Chikumbu cha Colorado amadziwika, mwina, kwa aliyense amene kamodzi analima mbatata m'munda wawo kapena mdzikolo. Ndi kachirombo kowopsa komwe kumatha kuwononga zokolola ndikuchepetsa kwambiri zokolola. Talingalirani za kufotokozedwa kwa kachilomboka, kayendedwe ka moyo wawo, mawonekedwe ake pakugawana ndi kuberekanso, ndipo, kumene, zosankha zothana nawo.
Chiyambi ndi mbiri yakuwonekera ku Europe
Mitundu ya Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado mbatata kachilomboka) idapezeka m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 1800, mu 1824, ndi a Thomas Say, katswiri wazachilengedwe komanso wamankhwala ochokera ku United States. Zithunzi zoyambirira zidatoleredwa ndi iye pa nightshade yaminyanga yomwe imakula m'mapiri a Rocky. Anatinso oimira mitundu yatsopanoyo ndi mtundu wa Chrysomela kapena kafadala. Koma mu 1865, wofufuza wina kachilomboka adayika kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata mu mtundu wa Leptinotarsa, komwe udakalipo lero.
Dziko lakwawo kachilomboka kakang'ono ka Colorado mbatata ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Mexico, dera la Sonora. Kuphatikiza pa iye, mitundu ina ya kafadala wamasamba amakhala pamenepo, amadya nightshade wamtchire ndi fodya. M'zaka za zana la 19, kachilomboka kanasamukira kumalo ake kumpoto, kupita kum'mawa kwa mapiri a Rocky, komwe adaphunzira kudya masamba a mbatata, omwe amapangidwa ndi okhazikika. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa kachilomboka kunalembedwa ku Nebraska mu 1855, ndipo mu 1859 kudawononga minda ku Colorado, pambuyo pake idadziwika.
Ngakhale zidachitidwa kuti zisawonongeke kufalikira kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono mdziko lonselo, zidayamba kuwoneka mwachangu m'maiko ena ndi Canada, ndipo mu 1876 zidatulukira koyamba ku Europe pamodzi ndi katundu wa zombo.
Kenako kachikumbu kanakafika ku kontrakitala kangapo, koma nthawi iliyonse kankawonongedwa. Mu 1918, "kutera" kwa kachilomboka kunapambana - kachilomboka kanapezeka m'minda ya France ndipo kanayamba kufalikira m'mayiko oyandikana nawo. Tsopano ku Europe amapezeka kulikonse kupatula England, komwe ndikosowa kwambiri.
Mu 1949, kachilomboka kanayamba ku USSR - m'chigawo cha Lvov, mu 1953 - m'malo angapo aku Russia nthawi yomweyo. Chifukwa cha kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kupita kummawa, tizilombo tinafika ku Primorsky Territory koyambirira kwa zaka za 21st.
Kufotokozera za tizilombo
Chimbalangondo chachikulucho chimakhala chachikulu pakati - 0,8-1.2 cm masentimita, mulifupi 0.6-0.7 cm.Thupi lake ndi lozungulira, lokhazikika, lachikaso lalanje, lokhala ndi mawanga akuda, lowala. Pre-dorsum imakhalanso ndi timadontho takuda, m'mbali mwa elytra pali mikwingwirima 5 yakuda yopapatiza. Ndi kapangidwe kamizere yotereyi, sizikhala zovuta kusiyanitsa kachilomboka ndi tizilombo tina. Mapiko ake ndi otukuka bwino, ndichifukwa chake amatha kuwuluka mtunda wautali.
Mphutsizi ndizofewa, zotsekemera, mpaka 1.5 cm kutalika, poyamba, akadali aang'ono, zimakhala zachikasu, kenako zimada, zimakhala zofiira lalanje komanso zofiirira. Mitundu yotere imachitika chifukwa choti, kudya masamba, mphutsi sizingathe kugaya carotene mwa iwo, ndipo pang'onopang'ono zimasonkhana m'matumba awo. Mphutsi zimakhala ndi mutu wakuda ndi mizere iwiri ya madontho amtundu womwewo mbali zonse ziwiri za thupi.
Kachikumbu kakakulu ndipo makamaka mphutsi zimadya masamba a nightshade. Mwa mitundu yolimidwa ya banjali, iwo amakonda kwambiri mabilinganya ndi mbatata, koma osadandaula ndi tomato, physalis, fodya. Tsabola wa belu ndiye chisankho chomaliza pomwe kulibenso chakudya choyenera pafupi. Zikuwoneka bwanji Chikumbu cha Colorado mukuwona pachithunzichi.
Mayendedwe amoyo
Tizilombo tokha tambiri tomwe timachoka m'nyengo yozizira, nthawi yakugwa imagwa m'nthaka ndi 0.2-0.5 m. Pakatentha, kafadala amakwiranso, kuyamba kudya mbande za mbatata, kenako kupeza wokwatirana naye.
Poterepa, akazi amatha kuthamangitsidwa nthawi yophukira, pomwepo amayamba kugona. Zimathandizanso kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chifukwa akazi omwe ali ndi umuna safunika kufunafuna amuna kumapeto kwa nyengo.
Njuchi, zikafika ku mbatata, zimayamba kuikira mazira m'magulu ang'onoang'ono pansi pa masamba. Mazira a kachilomboka ku Colorado - yaying'ono, yopingasa, yachikaso kapena yoyera lalanje.
Pa tsiku limodzi lokha, mkazi amatha kuyala zidutswa 5-80. mazira, komanso nyengo yonse - ma phukusi 350-700. (malinga ndi zomwe zinalembedwa, chiwerengerochi ndi zidutswa 1 chikwi). Ndi mibadwo ingati yomwe idzakhale m'nyengo yachilimwe kutengera nyengo ndi nyengo: kumwera kuli 2-3 a iwo, kumpoto - 1 okha.
Mphutsi za kachilomboka ku Colorado amaswa mazira masiku 5-17. Mpaka ataphunzitsidwa, amadutsa magawo anayi pakukula kwawo:
- 1 - idyani zipatso zofewa zokha za tsamba kuchokera pansi, zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri pamasamba achichepere;
- 2 - idyani tsamba lonse, ndikusiya mitsempha yokha;
- 3 ndi 4 - mubalalikireni chomeracho, nukwawa kupita kwina.
Mphutsi zimadyetsa mwakhama, kotero kuti pambuyo pa masabata 2-3 zimalowa m'nthaka kuti ziziphunzira. Kutsika kwakubowoka ndi mamitala 0,1 okha. Njuchi zimatuluka kuchokera ku ziboliboli m'milungu 1.5-3. Amathamanga kapena amakhala pansi mpaka kasupe atabwera (izi zimadalira kutentha kwa nthaka).
Nankafumbwe wachichepere wokhala ndi zofewa zofewa, lalanje lowala. Koma patadutsa maola ochepa amasanduka bulauni, ndikupeza mtundu wa mtunduwo. Amadyetsa masamba a mbatata kwa masabata 1-3. Nyengo ikakhala yotentha, kafadala amaulukira m'malo ena. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphepo, pa liwiro la chilimwe la 8 km / h, amatha kuwuluka makilomita makumi kuchokera komwe adakhalako.
Nthawi zambiri mbozi zimakhala chaka chimodzi, koma zina zimatha kukhala zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Pazovuta, tizilombo timalowa munthawiyo ndikukhala pansi zaka 2-3. Izi zimalepheretsa kuteteza tizilombo. Zikakhala zoopsa, mbozi siziyesa kuuluka, koma zimagwera pansi ngati zakufa.
Momwe mungamenyere
Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata - tizilombo Olimba kwambiri, ngati simukuyesetsa kulimbana nawo, mphutsi nthawi yayitali zimatha kudya gawo labwino kwambiri lamasamba kuthengo. Kuchokera apa, chomeracho sichitha kukula bwino, kukhazikitsa ndikukula tubers. Sipadzakhala zokolola.
M'madera ang'onoang'ono, mutha kumenyananso kachilomboka pamanja, osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Mutha kuyamba mutabzala mbatata. Iyenera kufalikira pafupi ndi mabedi oyeretsera. Kafadala yemwe adakwawira pansi adzasonkhana pa iwo, atakopeka ndi fungo.
Zimangotsala ndi kusonkhanitsa kuyeretsa pamodzi ndi tizilombo, kupita nazo kunja kwa mabedi ndikuziwononga. Nthawi yomwe kachilomboka kamachoka m'nthaka kumatha kutenga mwezi wathunthu, motero kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi sikokwanira.
Gawo lachiwiri lakumenya nkhondo: kuyendera tchire ngati pali mazira atsopano pa iwo. Popeza akazi amawayika pansi pamunsi pa tsamba, zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira nthawi yomweyo. Ndikofunika kutola masamba, kuwafufuza kuchokera pansi, kunyamula omwe timatumba ta dzira timapezekanso ndikuwononga, kusonkhanitsa kafadala akangopezeka pa mbatata ndikuwononganso.
Adani achilengedwe
Kumbu la Colorado limadya masamba a mbatata omwe amakhala ndi solanine. Izi zimaphatikizika m'matumba awo, chifukwa chake sizabwino kudya mbalame kapena nyama zambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi, ali ndi adani achilengedwe ochepa, ndipo zomwe zilipo sizingathe kulamulira kafadala osakhala owopsa.
Kuchokera ku mbalame zaulimi, kafadala, mbalame zazing'ono, nkhuku zam'madzi, ma pheasants ndi ma partgeges amadya popanda kuvulaza okha. Kwa iwo, tizirombo si poizoni ndipo amadya mosangalala kwambiri. Ndi mbalame zokhazokha zokha zomwe zimadya tizilombo, zotsalazo ziyenera kuphunzitsidwa kuyambira zaka za miyezi 3-4: choyamba, onjezerani kafadala pang'ono pachakudya, kenako chokwanira, kuti mbalame zizolowere kulawa kwawo.
Mbalame zimatha kutulutsidwa m'mundamo, sizimavulaza mbewuzo, sizitenga nthaka ngati nkhuku, zimadya kafadala ndi mphutsi kuchokera masamba. Pamodzi ndi kachilomboka, mbalame zamphongo zimawononganso tizilombo tina tomwe timapwetekanso zomera zomwe zimalimidwa.
Pali zidziwitso kuti nkhuku zoweta zimadyanso kafadala ka Colorado, koma anthu okhawo omwe adazolowera izi kuyambira ali mwana. Ndikothekanso kutulutsa mbalame m'munda m'mene mphutsi zayamba kuonekera, ndiye kuti kale mu Meyi-Juni.
Koma, ndikofunika kuti mbatata izitchingidwe ndi china chake, apo ayi nkhuku zimasunthira mosavuta kumabedi oyandikana nawo ndikuwononga masamba omwe amakula kumeneko, ndikudyola masambawo, ndikupanga mabowo osamba m'fumbi. Pogwiritsa ntchito nkhuku motere, mutha kuchita popanda mankhwala aliwonse ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Kulimbana ndi kachilomboka kudzakhala kosavuta komanso kopindulitsa: mbalame, kudya tizilombo tomwe timakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, zimakula ndikulemera, zigawo zidzaikira mazira ambiri, ndipo zonsezi zimadya chakudya chaulere.
Kuphatikiza pa zoweta, mbalame zamtchire zimadyanso kachilomboka ka Colorado. Izi ndi nyenyezi, mpheta, nkhaka, akhwangwala, ma hazel grouses, ndi zina zambiri. Koma, zachidziwikire, simuyenera kudalira kuti adzawononga kachilomboka ambiri.
Ndikotheka kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbalame zamtchire ngati mungawakokere pamalopo, koma izi ndizitali ndipo nthawi zambiri sizothandiza, chifukwa chake palibe chifukwa choganizira mbalame zamtchire ngati njira yothanirana ndi kachilomboka. Ndipo malinga ndi malipoti ena, mbalame, zikauluka mderali, sizimangodya tizirombo tokha, komanso zimawononga zokolola za zipatso zomwe zapsa panthawiyi.
Za tizilombo, mazira ndi mphutsi za kachilomboka ka Colorado mbalame zimawonongedwa ndi lacewing, kachilomboka, ma ladybugs, hoverflies, zishango, nsikidzi ndi tahinas (zimayambitsa kachilombo kotsiriza, m'dzinja, ndipo potero zimaletsa kubereka kwake). Kafukufuku wa ma entomophages aku America - adani achilengedwe a kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata komanso kuthekera kwakusintha kwawo ku Europe kukuchitika.
Njira zina zolimbana
Nkumba zazikulu zimapeza mbatata ndi fungo, chifukwa cha kununkhira kwawo. Pofuna kupewa kafadala kupeza tchire, muyenera kubzala chimodzi mwa zitsamba izi: calendula, katsabola, basil, cilantro, timbewu tonunkhira, adyo, mtundu uliwonse wa anyezi, nyemba. Monga tanenera, izi zitha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kafadala pafupifupi nthawi 10.
Mukamabzala tubers masika, muyenera kuyika mankhusu ndi phulusa pang'ono paphando lililonse. Chikumbu sichidzawonekera pa mbatata mpaka maluwa, ndipo pambuyo pake sichidzawopsezanso, popeza kuyikika kwa tubers kwatsopano kumachitika theka loyamba la nyengo yokula.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Ngati njira zachilengedwe zowathandizira sizinathandize kwenikweni, pali kafadala ambiri kapena malo okhala mbatata ndi akulu, ndiye chabwino chomwe chingaganizidwe ndi chithandizo cha minda ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Amapopera mbewu ndi zomera pamene mphutsi zazing'ono ziwiri zimakonda kuwonekera.
Koma, popeza gawo la kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata ndikulimbana ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndikusinthasintha mwachangu kwa iwo, muyenera kusintha kukonzekera, osapopera utsi chimodzimodzi nthawi zonse. Izi sizovuta kuchita, popeza pali zambiri zosiyana njira zothandizira kachilomboka kakang'ono ka Colorado mbatata, pali zambiri zoti musankhe.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo - poizoni wochokera ku kachilomboka kakang'ono ka Colorado mbatata - itha kugawidwa malinga ndi magawo angapo. Mwachitsanzo, onse atha kugawidwa m'magulu: kuyang'ana mopapatiza, kungogwira mphutsi kapena akulu okha, kapena konsekonse, kuwononga kafadala pamsinkhu uliwonse.
Mankhwala omalizawa ndi olimba komanso otakasuka m'mankhwala, samangopha tizilombo modalirika, koma amathandizanso kwambiri pazomera, ndipo ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika komanso pamene kuchuluka kwake kwapitirira, amakhudzanso anthu.
Malinga ndi momwe ntchito imagwiritsidwira ntchito, mankhwalawa amapangidwa kuti apange etching komanso kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Tubers amapopera ndi yankho lokonzedwa kuchokera kwa othandizira asanatumizidwe kumera kapena amathiridwa munjirayo. Yankho limakonzedwanso kuchokera ku sprayers kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito kupopera masamba ndi zimayambira.
Malinga ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhudzana, matumbo ndi machitidwe. Amasiyana mosiyanasiyana popanga zinthu. Izi ndi avermectins, pyrethrins, phosphorous mankhwala ndi neonicotinoids.
Mankhwala opha tizilombo ambiri ndi a phytotoxic, salimbikitsidwa kuti zipse tubers zipse: mankhwala omaliza ayenera kuchitidwa osachepera mwezi umodzi mbewuyo isanakumbidwe. Kusiya mbatata zotere kuti mubzale kasupe wotsatira sikuyenera.
Mitundu kugonjetsedwa
Palibe zamoyo zomwe zingakhale zovuta kwambiri ku kachilomboka. Koma pali mitundu ingapo yomwe imalimbana kwambiri ndi kudya tizirombo kuposa mitundu yonse. Izi sizingatheke kudzera muukadaulo wa majini, koma kudzera mu ntchito yosankha kuti apange mitundu yosiyana ndi ena momwe masamba amapangidwira.
Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolimba, zopota, zokutidwa ndi tsitsi, zokhala ndi mitsempha yolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudyetsa kafadala, makamaka mphutsi zazing'ono. N'zotheka kuti sakonda kukoma kwamasamba odzaza ndi solanine ndi ma alkaloid ena. Izi sizimangokhala zokoma, komanso zimachepetsa mphamvu ya kachilomboka kuberekana.
Pali mitundu yambiri yosinthika, chifukwa chake, ngakhale itadyedwa ndi kafadala, imachira mwachangu ndikukula masamba atsopano. Izi zimachepetsa kutayika kwa mbewu, chifukwa kuchuluka kwake kumadalira kwambiri mtundu wa greenery womwe michere imasamutsidwira ku tubers.
Imachepetsa mwayi wa kachilomboka komanso kulimbana ndi mbatata kumatenda: tizilombo timakonda tchire lofooka ndi matenda, timadya mosavuta. Kwa mabedi apanyumba mutha kusankha mitundu ya mbatata iyi:
- Mwayi. Zosiyanasiyana ndizodzichepetsa, zokolola zambiri komanso zowonjezera. Zoyipa - zitha kukhudzidwa ndi nematode.
- Lasunok. Mitundu yapakatikati yakucha yomwe ili yoyenera kukula ku Central Russia. Mbatata ndi zokoma, zimakhala mogwirizana ndi dzina lawo.
- Kamensky. Mitundu yakucha koyambirira, kupatula apo, imaberekanso zipatso. Kuphatikiza ndi kulimbana ndi kachilomboka, izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsira ntchito dimba lakunyumba.
Kuphatikiza pa izi, mitundu ingapo ya kachilomboka ingagulitsidwe. Izi zitha kugulidwa m'masitolo ogulitsa pa intaneti kapena malo ogulitsira.
Malangizo Othandiza
Osangodalira zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale zitakhala zolimba bwanji. Ndi bwino kukonzekera mbatata kuti zisapezeke ku kachilomboka m'nyengo. Gawo loyamba ndikumera kwa tubers. Izi ndizofunikira kuti ziphukazo zizikwera mmwamba mwachangu momwe zingathere.
Amadziwika kuti Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata imawonekera kutentha pafupifupi 15 ° C, ndipo ngati mubzala mbatata molawirira, ndiye panthawiyi tchire lidzakhala ndi nthawi yokula nsonga zamphamvu. Ma tubers akulu amatha kudula mzidutswa zingapo zomwe zimakhala ndi diso. Chilichonse chimamera chomera chonse, ndipo zokolola zake zonse zimakhala zazikulu. Fukani mdulidwe pa tubers ndi phulusa losefedwa.
Mbatata iyenera kukhala yolima munthaka. Kupatsidwa zakudya zokwanira, kumakhala kwamphamvu komanso kolimba, ndipo kumakhala kosavuta kukana tizirombo. Kuti apange malo abwino, feteleza ayenera kuwonjezeredwa panthaka - humus ndi phulusa loyera.
Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata sichimachita chilichonse, koma kuvulaza kwakukulu. Powononga minda ya mbatata, imachepetsa zokolola. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, njira zosiyanasiyana zapangidwa, kuti mupeze zotsatira zofulumira komanso zodalirika, simungathe kuyima pa imodzi mwa izo, koma perekani 2 kapena 3 nthawi imodzi.
