenge nyama, kutengera komwe akufuna. Pakadali pano, gawo lokhalo lakumbuyo ndi mchira limawoneka kuchokera panja.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kutha msinkhu kumachitika ali ndi zaka ziwiri. Nthawi zambiri, pofika nyengo yachisanu, amagawika awiriawiri, kenako amakhala limodzi kwa zaka zingapo. Pakati pa chibwenzi, akazi amakhala otanganidwa, amasankha amuna. Atawonetsa zizindikiro zakusamalitsa ndikumaliza njira yokwatirana, amayamba kupanga nyumba ya ana amtsogolo. Nthawi yokonzera mazira - Epulo-Juni, kamodzi pachaka.
Khola likapanga chisa pagombe louma, limangokhala bowo pafupi ndi madzi. Chabwino, amaiphimba ndi udzu wouma pang'ono. Koma ngati malowa ali m'malo achithaphwi, mbalamezi zimamanga nyumba zomangamanga. Choyamba, amamanga maziko a miyala yaying'ono, kenako amapanga makoma owoneka ngati mbale ndi timitengo tating'ono, nthambi ndi udzu.
Zimapezeka kuti ndizomanga pafupifupi masentimita 6-8 pamwala. Mkati mwa chisa muli udzu wofewa, moss kapena udzu. Nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira 4 amtundu wapadera mu clutch. Chipolopolocho chimatha kukhala chobiriwira pang'ono kapena chotuwa, koma chimakutidwa ndi timadontho tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono.
Ikuwoneka ngati chinthu china chachikale. Dziralo ndi lalikulu masentimita 4-4.5, lotalika pang'ono, ndipo laonetsa malekezero akuthwa ndi osamveka. M'chisa, mazirawo amagona ndi mathero awo akuthwa kulunjika pakatikati pa clutch, osunthira kunja. Ziphuphu zimayikidwa mu Meyi, ana amawonekera mu Juni, nthawi yoyamwitsa ndi pafupifupi masiku 25.
Pakati pa nyengo yonseyi amasintha mazira. Ndipo kholo lina likakhala pansi, linalo limamubweretsera chakudya. Anapiye aswedwa amadziyimira pawokha ali ndi zaka mwezi umodzi. M'chisa, amadyetsedwa bwino, kubweretsa anawo chakudya. Unyamata wonse amatsogoleredwa ndi makolo onse awiri. Mwachidule, tinene kuti stilt mbalame wosamala kwambiri komanso wokhulupirika.
Nthenga za mbalame zazing'ono zilibe matontho akuda, pamakhala malankhulidwe ofiira ofiirira. Amakhala pafupi ndi gombe, chifukwa sangathe kusambira panobe. Tizilombo ndi mphutsi zimakhala chakudya chawo. Ndi ukalamba, nthenga zimauluka pang'ono ndikupeza kusiyana. Amakhala nthawi yayitali, ali mu ukapolo kwa zaka pafupifupi 12. Mwachilengedwe, zinthu zambiri zimakhudza chiyembekezo cha moyo.
M'madera otentha, anthu amakhala otetezeka. Chiwerengero chake ku Apennines chikukula, koma ku India, New Zealand, ndi Russia, sawonjezedwa. Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu kumayambitsidwa ndi zifukwa zambiri - kumanga ulimi wothirira, msipu wambiri.
Zisa zambiri zimawonongeka m'mayiwe okhala ndi minda yampunga chifukwa chakusintha kwamadzi. Anthu nthawi zambiri amamanga misasa ya alendo pafupi ndi malo achilengedwe. Mbalame zamkuntho zimafika ndikuwononga zisa za mbalame zazing'ono zam'madzi.
Wotulutsa mawu, wowonekera, womangiriridwa modzipereka pachisa, khola limakhala pachiwopsezo chaopha nyama komanso nyama zolusa. Kukula kwa anthu sikofunika kwenikweni, nthawi zina kumatsika. Izi zimachitika kuti chiwonongeko choyamba chikatha, amapanga chachiwiri pa nyengo, zomwe sizofanana ndi mbalamezi. Koma amafunitsitsa atapulumuka. Amafunikira kutetezedwa mwachangu kwa anthu.
Izi zimadzutsa funso - kodi alipo okhazikika mu Red Book kapena ayi? Imaphatikizidwanso pamndandanda wazinyama zotetezedwa mu Red Book of Russia komanso muzowonjezera Msonkhano wa Bonn. Imatetezedwa m'malo ambiri osungirako malo ku Russia. Tsopano ntchito yochepetsa kudyetsa ziweto m'malo am'misasa nthawi yoberekera ikutha. Pali kupititsa patsogolo kwachitetezo chokhazikika pakati pa anthu wamba
Zosangalatsa
- Opondaponda ndi makolo odalirika komanso osadzikonda. Powona kuyandikira kwa chilombocho ku chisa, mbalame imodzi imanyamuka ndikuyesera kutenga mdaniyo. Nthawi yomweyo, amayerekezera kuti avulala ndipo sangathe kunyamuka. Kawirikawiri wolowerera amathamangira nyama yosavuta, kusiya chisa chapatalipo kwa anapiye. Ndipo chinyengo chobisalira chimakwera pamwamba ndikubwerera.
- M'mayiko otentha, mbalame imayenera kuziziritsa mazira omwe aswedwa. Asanakhale pa clutch, wamkazi amamwetsa bere lake ndi mimba yake m'madzi.
- Ngati mutenga gawo pakati pa mwendo ndi kutalika kwa thupi, khomalo ndi lachiwiri kwa flamingo m'gululi.
- Mbalame yomwe yakhala pa clutch mosasamala "imachita yoga". Miyendo yake yayitali imayikidwa kumbuyo kwambiri momwe angathere ndikuwerama pakona. Amakakamizidwa kukhala pamalo amenewa kwanthawi yayitali.
- Nthenga zake zimakhala zomveka bwino kotero kuti m'madzi owoneka bwino chinyezimiro chitha kusokonekera ngati chachiwiri. Mikhail Prishvin ali ndi nkhani yotchedwa Kusinkhasinkha. Kumeneko galu wosaka anasokoneza uti mwa mbalame ziwirizi zomwe akufuna kuti asankhe. Chifukwa chake adagwa m'madzi kuseri kwa chinyezimirocho.
