Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Sparrowhawk ndi nyama yodya nthenga yodya nyama, ndi yamtundu wa mphamba. Wopatsidwa zizindikilo zakunja zomwe zimamusiyanitsa ndi mtundu wake:
- Kukula pang'ono
- mapikowo ndi otakata komanso afupikitsa
- mchira ndi wautali.
Kukula kwa amuna ndikofanana ndi nkhunda, ndipo zazikazi ndizochepa pang'ono kuposa khwangwala. Mitunduyi imafalikira ndipo imaphunziridwa pakati pa mamembala am'banja lino. Sparrowhawk pachithunzichi ofanana kwambiri ndi goshawk, komabe, mawonekedwe ake onse amawoneka owoneka. Pofuna kusasokoneza awiriwo, ingoyang'anani kumchira. Mwa ife tokha, ndi yayitali, yolowera kumunsi, pomwe kumapeto kwake imadulidwa.
| Miyeso ya mbalame | ||
| Kukula | Mwamuna | Mkazi |
| Kutalika | 28-34 masentimita | 35-41 masentimita |
| Kulemera kwake | 100-220 g | 180-340 g |
| Kutambasula mapiko | Masentimita 55-65 | 67-80 masentimita |
Hawk yaying'ono imakhala ndi thupi lowala, imasiyanitsidwa ndi zala zolimba zazitali, Tarso woonda. Mtundu wa makoko ndi sera ndichikasu. Minofu ya mwendo yapangidwa bwino kwambiri. Mutu wake ndi wozungulira mozungulira, pomwe maso a mbalameyo amakhala odekha kwambiri kuposa a goshawk, mlomo wakudawo ndi waukulu msinkhu. Mtundu wamaso ndiwosiyanasiyana, ndipo zimatengera zaka za munthu:
- Achinyamata - achikasu
- Wamkulu - lalanje
- Wakale ndi wofiira lalanje.
Mpheta imasiyana pamaganizidwe azakugonana:
- Mtundu wachimuna: yunifolomu yakuda - imvi, pafupi ndi slate, pansi - mabulosi ofiira-lalanje oyenda mozungulira, nape - yoyera, "masaya" - ofiira, zoyikika - zoyera, zopanda mizere, pamwamba pa maso - nsidze yopepuka.
- Mtundu wachikazi: kumtunda kwa thupi ndi nthenga zakuda, mbali yakumunsi ndi nthenga zoyera komanso zoyera, mdima ndi woyera, pamwamba pa maso pali nsidze yopepuka.
Mbali yakumtunda yamapiko imawoneka kuti ndi yopanga monchromatic, pomwe mbali yakumunsi ili ndi mizere. Mchira wa nthenga yakuda umalimbikitsidwa ndi magulu anayi amdima odutsa. Pakhosi ndi pachifuwa, zikwapu zotalika zofiirira zimadziwika, ndikuthandizira kuwunika kwamimba.
Kawirikawiri mwa achinyamata, komanso oimira akale a mitunduyi, kansalu koyera kamapezeka kumbuyo kwa mutu, komwe kumatha kukhala kosiyanasiyana - mawonekedwe ena a mbalameyi. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti kumadera akumpoto, monga Siberia, mutha kugwidwa mpheta kuwala komanso mtundu woyera.
Mbalamezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuwuluka kwakanthawi kothamanga - zimasinthasintha njira zowuluka mlengalenga, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yakuwomba ndi kutsetsereka. Ndizosowa kwambiri kuzindikira omwe akukwera.
Motero, mawu a mpheta samveka kawirikawiri. Amatha kupanga phokoso lochedwa kapena phokoso lalifupi. Mawu amphongo amakhala okwera kwambiri kuposa amkazi, ndipo amamveka ngati: "kuk-kuk .." kapena "kick-kick ...". Komanso, chachikazi chapafupi ndi chisa chimatha kung'ung'udza nyimbo yoopsa: "Tyuv, Tyuv, Tyuv ..", kuthamangitsa alendo osafunikira kuchokera anapiye ake.
Mverani mawu a mpheta
Pakati pa akatswiri odziwa za mbalame, woimira banja la nkhamba adadziwika kuti anali wolimba mtima poteteza anapiye ake ndi zisa zawo kuchokera kuzirombo zina. Amatha kuthana ndi ziwopsezo za mdani wamkulu.
Mwamuna akapezeka kuti ali pafupi ndi anapiye, wamkazi mosazengereza amamenyera wovutitsayo, kumenya kumbuyo ndikukunkha kumbuyo kwa mutu. Kupsa mtima kwa mbalameyo kumapitilira mpaka wolowayo atapuma patali.
Mitundu
Sparrowhawk pakati pa oyang'anira mbalame ali ndi dzina lina - mpheta yaying'ono... Pakati pa osaka, mitundu iyi imagawidwa m'magulu angapo, kutengera mtundu wa nthenga:
- Zakale kapena zofiira
- Birch
- Mtedza
- Oak (mtundu wakuda kwambiri).
Kusintha kumeneku mu nthenga ndizokhazokha ndipo sizidalira kugonana kwa munthu, msinkhu kapena malo okhala. Muthanso kupeza mtundu wina wa mbalame, nthawi yomwe malo ake amakhala ndi kukaikira mazira:
- Chiwombankhanga wamba wamba. Europe, Asia Minor, kumadzulo kwa Siberia kupita ku Altai Territory, Caucasus, Mesopotamia. M'nyengo yozizira, mtundu uwu umayendayenda kumpoto kwa Africa ndi kumwera kwa Europe.
- Chiwombankhanga chaching'ono ku Siberia. Turkestan, kumpoto kwa Persia, Manchuria, Siberia kum'mawa kwa Altai, kumpoto kwa China. Kodi nthawi yozizira ku Burma, India ndi Indochina. Mbali yapadera ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake, mapiko amphongo ndi 205-216 mm, achikazi - 240-258 mm.
- Kamchatka chiwombankhanga chaching'ono. Zimapezeka ku Kamchatka, nthawi yachisanu ku Japan. Mbali yapadera ndi mtundu wowala.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Malo okhala mpheta ndizabwino kwambiri:
- Eurasia
- Australia
- Africa
- zilumba za Indonesia ndi Philippines
- Kumpoto / South America
- Tasmania
- Ceylon, PA
- Madagascar ndi ena.
Sparrowhawk amakhala kumapiri ndi malo athyathyathya. Amakhala bwino m'nkhalango, m'nkhalango komanso m'nkhalango. Hawks amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango osalowamo. Amasankha nkhalango zowala, malo ochepa otsegulira zisa, komanso amakonda nkhalango zowala. Chimodzi mwazofunikira ndizoyandikira pafupi ndi dziwe.
Mbalame zina zimazolowera kukhala m'malo otseguka komanso m'malo olimapo. Pofika nyengo yozizira, nthumwi za akalulu zimapezekanso m'midzi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nyama. Sizachilendo kuti dera lotere limawononga mpheta miyoyo yawo.
Mofulumira, mbalamezo zimapunduka chifukwa cha galasi la nyumba, kugwera m'mawaya, ndikukhudzidwa ndi achifwamba. Amatha kudumphira m'mazenera kuti apindule ndi ziweto zazing'ono (mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe, makoswe, nkhono), osazindikira chotchinga chowonekera ngati magalasi.
Hawks amadziwika chifukwa chokhala chete. Choyamba, izi zimakhudza nzika zam'madera otentha. Pomwe anthu okhala kumpoto amasamukira kumwera. Kwenikweni, mbalame zamtunduwu zimamamatira kumalo ake amoyo wonse. Komabe, zimamanga zisa zatsopano chaka chilichonse kufupi ndi zomwe zidachitika chaka chatha.
Pakumanga nyumba zatsopano, mbalame zimasankha nsonga za mitengo ya coniferous yosachepera 3-6 mita kuchokera pansi, nthawi zambiri, zisa zimapezekanso pa korona wosasunthika, koma nthawi zonse zimabisika pafupi ndi thunthu ndi masamba ambiri osayang'ana. Nthawi yomanga chisa sichinafotokozeredwe (makamaka kuyambira Marichi mpaka Epulo) - zimangodalira nyengo yomwe dera limakhala mbalame.
Zakudya zabwino
Monga nthumwi zina za banja la mphamba, Mpheta amadya masewera ochepa - pafupifupi 90% yazakudya zonse. Izi zitha kukhala mawere, zopingasa, mpheta, magawo ndi mitundu ina yofananira. Amadyanso nyama, zokwawa ndi amphibiya, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, tizilombo - mndandandawo ndi wokulirapo.
Amuna amasankha nyama yaying'ono, pomwe akazi amasaka nyama zambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, amamwa madzi pang'ono, koma amakonda kusambira. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti kuwononga mbalame zazing'ono, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi makoswe ndizinthu zachilengedwe zomwe sizimayambitsa zachilengedwe.
Chiwombankhanga ndi chilombo chodya masana, chifukwa chake chimasaka masana, kugona tulo usiku. Mpaka madzulo, anapiye atengeke ndi kusaka, izi zafotokozedwa ndi momwe amaphunzitsira "kusaka". Pa nthawi yosaka Mpheta akuthawa Sizungulira bwino, monga ena ambiri onga iye, koma, m'malo mwake, amatha kuyenda kwambiri.
Ndi nyama yokhayo yokhayo yomwe imatha kuthawa nyamayi. Kusankha kwa wovutikayo kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi - nkhandwe iyenera kuthana nayo. Alenje odziŵa zambiri amakonda kuweta mbalamezi monga zothandizira kuti agwire nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame, makamaka zinziri.
Pakusaka, nthenga imakhala yodekha mtima komanso yothandiza - sasintha cholinga chofunafuna mpaka atamugwira, osamveka ngakhale pang'ono. Mbalame yochenjera imeneyi imatha kudikirira kuti idye nyama kwa nthawi yayitali, n’kuiwonerera, kenako n’kuukira mwadzidzidzi.
Kapena, mukuyenda pakati pa mitengo m'nkhalango, mwachangu gwirani ntchentche chilichonse chomwe chingapezeke ndi nyama yolusa. Amatha kugwira mwachangu onse omwe akuyenda komanso kuwuluka komanso kukhala pansi. Pogwira cholengedwa chamoyo, mpheta ndi zikhomo zake zaminyewa ndi zikhadabo zimafinya, kuzipyoza, potero zimatsamwitsa wovulalayo. Mbalameyo imadya chilichonse - kuyambira mafupa mpaka ubweya kapena nthenga.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Mtundu uwu wa banja la mphamba umasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhala ndi mkazi mmodzi, kupanga chisa, banjali limaliteteza ndi magulu olumikizana, osasintha anzawo moyo wawo wonse. Kukula kwa chisa ndichabwino - 40x50 cm. Mbalame ya Sparrowhawk amamanga malo okhala, ndikuyika zida mosintha. Zikuoneka kuti nyumba ndizosasunthika, sizodziwika ndi mphamvu, yopyapyala, yopindika, yopangidwa ndi:
- Masingano a paini
- Khungulani
- Mitengo youma.
Pakatikati mwa Russia, mpheta imayamba kupanga chisa mu Meyi, ndikuikira mazira ake mu "nyumba" zatsopano. Izi zitha kuchitika pambuyo pake. Chifukwa chake, mchaka chotentha, kugona kumayambira koyambirira kwa Meyi, komanso mchaka chozizira - kumapeto kwa mwezi. Nthawi yoswa anapiye molunjika imadalira nthawi yogona.
Khola limodzi lili ndi mazira 4-6, kukula kwake kulikonse ndi masentimita 3 * 4. Pafupifupi, zimatenga masabata 7 kuti ziaswa. Nthawi zambiri, makulitsidwe ndi chitetezo cha nyumbayo amapatsidwa kwa akazi okha, pomwe amuna amakhala ndi udindo wodyetsa banja. Anapiye mpaka 1 mwezi umodzi amawoneka ngati aphulika, kenako amakhetsa ndikuyamba kudzazidwa ndi nthenga.
Kuyambira pomwe mwana woyamba kutuluka, ana amakhalabe m'chisa kwa pafupifupi mwezi umodzi akuyang'aniridwa ndi amayi. Wamphongo amapitilizabe kupezera banja chakudya, ndipo panthawiyi nthumwi zazing'ono zokha ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, ndipo anapiye a nkhuku amathanso "kugwidwa".
Ana okhwima akangoyamba kutuluka mnyumbamo, mayiyo amapitiliza kuwatsata ndikuwayang'anira kwa masabata ena awiri - izi ndizofunikira kuti ana atetezeke, kuwateteza kuzilombo zazikulu.
Mkazi amasamalira anawo mpaka mwana wankhuku yomaliza. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera pansi pa phiko la amayi, ziphamba zimakula mpaka zaka za 1.5-2, ndikukula msinkhu chaka chimodzi, kunjaku sizikusiyana munjira iliyonse ndi oimira akulu. Momwemonso, ntchito ya mpheta imatha kufikira zaka 15, komabe, mbalame zimangokhala zaka 7-8 zokha.
Nthawi ya chaka choyamba cha moyo ndiyofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa pafupifupi 35% ya anapiye amamwalira atakhala miyezi iwiri yakusowa chakudya, nyengo, kapena amagwera m'makola a adani odyera akuluakulu komanso odziwa zambiri. Ali mu ukapolo, aliyense payekha adakwanitsa kukhala zaka 20.
Zosangalatsa
Ku Egypt wakale, mbalame zamtunduwu zimalemekezedwa ngati "Chizindikiro cha moyo." Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi ndege zothamanga kwambiri m'mlengalenga. Chiwombankhanga chinali mawonekedwe a cholengedwa chosafikirika, chikuwuluka mwachangu m'mazira a dzuwa, monga miyoyo ya anthu. Ndiye chifukwa chake mizimu ya akufa pa sarcophagi wakale waku Egypt idavala zifanizo za akalulu.
Pali matanthauzidwe angapo amomwe dzina la mbalame limafotokozera, bwanji "hawk":
- Kuthamanga kwakanthawi komanso kukhala tcheru. Potanthauzira, muzu "astr" ndi wachangu, wopupuluma, wakuthwa.
- Zakudya. Kuphatikiza kwa mawu oti "jastь" - ndi, ndi "rebъ" - partridge, sizimangokhala china koma "kudya partridge". Komabe, gawo lachiwiri la mawuwa litha kutanthauziridwa kuti "motley, wodziwika bwino" - mawonekedwe amtundu wa nthenga za mbalame
- Polemekeza mfumu Megara. Chikhulupiriro ichi ndi chofala, makamaka ku Georgia.
Mfundo ina chidwi ndi kudziletsa malamulo a anthu. Zaka "zanjala" sizimathandizira kulera ana akulu, chifukwa chake mphamba zimangolera anapiye 1-2 okha, ana onsewo adzawopsezedwa kuti adzafa chifukwa chotopa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mpheta pakusaka nthawi yophukira kuli ponseponse ku Georgia. Kugwira mbalame yodya nyama ndi ntchito yosangalatsa. Basieri ndi dzina lomwe amapatsidwa osaka nyama zosaka. Ndizosangalatsa kuti kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, basieri imagwira nkhwangwa muukonde pogwiritsa ntchito nyambo yomangidwa, ndikumasula chilombocho mosamala maukondewo ndikuchipanga.
Kumapeto kwa nyengo yosakira, pomwe wogwidwawo abweretsa nyama zambirimbiri (zinziri), basieri amatulutsa womuthandizira kuthengo. Chaka chamawa, mbiri imadzibwereza yokha, koma ndi mpheta watsopano. Alenje odziwa ntchito mothandizidwa ndi mbalameyi amatha kupeza zinziri 10 patsiku.
Mbalameyi imakhala ndi masomphenya owoneka bwino kwambiri komanso owoneka bwino kwambiri owoneka kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa wamunthu. Komwe kuli maso (kutembenukira kutsogolo) ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu kumathandizira izi. Binocular, ndiye kuti, kuwona bwino kwa chinthucho ndi maso onse nthawi imodzi. Amakhalanso odziwika bwino posiyanitsa fungo, koma ngati atenga mpweya ndi mkamwa mwawo osati ndi mphuno zawo.
Sparrowhawk ndi mbalame yokongola kwambiri komanso yachangu. Abwino kusaka kwakanthawi, koma osati oyenera kukhalabe mu ukapolo ngati chiweto chokongoletsera.
