Kufotokozera kwaulemu m'chilengedwe kumaganiziridwa mphungu yagolide, akuyandama bwino mlengalenga. Kuyambira kale, mbalameyi ikuyimira kukula, komwe magulu ambiri apamwamba amakuwonetsa ngati chizindikiro chawo. M'nthano zomwe zidabwera kwa ife kuchokera ku Greece Yakale, chiwombankhanga chimawerengedwa ngati mawonekedwe apadziko lapansi a Mulungu wa Bingu.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe
Chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi mtundu wa ziwombankhanga za banja la mbewa. Monga oimira onse amtunduwu, amadziwika ndi mphamvu ndipo ali ndi thupi lamphamvu. Chifukwa cha luso lake losanjikiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde a mlengalenga, mbalameyi imatha kuuluka m'mwamba kwa maola angapo motsatira, ikuwona nyama.
Kutalika kukula kwa chiwombankhanga chagolide imafika mita imodzi, mapiko ake ndi 2.5 mita. Mkazi nthawi zambiri amakhala wamkulu kuposa kukula kwa amene wamusankha. Ngati kulemera kwamphongo kumakhala pakati pa 4-5 kg, ndiye kuti akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala 7 kg. Mbalameyi ili ndi nsonga yokhotakhota ya mlomo, yomwe ndi yachilengedwe. Chizindikiro china ndi nthenga, zomwe kumbuyo kwa khosi ndizitali kuposa zina zonse.
Mapiko a mbalameyi sikuti ndi yotakata kokha, komanso ndi yaitali komanso yolimba. Mwa nyama zazing'ono, ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera. Mapiko a nyamayo amasiyanitsidwa ndi malo ocheperako, chifukwa chomwe kupindika kumawonekera kumbuyo, kukumbukira kwambiri chilembo S cha zilembo zachi Latin.
Mwa njira, ichi ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zomwe zimathandiza kuzindikira chilombochi pakuwuluka. Akamakula, mbali iyi yamapiko imayamba kuchepa. Pakubisala, mbalame imanyamula liwiro mpaka 120 km / h.
Mchira wa msaki wamphapayo ndi wautali pang'ono, wozungulira pang'ono kumapeto ndipo umawoneka ngati mphamba. Izi zimamusiyanitsa ndi oimira ena amtundu wa chiwombankhanga. Mbalameyo ikauluka, mutha kuwona momwe nthenga pamchira zimatsegukira mofananamo.
Mbalame zamtunduwu zimadziwika ndi maso abulauni, milomo yakuda kapena yakuda yakuda, yomwe ili ndi chikasu. Mapazi ndi olimba, olimba, pafupifupi mbali zonse zawo pali m'mphepete ndi nthenga, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala okulirapo.
M'munsi mwake, ali ndi utoto wonyezimira ndipo amakhala ndi zikhadabo zazitali, zakuthwa, zolimba. Liwu la chiwombankhanga limakhala loyimira mtundu wake: mokweza, kukumbukira pang'ono galu kulira. Mutha kuzimva munthawi yokolola, kuteteza malo okhala kapena kulumikizana ndi ana.
Mtundu wa munthu wokhwima kale umalamulidwa ndi mithunzi ya bulauni ndi yakuda ndi nthenga zagolide wagolide kumbuyo kwa mutu. Ziwombankhanga zagolide sizimasiyana mitundu potengera jenda. Kusiyana kumangopezeka pakati pa achinyamata ndi okhwima.
Mbalame mpaka zaka 4, mtunduwo umakhala wakuda, mawanga oyera amadziwika pakati pa mapiko. Amatha ali ndi zaka khumi ndi chimodzi kapena khumi ndi zitatu. Akatswiri omwe amaphunzira za moyo ndi khalidwe la nyama zolusa amakhulupirira kuti madontho amenewa amauza mbalame zazikulu kuti munthuyo sadziwa zambiri.
Izi zimawathandiza kuti azisaka madera akunja osawopa kuti achikulire adzawaukira. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zofanana ndi makolo awo pomwe zimayamba kusungunuka, mtundu womaliza wamtunduwu umagwera mchaka chachinayi kapena chachisanu cha moyo wa woimira mtunduwo. Amasandulika bulauni ndi mithunzi ya bulauni ndi yofiira.
Mitundu
Zonsezi, magulu asanu ndi limodzi a ziwombankhanga zagolide agawidwa, zomwe zimasiyanitsa kwambiri kukula ndi utoto.
- Mitundu yodziwika bwino imakonda kukhazikika kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe, komanso kukula kwa Siberia, Norway, Denmark ndi Sweden. Mtundu wa thupi ndi mapiko mphungu yagolide yakuda kapena bulauni wakuda.
- Mitundu yakumwera kwa Europe imapezeka kumapiri a Caucasus, Iran, Carpathians, ndi kumwera kwa Europe. Thupi, nthenga zimakhala zofiirira kwambiri ndi nthenga za mthunzi wofiirira wotumbululuka pa nape. Subpecies iyi ili ndi "kapu" yapadera pamutu pake.
- Zigawo za Central Asia zimakonda kusaka ndi kusaka m'mapiri a Altai, komanso zigawo za Tien Shan, Pamir ndi Tibet. Mtunduwo umakhala wakuda bii mpaka wakuda ndi nthenga zopepuka pa nape.
- Malo okhala mphungu zaku America ndi Canada, North ndi South America. Mtunduwo ndi wakuda-bulauni wakuda ndi utoto wagolide pa nape.
- Mitundu ya East Siberia imapezeka kum'mawa kwa Asia, Mongolia, Chukotka, Siberia, Primorsky Krai. Mtunduwo ukhoza kukhala wakuda kapena wakuda bulauni.
- Ma subspecies aku Japan amakonda kukhala ku North China, Japan, ndi zilumba za South Kuril. Mtunduwo ndi bulauni yakuda ndimadontho oyera pamapewa.
Moyo
Mphungu yagolide – Mbalame yaulere, chifukwa chake, makamaka mbalame zimasankha malo athyathyathya kapena mapiri, steppes, canyons, kutali ndi anthu. Amakonda kupanga chisa m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, komanso malo omwe ali kumapiri ataliatali kupitirira 2,000 mita.
Chifukwa chakuti zilombozi zili ndi mapiko akuluakulu, zimafunikira malo otseguka kuti zilondole nyama zomwe zagwidwa. Pofuna kumasuka, ziwombankhanga zagolide zimasankha mitengo yomwe imamera pamiyala kapena pazitali.
Mbalame zimakhala pafupifupi m'madera onse a Russia, koma zimayesetsa kukhazikitsa madera omwe ali kutali ndi anthu, kotero zimakhala zosatheka kuziwona m'midzi.
Popeza pamalo athyathyathya anthu sanasiyiretu chilombocho, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimakhazikika m'madambo a Estonia, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark. Mbalamezi zimateteza gawo lawo mwamphamvu; zimamanga zisa zawo pamtunda wosapitirira 10 km wina ndi mnzake. Zimadziwika kuti ziwombankhanga zagolide zimakonda kukhala zokha komanso kukhala mwamtendere, chifukwa chake, ngakhale ngakhale midzi yaying'ono kwambiri, mbalame izi sizimakhala.
Utali wamoyo
Kusunga mbalame yayikulu chonchi kunyumba sikophweka, komabe, malinga ndi osaka odziwa, ndikofunikira. Monga lamulo, anapiye achichepere amatengedwa kuchokera pachisa, koma nthawi zina anthu akuluakulu amagwidwa.
Kuti athandize kusintha kwa mbalameyo kwa anthu ndikuthandizira kuphunzitsa, chilombocho chimangokhala ndi chakudya. Gawo lake ndi 300-350 g wa nyama, pomwe chiwombankhanga chimadyetsedwa tsiku lililonse. Wosaka nyama amayika mbalame ija padzanja lake, yotetezedwa ndi golovesi wachikopa, ndikuyenda ndi chiweto m'malo opanikizana, motero mbalameyo yazolowera phokoso la anthu. Mpatseni iye pa nyama yodzaza.
Amasunga chiwombankhanga chagolide mu khola lotseguka kapena chipinda chatsekedwa; ayenera kuphimba maso awo kuti atsimikizire mtendere wake ndikuuteteza kuti usaponye. Malinga ndi akatswiri, kupita kokadya nyama ndi mbalameyi ndichisangalalo chenicheni.
Monga lamulo, anthu angapo amasaka nthawi imodzi, aliyense ali ndi chiwombankhanga chake chagolide. Kutchire, pafupifupi nyama yodya nthenga imakhala zaka 23. Ali mu ukapolo, atasamaliridwa bwino, anthu atha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi zowirikiza.
Chiwerengero cha mitundu
Kuphatikizidwa mphungu yagolide mu Bukhu Lofiirachifukwa imawerengedwa kuti ndi mitundu yosowa ya mbalame. Komabe, malinga ndi chidziwitso chamakono, kuchuluka kwa anthu sikukuchepera; mzaka zaposachedwa, kuwonjezeka kwa anthu kwawonekeranso. Zochita zaanthu ndizo zokha zomwe zimakhudza moyo wa nyama izi.
M'zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19, mbalame zinawomberedwa chifukwa zimawononga ziweto. Kotero, m'dera la Germany, pafupifupi onse oimira mtundu uwu anawonongedwa. M'zaka zapitazi, kuchepa kwa manambala kwathandizidwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Popeza mbalame zimadyetsa zamoyo, mankhwala owopsa adalowa mthupi la mbalameyo, chifukwa chake, izi zidadzetsa zovuta pakukula kwa mazira ndipo, chifukwa chake, kufa kwa nyama zazing'ono.
Masiku ano, munthu amakhala ndi magawo ambiri, omwe amalepheretsa kusankha malo okhala osati ziwombankhanga zokha, komanso makoswe ang'onoang'ono, omwe amakhala nyama yolusa. Zonsezi zitha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa mbalame.
Pofuna kulimbikitsa kubwezeretsa kwa ziwombankhanga zagolide ndikuziteteza kuti zisawonongeke, njira zonse zofunikira zikuchitika m'maiko ambiri omwe amalanda malowo. Chifukwa chake, pakukula kwa Russia ndi Kazakhstan, malo obisalira ziwombankhanga amadziwika kuti ndi malo otetezedwa ndipo amatetezedwa.
Mwa njira, kokha mdera lathu chiwombankhanga chagolide chimakhala m'malo opitilira 20 otetezedwa otere. Mbalame zimapezeka m'minda komanso kumalo osungira nyama, koma ndi zinthu zoterezi, sizimaswana.
Kubereka ndi nyengo yakumasirana
Mphungu ya golide - mbalameyemwe amakhala wowona kwa mnzake popanga banja. Iliyonse ya iwo amakonza zisa ziwiri kapena khumi ndi ziwiri ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito mozungulira munthawi zosiyanasiyana, kumaliza ndikuwongolera. Nthawi yokwanira imayamba kuyambira kumapeto kwa dzinja mpaka koyambirira kwa masika, kapena kuyambira February mpaka Epulo.
Munthawi imeneyi, ziwombankhanga zagolide zimawonekera zikuuluka, kuchita ziwonetsero zazikulu mlengalenga ndikutsanzira zinthu zosaka. Khalidweli ndilofotokozedwanso ndi mbalame yosungulumwa yomwe ikufunafuna bwenzi, kapena awiri okhazikika kale. Kukula kwamphongo kwamphongo kumachitika zaka 4-5.
Mkazi amaikira mazira m'chisa mu theka loyamba la Epulo, nthawi zambiri samapitilira mazira atatu. Onse awiri amachita nawo makulitsidwe motsatana. Izi zimachitika masiku opitilira makumi anayi ndi asanu. Kenako chachimuna chimasaka chakudya, ndipo chachikazi chimadyetsa ana. Pambuyo pa miyezi 2.5-3, anapiyewo amachoka pachisa.
Kusaka nyama ndi chakudya
Mphungu yagolide – wolusa mbalame... Pofuna kusaka, amasankha hares, mbewa, mbewa zazikulu, nthawi zambiri amadya mbalame zina zazing'ono. Komanso ng'ombe zazing'ono ndi zowetchera zazing'ono - nswala, nkhosa, ng'ombe, mbuzi - zimakhala ngati nyama.
Masewera ang'onoang'ono amaphatikizapo ma gopher ndi ma ferrets, ma skunks, agologolo, ma marmot, ma ermine, abakha, magawo ndi atsekwe pakudya kwa chiwombankhanga chagolide. Mwa nyama zikuluzikulu, nyamayi yamphongo imasaka nkhandwe, mimbulu, agwape ndi agwape, nkhandwe.
Mbalameyi sichiopa kumenyana ndi wovulalayo, ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa iyo. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri imadyetsa zovunda. Tsiku lililonse chiwombankhanga chagolide chimafuna makilogalamu awiri a nyama, koma pakalibe chakudya, imatha kufa ndi njala kwa milungu isanu.
Maso a chiwombankhanga ndiwokwera kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa a munthu, chifukwa chake, ngakhale atakhala wouluka kwambiri, palibe ngakhale m'modzi yemwe amathawa. Amatha kuwoneka womasuka akuyandama mumlengalenga ndikuwukira mwadzidzidzi kwambiri kotero kuti ndi anthu ochepa omwe amatha kubisala. Chiwombankhanga chimapitilizabe kulimbana ndipo pansi, ngati chitagwira womenyera ndi zikhadabo zake, ngakhale nyama yayikulu komanso yopanda pake sidzapulumutsidwa.
Chifukwa cha thupi lake lalikulu komanso mapiko ake akuluakulu, chiwombankhanga chagolide chimatha kukweza katundu wolemera makilogalamu 20 mlengalenga, ndipo polimbana pansi, kupambana nkhandwe pomenya khosi. Kunja kwa nyengo yoti zikukwerana, nthawi zina nyama zolusa zimasaka nyama ziwiriziwiri. Wovutikayo atatha kuthawa mbalame imodzi, mnzakeyo amamupeza nthawi yomweyo.
Ngakhale ali omenyera nkhondo, adaniwo ndi ovuta kuwona momwe akunja amalowerera, makamaka anthu. Banja lomwe linapanga chisa momwe anapiye asunthira kale kapena kuyikira mazira lidzaisiya ngati munthu amene wawasokoneza awonekera pafupi.
Zosangalatsa
Akatswiri a zinyama amatiuza zina mwazomwe zimachitika m'moyo wa zolusa:
- Ziwombankhanga zazikulu zimakhala ndi miyendo yayitali kwambiri m'banja la mphungu.
- M'madera otentha kwambiri, mbalamezi zimasamukira kumadera otentha kapena zimangouluka kuchokera kumapiri kupita kumalo otsetsereka.
- Chiwombankhanga chagolide chili ndi maso akuthwa kotero kuti amatha kuwona kalulu wothamanga kuchokera kutalika kwa 4 km.
- Mbalamezi ndi zaziwombankhanga zomwe zimathamanga kwambiri ndipo zimatha kudumphira pansi liwiro la 120 km / h.
- Mbalame zimatha kumanga zisa zawo pamwamba pa mitengo ndi zingwe za miyala.
- Zisa, zomwe zimamalizidwa chaka chilichonse, zimatha kukula kwambiri pakapita nthawi.
- Mkazi samaikira mazira onse nthawi imodzi, koma ndikupuma kwamasiku angapo.
- Kuyambira ali wakhanda, chiwombankhanga chagolide chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ake okwiya: mwana wankhuku wamkulu nthawi zambiri amapha wamkulu, makamaka ngati wamkazi, pomwe makolo samakangana ndipo samayesetsa kuteteza ofooka.
- Posaka nyama yayikulu, nyamayo imalowetsa zikhadabo zake m'thupi, ndikupha. Masewera ang'onoang'ono amaphedwa nthawi yomweyo.
- Kambalame kakang'ono koyamba kamakhala pamapiko ali ndi zaka 70-80, pomwe amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi chisa.
- Maso a chiwombankhanga chagolide amalola kuti lizitha kusiyanitsa mitundu, yomwe samawona kawirikawiri pakati pa nyama.
- Nyengo yokuikira mazira imatsimikiziridwa ndi kutalika kwa chilombocho. Chifukwa chake, kumpoto kwa kontinenti yotentha kwambiri kapena ku Mexico, anapiye amapezeka mu Januware, kumadera ozizira akumpoto ndi Alaska - mu Juni, kumpoto kwa America - mu Marichi.
Wodya nyamayo anapatsidwa udindo wokhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chotha. Koma posaka mbalame, chindapusa chimatsimikizika, ndikumangidwa kachiwiri, atha kupatsidwa mwayi wokhala m'ndende.
Mphungu yagolide pa chithunzichi ndipo m'moyo weniweni zimawoneka zokongola komanso zokongola, chifukwa chake, ntchito zake zofunikira ndi machitidwe ake ndizosangalatsa kwa akatswiri pakuphunzira za nyama. Pofuna kuteteza zamoyozi kuti zisawonongeke kwambiri, anthu ayenera kuchita khama.
