M'nkhalango, munyumba yachilimwe kapena paki, amapezeka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo. Makamaka kafadala, ambiri omwe amatha kuwerengedwa m'banja limodzi - kachilomboka.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mitundu yoposa 40,000 ya kachilomboka amadziwika padziko lapansi. Mitundu yoposa zikwi zitatu imapezeka m'dera la Russia. Amakhala amtundu womwewo, koma ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo: mtundu, kukula, nthawi zina kapangidwe kake.
Monga lamulo, mtundu wa kafadala ndi wamdima, wokhala ndi chitsulo chowala kwambiri. Izi zimawonekera makamaka padzuwa. Mafunde ndi obiriwira, buluu, golide. Zosazolowereka kwambiri ndizofiira ndi zofiira.
Mukayang'anitsitsa kuphulika kwachitsulo, mutha kuwona kuti ili ndi mikwingwirima yambiri yopyapyala kwambiri. Zidzakhala zovuta kuti munthu wosadziwa kusiyanitsa kafadala wina ndi mnzake, koma mafotokozedwe ochepa osavuta athandiza kuzindikira kachilomboka ka banja lachikumbu kuchokera ku tizilombo wamba.
Kotero:
- kachilomboka ndi kachilombo kakang'ono, mitundu ina imatha kufika masentimita khumi m'litali; thupi ndi chowulungika;
- mutafufuza mwatsatanetsatane za thupi la kachilomboka, munthu amatha kuwona bwino mutu, wopatukana ndi thupi ndi dera lachiberekero, komanso nsagwada zazikulu;
- kachilomboka kali ndi miyendo yaitali, yokhala ndi zigawo zingapo; zikono zotere zimasinthidwa bwino kuti zizithamanga m'malo osiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake kumakhala kovuta kugwira tizilombo;
- ndevu zazitali zazitali zikuyenda masentimita angapo patsogolo; masharubu amakhala ngati radar ya kachilomboka;
- miyendo yakutsogolo ili ndi ma peyala apadera, omwe amakhala ngati burashi kuti tizilombo titsukire nsagwada.
Nkhunda yapansi ili ndi mapiko olimba, kukula kwake kumatengera malo okhala. M'madera omwe ali ndi chakudya chokwanira, mapiko amakhala opanda mphamvu, popeza palibe chifukwa choyenda ulendo wautali kukafunafuna chakudya. Nthawi zambiri, mapiko amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikika, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakula limodzi ngati zosafunikira.
Mbali yapadera ya tizilombo tachitsulo ndikusankha malo okhala. Amakonda malo okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri komanso kutentha kokhazikika. Ndicho chifukwa chake kachilomboka kamapezeka nthawi zambiri kum'mwera kwa Russia, Ukraine ndi Moldova.
Mitundu ya kachilomboka yapansi
Ku Russia, mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yodziwika bwino imatha kutchedwa bwinobwino Chikhalidwe cha ku Caucasus... Amakhala kumpoto kwa Caucasus, makamaka kumapiri. Koma mutha kuwapeza mdera la Krasnodar. Musaope rustle yosamvetsetseka yomwe yakhala m'munda mutanyamula tiyi m'manja mwanu.
Kafadalawa ankapuma bwino masana ndipo ankathamangira kunkhondo madzulo. Mumdima, nyongolotsi zimayambitsa zochita zawo, zimayamba kusaka nyongolotsi ndi timadontho tating'ono, osanyoza mphutsi. Malo omwe amakonda kachilomboka ndi minda ndi mapaki komwe mungathe kusaka mosamala ndipo palibe chakudya.
Koyamba, kachilomboka kameneka ku Caucasus kangazindikiridwe ndi mtundu wowala wabuluu, nthawi zina wobiriwira komanso wofiirira. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mitundu ya kachilomboka ili m'gulu la Red Book of the Russian Federation ngati yomwe ikuchepa mwachangu. Kalelo m'zaka za zana la 19, asayansi anali akusakasaka kafadala wokongola kuti akwaniritse zomwe adapeza kapena kugulitsa kwa anzawo omwe ali ndi mwayi, osati ku Russia kokha komanso akunja.
Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kupeza mtundu wina wa kachilomboka - Crimea. Dzinalo limadziyankhulira lokha. Mutha kuyipeza ku Crimea Peninsula, makamaka kumwera chakumadzulo. Komabe, chikhumbo chimodzi chopeza kachilombo sikokwanira. Muyenera kuleza mtima ndikukhala ndi tochi yamphamvu, chifukwa kachilomboka kamakhala usiku ndipo kamakasaka dzuwa litangolowa.
Crimea pansi kachilomboka - kachilomboka kali kakulu. Pakhala pali milandu pomwe kutalika kwa thupi lake kudafika masentimita 6. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi luso losaka, kachilomboka kali mdani woopsa osati tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokha, komanso abuluzi ang'onoang'ono. Amakonda nkhono za mphesa, ndiye kuti mutha kumupezanso pafupi ndi madzi, m'madzi am'madzi ochepa.
Chenjezo! Mtundu wa kachilomboka ukhoza kukhala wowopsa kwa anthu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kumbuyo kwa thupi la kachilomboka pansi pamakhala ma gland apadera omwe amakhala ndi madzi owopsa. Sili poizoni, koma kapangidwe kake kamadzimadzi ndi cholinga choopseza adani. Chikumbu chimawombera madzi awa kuwopseza.
Kuwombera kumatha kutalika mpaka mita ziwiri ndipo kumatha kulowa m'maso, mwachitsanzo. Izi zikachitika, tsukani nthawi yomweyo maso anu kapena malo aliwonse okhudzidwa ndi madzi ambiri ndikupita kuchipatala. Simuyenera kubwezera kachilomboka. Chimbalangondo ichi chimatchulidwa mu Red Book ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi.
Kukongola kwa kachilomboka - woimira wokongola kwambiri wamtundu wake. Dzina lake lonse ndi lokongola. Makulidwe ake amakhala pakati pa 3 mpaka 4 sentimita. Thupi la tizilombo, mofanana ndi anzawo, limakhala ndi chitsulo chachitsulo, koma mosiyana ndi mitundu ina, ili ndi utoto wokongola.
Nthawi zambiri awa amakhala obiriwira obiriwira olowetsedwa ndi golide ndi mkuwa. Amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zowirira, m'mapaki ndi minda, momwe kuli chinyezi komanso kukhutiritsa chifukwa cha agulugufe ndi mbozi zomwe zimakhala kumeneko. Ndi pa iwo pomwe kachilomboka kokongola kamasaka usiku wamdima.
Nthawi zambiri, mutha kupeza kukongola m'nkhalango zamayiko aku Europe, ku Moldova, Belarus, Georgia, ndi mayiko angapo ku Central Asia. Ground kachilomboka - tizilombo osowa, ophatikizidwa ndi Red Book osati Russia yokha, komanso Europe.
Mitundu yofala kwambiri ya kachilomboka ndi:
- shagreen;
- munda;
- wachisoni;
- akavalo;
- lebia.
Ndi mitundu ya tizilombo yomwe ikufalikira kumadera onse a Russia.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mitundu yonse kafadala pansi amaonedwa ngati tizilombo tomwe timakhala padziko lapansi. Nthawi zambiri, amakhala ndi nyumba pansi pamiyala, pakati pa mizu ya mitengo, pakati pa masamba ndi nkhalango zowuma. Mitundu yochepa chabe ya tizilombo imatha kumanga nyumba zawo pamitengo, ndipo ngakhale pamenepo osakhala okwera, mpaka kutalika kwa mita ziwiri.
Ngakhale kuti nyongolotsi ndizodya, zimatha kukhala nyama za mbalame, chifukwa chake, zimakhazikitsa malo awo pakhungwa kapena pakati pa nthambi. Malo okhala kwambiri ndi chinyezi chambiri, kutentha kokhazikika ndi mthunzi wandiweyani.
Zomwe apeza posachedwapa za kafadala zatsimikizira asayansi kuti kafadala pansi khalani m'mabanja angapo. Magulu ang'onoang'ono a tizilombo amawalola kuti azitha kusaka nyama zazikulu, monga abuluzi ang'onoang'ono.
Moyo wa mbozi nthawi zambiri umakhala usiku. Mumdima, mamembala onse okangalika am'banja amapita kukasaka, ndipo ndi cheza choyamba cha dzuwa amapita mumthunzi mpaka madzulo. Oimira ena kafadala pansi amakonda kukhala otakataka masana ndi "kupumula" mnyumba zawo usiku.
Pofika nyengo yozizira, chakumapeto kwa mwezi wa Okutobala, kafadala amalowa pansi, ozama mokwanira, komanso obisalamo, kuti atangoyamba masiku otentha a kasupe, ayambirenso moyo wawo.
Zakudya zabwino
Nkhandwe pansi m'nkhalango, m'mapaki, m'minda ndi m'minda, momwe mumapezeka zakudya zamitundu yonse. "Zakudya" zokondedwa za kafadala zinali ndipo zimatsalira:
- mbozi;
- mphutsi;
- nsabwe;
- ziphuphu;
- Nkhono.
Mfundo yosaka ndi kulanda nyama ndiyosavuta kwambiri. Chikumbu chikazindikira "nkhomaliro" yake, madzimadzi apadera amayambitsidwa m'matenda obisika m'nsagwada zamphamvu. Chikumbu chimamwaza nyama yake ndi kachulukidwe kameneka, kudikirira kwa mphindi zochepa kenako kumatengedwa kukadya.
Zomwe zimayikidwa mu jakisoni zimapangitsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pambuyo pa chakudya chamadzulo, kachilomboka kamatha kubwerera kumalo ake osatuluka kwa masiku angapo motsatira - kukumba chakudya. Pambuyo pokonza chakudya, patatha masiku awiri kapena atatu, kachilomboka kamayambanso kusaka.
Mitundu ina, monga amara ndi ophorus, imakonda kudya zakudya zokha. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo masamba, magawo ofewa a mbewu. Izi kafadala zimatha kuvulaza mbewu.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Ambiri amavomereza kuti tizilombo timakhala nyengo imodzi. Ambiri - inde, koma osati kachilomboka. Pakati pa tizilombo, ichi ndi kachilomboka kokhala ndi moyo wautali. Amakhala pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Pansi pa moyo wabwino, nyongolotsi zimatha kukhala zaka zinayi kapena zisanu. Asanakhale wamkulu, kachilomboka kamadutsa magawo anayi:
- dzira;
- mphutsi;
- chidole;
- cholakwika.
Nyengo yokwanira ya kachilomboka ndi kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi. Clutch imodzi yaikazi imakhala ndi mazira pafupifupi 70-80. Zofunikira zapadera zimayikidwa pamalowo. Iyenera kukhala yamvula kwambiri, yotentha komanso yamdima. Nthaka iyenera kukhala yachonde, monga anthu akunenera - "onenepa". Mkazi amaikira mazira m'nthaka mozama pafupifupi masentimita atatu.
Zimatenga pafupifupi milungu iwiri kuti mazira asanduke mphutsi. Mphutsi ya kachilomboka imafika kukula kwakukulu, pafupifupi masentimita awiri. M'maola oyamba, mphutsi zimakhala zoyera, kenako masana iliyonse imakhala yakuda.
Pokhala mphutsi, kachilomboka kamakhala moyo mpaka kumapeto kwa chilimwe malinga ndi malamulo omwewo ngati kachilomboka kakakulu. Mphutsi ili ndi nsagwada zamphamvu, zomwe imagwirira nyamayo, imapopera ndi madzi ena ake ndikudya.
Pambuyo poyamwa chakudya, mbozi imathanso kulowa pansi kwa masiku angapo isanagayike kwathunthu. Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, mbozi yomwe ili pogona pake imakutidwa ndi cocoko ndikugona. Maonekedwe a kachilomboka kakang'ono amapezeka kokha kumapeto kwa nyengo.
Ubwino ndi kuwonongeka kwa kachilomboka pansi kwa anthu
Nkhunda yapansi itha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: yovulaza komanso yopindulitsa. Mmodzi mwa mitundu yoopsa ndi kachilomboka. Iye ndi wa gulu lotchedwa kachilomboka kakupha.
Koma poyizoni sikutanthauza tanthauzo lenileni la mawuwo. Poizoni wake ndi mankhwala oopsa omwe sangaphe munthu, koma amatha kuyambitsa zovuta zina ngati zotupa ndi edema. Kutentha kwa poizoni koteroko kumatha kukhala pakhungu kwa masiku atatu.
Bulu kachilomboka akhoza kuwononga kwambiri mbewu, kuwononga ziwiya zapakhomo ndi mipando. Chifukwa cha nsagwada zake zamphamvu, kachilomboka kakhoza kupera zinthu zolimba kwambiri. Chikumbu chimapweteketsa mbewu monga chimanga, chimawononga maluwa akunja, chikung'amba mizu, ndipo chimafika mosavuta ku mbewu zamasamba ndi mabulosi.
Chimbalangondo ichi chimakhala usiku, chifukwa chake, usiku, mwini wake ali mtulo, amatha kukwera matumba ambeu, ndikupanga mabowo. Amadzilola okha kukwera patebulo pofunafuna nyenyeswa za chakudya, mopanda mantha, amatha kukwawa ndi munthu.
Ngati kachilomboka kamapezeka mnyumba - ndipo mutha kuzizindikira ndi utoto wofiirira - muyenera kutsatira njira yomweyo. Kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala amakono amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe atha kugulidwa pamalo aliwonse ophera tizilombo. Ngati simukuyamba kulimbana ndi kachilomboka nthawi, chiwerengero chake chikhoza kukula kwambiri, ndipo zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri kuchotsa anthu omwe sanaitanidwe.
Koma palinso mbali zina zabwino. Mitundu ina ya kafadala imayang'anira munda. Izi ndi zokongola, kachilomboka kakang'ono ka Crimea ndi "kambuku". Chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri kachilombo ka Crimea ndi nkhono za mphesa. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timayambitsa mavuto osakanikirana ndi mbewu za mphesa ndi zipatso, kuwononga zipatso zakupsa kale, kumawononga mizu yomwe singabwezeretsedwe ndipo chomeracho chimafa.
Okonda kukongola amasangalala kuwona okhalamo nthawi ya chilimwe komanso wamaluwa paminda yawo. Ndiyamika chifukwa cha luso lodya kachilomboka komwe ziwembu zakunyumba ndi zokolola zili mwadongosolo. Chikumbu chimawononga mitundu yonse ya ziphuphu ndi mphutsi zoyipa. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mphutsi zakutchire ndizasaka.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwawo, sangathe kuwononga tizilombo tazikulu, koma amalimbana ndi ang'onoang'ono ndi phokoso. Choyimira china chosangalatsa ndi kambuku kakang'ono ka tiger. Amatchedwa choncho chifukwa nsagwada zake zimakhala ngati mkamwa mwa kambuku ndi mano akuthwa kwambiri.
Ndi izo iye akung'amba nyama yake. Tizilombo tomwe tagwera nsagwada ya kachilomboka tatsala pang'ono kufa. Chikumbu chimakhala muudzu komanso pakati pa zibuma za nthaka. Akusaka chakudya nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake mukamuwona patsamba lake, mutha kukhala odekha kuti muteteze zokolola.
Kuwongolera kachilomboka
Musanayambe nkhondo yolimbana ndi tizilombo, m'pofunika kufotokoza kumene kumakhala kachilomboka-red buku. Kupatula apo, mitundu ina ili m'manja mwakutetezedwa ndipo kuwonongedwa kwawo kumatha kukhala ndi zovuta. Malo okhalamo kafadala osowa ndi Crimea Peninsula, koma amatha kukhazikika pamalo aliwonse oyenera nyengo. Ndikofunika kufananiza kachilombo komwe kamapezeka ndi kachilomboka komwe kali pachithunzichi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi "kachilombo".
Sizovuta kuthana ndi tizilombo. Ndikofunikira kuchita bizinesi iyi modekha ndikupanga mankhwala azakhungu kawiri kapena katatu. Kenako, kamodzi pamwezi, chitani zinthu zodzitetezera kuti muwononge mphutsi zotsalira pambuyo pa kuyeretsa kwakukulu.
Njira zingapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha kafadala nthawi imodzi. Pazithandizo zamankhwala, ndikofunikira kugula dichlorvos ndi karbofos ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito limodzi ndi yankho la ammonia kapena viniga.
Vinyo woŵaŵa ndi ammonia ayenera kusungunuka m'madzi mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 2. Musanayambe kukonza munda wamaluwa kapena ndiwo zamasamba, muyenera kusamala ndi chitetezo chanu. Muyenera kugula:
- kupuma;
- magolovesi a latex;
- magalasi apulasitiki okhala ndi akachisi akulu;
- zovala zapadera kapena zomwe simungaganizire kuzazisiya mtsogolo.
Pambuyo poyeretsa mouma, zida zonse zodzitetezera ziyenera kutsukidwa m'madzi, zouma ndikuzichotsa pakona yakutali, kapena kuzitaya. Ngati kulimbana ndi tizilombo kudzaonekera m'dera lokhalamo anthu, ndibwino kuyamba ndikukonza chakudya.
Ndi bwino kuwotcha tirigu mu uvuni pamoto osachepera 75 madigiri ndikuyika mu chidebe chotsitsimula. Kapenanso muziwumitsa kwambiri. Makabati onse, mashelufu amkati ndi ma baseboard amathandizidwa ndi yankho la viniga.
Tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a ammonia kapena reagents kokha muzipinda zomwe muli mpweya wabwino. Asanakonzeke, mamembala onse ndi ziweto zonse ayenera kutulutsidwa m'nyumba kukayenda.
Pambuyo pa chiwonongeko chonse cha kachilomboka, wina sayenera kukhazikika. Njira zodzitetezera ziyenera kuchitika pafupipafupi, ndizosatheka kuwononga gulu lonse la tizilombo nthawi imodzi. Tsatirani malangizo osavuta:
- mutagula chakudya, makamaka masamba ndi zipatso, onetsetsani kuti mukuyang'ana katunduyo kuti awonongeke;
- Nthawi zonse muzitsuka masika ndi viniga, kuyang'ana mkati ndikutsuka bwino ngodya iliyonse, makamaka muzipinda zamdima;
- sungani chimanga m'mitsuko yosindikizidwa;
- Nthawi zina amasamalira mipando yamatabwa, tizirombo titha kukhazikika pakati pa matabwa.
Mukayamba ndewu ndi kachilomboka, musapitirire. Nthawi zonse ndibwino kukumbukira kuti tizilombo timeneti timakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pagulu lazakudya. Kuwononga kwathunthu tizirombo kumatha kusokoneza osati mbewu zokha, komanso nyama zazikulu ndi mbalame zomwe zimadyetsa kafadala ameneyu.
