Nyongolotsi ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha tizilombo. Mwa izi, zikuwoneka ngati zotetezeka tizilombo kachilomboka kamadzi - opanda chifundo komanso choyambirira.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Chikumbu chikulandila ngati mphatso yochokera m'chilengedwe thupi lokhazikika, lomwe limathandiza kuyenda bwino m'madzi. Pafupifupi, zitsanzo zimakula mpaka 45-50 mm. Mtundu wa anthu nthawi zambiri umakhala wofiirira kapena wakuda.
Thupi la kachilomboka kali ndi zinthu zitatu: mutu, bere ndi pamimba. Kutsogolo kwake, komwe kuli awiriawiri, kumathandiza kachilomboka kuti kachedwe pansi pamadzi. Amagwira mbewuzo ndi ngowe, zomwe "zimakhala" ndi miyendo iyi.
Miyendo yakumbuyo imasinthidwa ndikusambira ndipo imakutidwa ndi tsitsi, ndipo pakupanga kwawo imafanana ndi zikepe zazing'ono. Ngakhale kalembedwe kakusambira kofananako ndi momwe munthu wopalasa bwato akupalasa opalasa, miyendo iwiri yakumbuyo imayenda nthawi imodzi.
Tizilombo timakhalanso ndi mapiko otukuka, omwe samagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Chikumbu chikuuluka ntchentche pokhapokha chakudya chitatha kapena dziwe lanu lamadzi limauma. Maso opatuka ndi achilendo. Amapangidwa ndi mbali zikwi zisanu ndi zinayi, maso ang'onoang'ono wamba.
Kapangidwe kamaso kamathandiza tizilombo kuyenda bwino kwambiri pamadzi ndikusiyanitsa pakati pazoyimirira ndi zoyenda. Ziwalo zogwiritsa ntchito chakudya zimapangidwa bwino - nsagwada ndizowopsa komanso zamphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama idye yamoyo.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zokhala pamadzi zimathera m'madzi, koma zimayenera kusambira kupita kumtunda nthawi ndi nthawi, chifukwa zimafuna mpweya wabwino kuti upume. Pamimba pa kachilomboka kamene kali ndi madzi pamakhala mabowo apadera omwe mpweya umalowera kenako nkupita pa trachea mbali zonse za thupi.
Pofuna kudzaza ndi mpweya wabwino, kachilomboka kamasambira kumtunda ndikukankhira pamimba panja. Njira zopangira oxygen ziyenera kuchitika kamodzi pamphindi 15 zilizonse. Nyongolotsi zimagwiritsa ntchito mpweya osati kupuma kokha, thumba lapadera limawathandiza kuwongolera kutsika ndi kukwera kwawo.
Mitundu
Pafupifupi mitundu 600 ya kafadala wosambira amadziwika. Mitundu yotsatirayi imakhala mkatikati mwa ma latitudo:
1. Wosambira malire... Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri komanso yotchuka, komanso mtundu waukulu kwambiri. Amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa malire amtundu wa ocher, omwe amakongoletsa thupi lonse la tizilombo. Munthu wamkulu amafika 30-35 mm. Kumbu ili lili ponseponse m'maiko a ku Europe ndi America, ku Japan, ku Caucasus ndi ku Sakha Republic.
2. Wosambira kwambiri... Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri komanso yosowa kwambiri ya osambira. Akuluakulu amakula mpaka 45 mm. Amakonda kukhazikika m'madamu okhala ndi madzi oyera komanso mpweya wabwino, ndichifukwa chake anthu akuchepa. Amatchulidwa ngati nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha mu Red Data Books zamayiko angapo.
3. Wosambira kapena gargle. Amapezeka m'madamu omwe ali ndi madzi osasunthika, pomwe pali zakudya zambiri zomwe amakonda - tadpoles. Kukula kwake kumakhala kotsika poyerekeza ndi kachilomboka kamene kali m'malire, wamkulu ndi 12-16 mm. Mutha kukumana nawo kulikonse komwe kuli madzi osayenda, komanso nsomba zazing'ono ndi tadpoles, zomwe zimagwira ndikuwononga mwachangu modabwitsa.
Chikumbu chikakhala pangozi, chimatulutsa madzi akumwa amkaka okutira thupi lake. Madzi onunkhawo amaopseza adani awo, ndipo amasiya kuwakonda. Nyongolotsi zimapezeka ku Russia, kumpoto kwa Africa, zilumba za m'nyanja ya Japan komanso m'maiko aku East Asia.
4. Kudumphira m'madzi... Izi kafadala ndizocheperako, zimakula mpaka 0,5 cm, ndipo awa ndi kutalika kwake. Zina mwa tizilombo, omwe amadziwika bwino ndi awa:
- kutsetsereka kumakhala kosalala - munthu wolimba komanso wathanzi, wokutidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali komanso lokula kwambiri. Mbali ndi kutsogolo kwake zili ndi malo osagwirizana, owuma;
- kutsetsereka kwam'madzi - otsika kukula ngakhale kufikira pamadzi olimba. Kukula kwakukulu mpaka 3.5 mm. Ikhoza kutsimikiziridwa ndi kupezeka kwa mawanga ofiira ofiira omwe ali m'malo amaso. Ngakhale dzinali, mutha kupeza munthu woteroyo munyanja zamnkhalango komanso mitsinje yothamanga. Amakhala m'malo ambiri kuchokera kunyanja ya Atlantic mpaka Sakhalin.
5. Nkhono dziwe... Mukakhala m'mayiwe amtchire. Mtunduwo ndi wa bulauni wofiirira, mapikowo amaphimbidwa ndi mawonekedwe ngati mawonekedwe osunthika.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mwachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri pamakhala zolengedwa zomwe zitha kuwuluka ndikukhala pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Chikumbu chimakhala ndi moyo kokha m'malo omwe mumakhala madzi abwino, ndipo mulibe mphamvu yamphamvu. Kumbu lomwe limatsimikizira dzina lawo m'njira zawo. Nthawi 90%, nyamayo ili pansi pamadzi, ikutsata nyama kapena kupumula. Kupuma nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi kukonzanso kwa oxygen.
Mutha kuwona momwe kachilomboka kamagonera pamwamba mpaka pamwamba ndi mimba yake, chifukwa chake, chimadzaza ziwalozo ndi mpweya kuti mutha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwakanthawi ndikubwerera kukasaka.
Madzi achikumbu kachilomboka amasambira mokongola, ndipo simumamuwona kaŵirikaŵiri m'madziwe alionse. Ntchentche m'mphepete mwa nyanja zamatchire ndi nyanja zazing'ono m'madambo osefukira nthawi zambiri zimasonkhanitsa tizilombo tambiri. Kuthamanga kwachidziwikire kumabweretsa zopinga zenizeni posaka nyama zazing'ono, ndipo amakhalanso ndi mavuto pakafunika kutulutsa mpweya, ndichifukwa chake malowo ndi madzi osayenda.
Ngakhale mapiko a tizilombo amasinthidwa kuti tiziuluka, kuti inyamuke, imayenera kutera pamtunda. Tikafika kumtunda kachilomboka kamasuntha pang'ono, ndikupita kungoyenda, kumangoyenda mpaka phazi. Osambira amasiya dziwe lomwe amalikonda pokhapokha chilala ndi zina zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa madzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: mbalame zam'madzi zimayendanso usiku. Amapitilizabe kusaka ngakhale mumdima, munthawi imeneyi pali ndege zochokera kunyanja ina kupita kwina. Kafadala samawona bwino usiku, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakodwa, kulakwitsa malo owala ndi kunyezimira pamadzi. Kudumphira pazinyontho ndi zonyezimira, kafadala wobetera nthawi zambiri amathyoka.
Kukula pang'ono ndi mawonekedwe owonekera ziyenera kuti zidapangitsa kuti kachilomboka kokauluka kakhale kosavuta kwa nyama zina, koma kuli ndi zida zodzitchinjiriza. Pakakhala ngozi, tiziwalo timene timatulutsa kachilomboka timatulutsa madzi oyera oyera omwe amakhala ndi fungo lonunkha komanso losasangalatsa. Izi zimawopseza nyama zazikuluzikulu komanso chitsimikizo cha chitetezo.
Ubale m'deralo ndi wovuta, ngati siwachiwawa. Anthu awiri akakumana, amamenyera chigawo, kuluma ndi kumenya m'modzi. Osambira amasangalala ndi kuzizira m'nyengo yozizira m'mayenje osangalatsa, omwe amayenderana ndi chisanu. Amagona nthawi ino yachaka.
Zakudya zabwino
Ng'ombe yam'madzi pachithunzichi imawoneka ngati kachilombo kosavulaza. Koma izi sizotheka kwenikweni, chifukwa tizilombo timadyetsa nyama. Choopseza chachikulu kwa onse okhala mosungira si wamkulu ngakhale, koma mbozi... Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zankhanza kwambiri zomwe zimakhala m'mayiwe.
Nsagwada zazikulu zooneka ngati kachigawo sikuti zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi achinyamata kutafuna nyama, koma ndi chithandizo chawo mbozi imagwira chikho chake ngati nkhupakupa. Kudzera mwa iwo, mankhwala owopsa amachokeranso kummero mwa chilombo, chomwe chimayambitsa ziwalo mu nyama.
Gawo lotsatirali la chinthucho, lomwe limatulutsidwa kuchokera kummero, limawola minyewa ya wovutitsidwayo kukhala ngati yowola, ndipo mphutsi imayamba kuyamwa chinthuchi. Ali ndi njala yopanda malire ndipo amayambiranso kusaka akangodya. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, chakudya cha nyongolotsi ndichokhacho chomwe chimayenda, mboziyo sichiukira zinthu zokhazikika.
Nankafumbwe wokhwima ali wosakhutitsidwa mofanana ndi mphutsi zawo. Nsomba zazing'ono, tadpoles, mwachangu ndi tizilombo tina si mndandanda wathunthu wa zomwe amadya nyongolotsi... Chikumbu chanjala chimatha kukonza achule ndi nsomba, zomwe kukula kwake kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 10. Inde, kachilomboka kokha sikangathane nako.
Koma nsomba yovulalayo imakopa osambira ena ndikununkhira kwa magazi ake, kenako kuukirako kumachitika pamodzi. Kafadala samapha chikho chawo, koma yesani kuchidya chamoyo, ndikulumata chidutswa chidutswa.
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha nyongolotsi zitha kuwononga kwambiri nsomba m'madzi. Khalani ndi Moyo kulowerera kafadala komanso mwachangu m'malo amodzi am'madzi, omwe nthawi zina amatsogolera ku kuzimiririka kwathunthu kwa nsomba, chifukwa mwachangu amadya nyama zosakhutira.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kulowerera kachilomboka - tizilombo oviparous, monga ambiri a coleoptera. Ndi masiku oyamba ofunda, madzi akasungunuka atayamba kutentha, kafadala amachoka pamalo ozizira ndikuyamba kufunafuna madzi omwe amatha kukwerana. Popeza kuti ntchito yonseyi imachitika pansi pamadzi, nthawi zambiri imatha mwatsoka kwa akazi.
Atasankha wamkazi woyenera, yamphongo imakhazikika pamsana pake, ikudziyimika pamalo oterera. Makapu awiri okoka omwe ali kumiyendo yakutsogolo amamuthandiza pa izi. Kuphatikiza apo, mkazi amatha nthawi yonse yokwatirana m'madzi, ndipo mnzake, yemwe ali pamwambapa, amatha kupuma. Kunsonga kwa mimba kotulukira pamwamba pamadzi kumamuthandiza ndi izi.
Kukana koyambilira komanso njira yomweyi imapitilira kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe tizilombo timazolowera kuchita popanda kupuma. Pachifukwa ichi, zimachitika pomwe mnzake sangakhale ndi mpweya wokwanira, ndipo amwalira. Mwachidziwikire izi zimachitika mkazi atakwatirana ndi amuna angapo motsatana.
Ngati ndondomekoyi idadutsa popanda kukokomeza kosasangalatsa, mkaziyo amamatira chomenyera ku zimayambira za mbewuzo, kuzikwapula ndi izi ndi ovipositor, ndipo pambuyo pake zimayikira mazira pamenepo. Mmodzi mwa zowalamulirazo akhoza kukhala ndi mazira zana, omwe kukula kwake kumafika 5 mm. Kukula kwa kachilomboka kamadzi - njirayi siyachangu. Mphutsi zidzawoneka patangotha masabata 2-5, kutengera nyengo ndi kutentha kwamadzi.
Chikumbu choterechi chimatha kukhala mkati mwa mphutsi kwa miyezi iwiri, kenako chimatuluka m'madzi ndikuyamba kuyenda pamtunda kukadzikumbira chokha kuti chiziphunzirira. Kachilomboka kakang'ono kamatuluka m'mapupa masiku 20-35. Adzakhala pafupifupi sabata mdzenje lake, kudikirira mpaka zikuto zake ziume, kenako apite kukasaka madzi.
Tizilombo timakhala pafupifupi pafupifupi chaka chimodzi kuthengo. Omwe amakonda kuyika kachilomboka m'nyanja yamchere amatha kudalira kuti azikhalamo zaka 2-3.
Zosangalatsa
Amakhulupirira kuti wosambira amasankha anthu ofooka komanso odwala a m'dziwe ngati wozunzidwa, ndiye kuti, ndi wadongosolo. Nthawi zambiri kachilomboka sikuwonetsa chidani kwa munthu yemwe ali naye padziwe limodzi lamadzi. Koma kulumako kumapweteka kwambiri ngakhale kwa munthu.
Zowawa zakuthwa zomwe zimalumidwa zimatha kutha pakapita kanthawi, koma kutupa kumachitika pamalo olumidwa, omwe amatha pambuyo pa masiku 14-20. Malo ovulalawo ayenera kutsukidwa, kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kumangirizidwa ndi kupanga compress ozizira.
Nthawi zambiri, kafadala amakhala ndiukali kwa iwo omwe amayesa kuwagwira ndi kuwanyamula. Kunyumba, akatswiri samalimbikitsa kuti azisunga kachilomboka komanso nsomba zokongoletsera m'madzi omwewo, chifukwa chilombocho chidzawaukira ndipo chitha kuwavulaza kwambiri.
