“Dzulo ndidaona bwino nthawi zitatu zomwe zidatuluka munyanja; koma siabwino monga momwe amanenera, chifukwa amawonetsa bwino mawonekedwe achimuna pankhope zawo. Uku ndikulowa mu bukhu la sitimayo la "Ninya" la Januware 9, 1493, lopangidwa ndi Christopher Columbus paulendo wake woyamba pagombe la Haiti.
Woyenda woyenda komanso wopeza sikuti ndi mlendo yekhayo amene wapeza "zokometsera" m'madzi ofunda ochokera ku America. Inde, zolengedwa zachilendo sizinafanane ndi ma heroine achabechabe, chifukwa iyi siimphona yaying'ono, koma nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mwinamwake, kufanana ndi mermaids kunapangitsa kuti kuyitana gulu la zinyama zakutchire "sirens". Zoona, zolengedwa zanthano izi zimakopa oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi ndi nyimbo zawo, ndipo palibe chinyengo kumbuyo kwa nyama zam'nyanja ndi ma sireni. Iwo ndi phlegm ndi bata lokha.
Mitundu itatu yamanatee yodziwika ndi asayansi kuphatikiza dugong - ndiwo onse oimira gulu la ma sireni. Mtundu wachisanu, watha, mitundu - ng'ombe yam'nyanja ya Steller - idapezeka mu Bering Sea mu 1741, ndipo patangopita zaka 27, osaka nyama adapha munthu womaliza. Mwachiwonekere, zimphona izi zinali zazikulu ngati namgumi wochepa.
Ma Sirens amakhulupirira kuti adasinthika kuchokera kumakolo azinyalala anayi okhala kumtunda zaka zopitilira 60 miliyoni (monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi zakale zomwe akatswiri ofufuza zakale adapeza). Nyama zazing'ono zodyeramo (hyraxes) zomwe zimakhala ku Middle East ndi Africa, ndipo njovu zimawerengedwa kuti ndi abale a zolengedwa zodabwitsazi.
Zimawonekera bwino ndi njovu, mitunduyo imafanana, ndiyokulirapo komanso yochedwa. Koma ma hyrax ndi ang'ono (pafupifupi kukula kwa gopher) wokutidwa ndi ubweya. Zowona, iwo ndi proboscis ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ofanana a mafupa ndi mano.
Monga pinnipeds ndi anamgumi, ma siren ndiwo nyama zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi, koma mosiyana ndi mikango yam'nyanja ndi zisindikizo, sizingathe kufika kumtunda. Manatee ndi dugong ali ofanana, komabe, ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana a chigaza ndi mawonekedwe a mchira: woyamba amafanana ndi opalasa, wachiwiri ali ndi mphanda wokuta ndi mano awiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mphuno ya manatee ndi yayifupi.
Thupi lalikulu la manatee akuluakulu amapita kumchira wathyathyathya, wopalasa. Miyendo iwiri yakutsogolo - zipsepse - sizinakule bwino, koma zimakhala ndi njira zitatu kapena zinayi zomwe zimafanana ndi misomali. Masharubu amakongoletsa kumaso kwamakwinya.
Manatee nthawi zambiri amakhala otuwa, komabe, palinso bulauni. Ngati muwona chithunzi cha nyama yobiriwira, dziwani: ndi ndere zokha zomwe zimamatira pakhungu. Kulemera kwa manatees kumasiyana makilogalamu 400 mpaka 590 (nthawi zina zambiri). Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama kumakhala pakati pa 2.8-3 mita. Zazimayi zimakhala zazikulu komanso zazikulu kuposa zamphongo.
Manatee ali ndi milomo yolimba yam'mimba, yakumwambayi imagawika m'magawo amanzere ndi kumanja, osunthika wina ndi mnzake. Zili ngati manja ang'onoting'ono awiri kapena kabuku kakang'ono ka njovu, yokonzedwa kuti izigwira ndikuyamwa chakudya mkamwa mwanu.
Thupi ndi mutu wa nyamayo umakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda (vibrissae), pali pafupifupi 5000 mwa munthu wamkulu. Mafolosi osanjidwa amathandizira kuyenda m'madzi ndikufufuza zachilengedwe. Chiphona chimayenda pansi mothandizidwa ndi zipsepse ziwiri, kutha ndi "miyendo" yofanana ndi mapazi a njovu.
Amuna onenepa kwambiri ndi omwe amakhala ndiubongo wosalala komanso wocheperako pakati pa nyama zonse (mokhudzana ndi kulemera kwa thupi). Koma sizitanthauza kuti ndi mabampu opusa. M'nkhani ya 2006 ya New York Times, Roger L. Ripa, wasayansi ya sayansi ya ubongo wa pa Yunivesite ya Florida adati manatees "ndiwokhoza kuthana ndi mavuto oyeserera monga ma dolphin, ngakhale amachedwa pang'onopang'ono ndipo samakonda nsomba, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala zovuta kuwalimbikitsa."
Monga kavalo nyama zam'madzi zam'madzi - eni ake osavuta m'mimba, koma cecum yayikulu, yomwe imatha kugaya mbewu zolimba. Matumbo amafikira mamita 45 - kutalika kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa wolandirayo.
Mapapu a manatee amakhala pafupi ndi msana ndipo amafanana ndi dziwe loyandama lomwe lili kumbuyo kwa nyama. Pogwiritsa ntchito minofu ya pachifuwa, amatha kupondereza kuchuluka kwa mapapo ndikukhwimitsa thupi asadalowe m'madzi. Pogona, minofu yawo ya m'mimba imapuma, mapapo amakula ndikunyamula wolotayo kupita naye pamwamba.
Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: Zinyama zazikulu zilibe ma incisors kapena mayini, zili ndi mano okhawo osasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi ma molars ndi ma premolars. Amasinthidwa mobwerezabwereza m'moyo wonse ndi mano atsopano akukula kumbuyo, chifukwa akalewo amafufutidwa ndi mchenga ndipo amatuluka pakamwa.
Nthawi iliyonse, nyama yotchedwa manatee nthawi zambiri imakhala yopanda mano sikisi pachibwano chilichonse. Mfundo inanso yapadera: manatee ili ndi ma vertebrae 6 achiberekero, omwe atha kuphatikizidwa ndi masinthidwe (zinyama zina zonse zili ndi 7, kupatula ma sloth).
Mitundu
Pali mitundu itatu ya nyama izi zomwe asayansi amadziwika: wachinyamata waku America (Trichechus manatus), Amazonian (Trichechus inunguis), waku Africa (Trichechus senegalensis).
Manatee waku Amazonia adatchulidwanso kuti malo okhala (amakhala ku South America kokha, mumtsinje wa Amazon, malo osefukira ndi mitsinje). Ndi mitundu yamadzi amchere yomwe imalekerera mchere ndipo samayesetsa kusambira kunyanja kapena kunyanja. Ndiocheperako kuposa anzawo ndipo samapitilira 2.8 mita kutalika. Zinalembedwa mu Red Book ngati "osatetezeka".
Manatee aku Africa amapezeka m'malo am'mbali mwa nyanja ndi nyanja, komanso m'mitsinje yamadzi oyera m'mbali mwa nyanja yakumadzulo kwa Africa kuchokera ku Senegal River kumwera mpaka ku Angola, ku Niger ndi ku Mali, 2000 km kuchokera pagombe. Chiwerengero cha mitundu iyi ndi pafupifupi anthu 10,000.
Dzina lachilatini la mitundu yaku America, manatus, limafanana ndi mawu oti manati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu omwe anali asanakhale Columbian aku Caribbean, kutanthauza chifuwa. Manatee aku America amakonda chisangalalo chofunda ndipo amasonkhana m'madzi osaya. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, alibe chidwi ndi kukoma kwa madzi.
Nthawi zambiri zimadutsa m'malo ophwa ndi madzi amchere kupita kumadzi opanda madzi ndipo sizingathe kukhala ndi moyo kuzizira. Manatee amakhala m'malo amphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje ya Nyanja ya Caribbean ndi Gulf of Mexico, mawonekedwe awo adalembedwa ndi ofufuza ngakhale m'malo achilendo mdziko muno monga madera a Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina m'mitsinje yamkati komanso mitsinje yodzaza ndi ndere.
Manatee aku Florida amadziwika kuti ndi subspecies aku America. M'miyezi ya chilimwe, ng'ombe zam'nyanja zimasamukira kumalo atsopano ndipo zimawonedwa kumadzulo kwambiri ku Texas komanso kumpoto chakumpoto ngati Massachusetts.
Asayansi ena apanga kuti asankhe mtundu wina - wamtengo wapatali manatees, khalani ali pafupi ndi tawuni ya Aripuanan ku Brazil. Koma bungwe la International Union for Conservation of Nature siligwirizana ndipo limayika ma subspecies ngati Amazonian.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Kupatula ubale wapamtima kwambiri pakati pa amayi ndi ana awo (ana ang'ombe), manatee ndi nyama zokhazokha. Ma lumpy sissies amakhala pafupifupi 50% ya miyoyo yawo akugona pansi pamadzi, nthawi zonse "kutuluka" mumlengalenga pakadutsa mphindi 15-20. Nthawi yonseyi "amadyetsa" m'madzi osaya. Manatee amakonda mtendere ndipo amasambira pamtunda wa makilomita 5 mpaka 8 pa ola limodzi.
Nzosadabwitsa kuti amawatcha mayina «ng'ombe»! Manatees gwiritsani mapiko awo kuti muziyenda pansi pomwe mukukumba mwakhama mbewu ndi mizu ya gawolo. Mizere yoluma yomwe ili kumtunda kwa kamwa ndi nsagwada zakumunsi zimang'amba chakudya.
Nyama zam'madzi izi sizowopsa komanso sizimatha kugwiritsa ntchito zibambo zawo kuti ziukire. Muyenera kulowetsa dzanja lanu lonse pakamwa pa manatee kuti mufike ku mano pang'ono.
Nyama zimamvetsetsa ntchito zina ndipo zimawonetsa zizindikilo zakuphatikizika, zimakhala ndi kukumbukira kwakanthawi. Manatee amalira mosiyanasiyana mukamayankhulana, makamaka pakati pa mayi ndi mwana wa ng'ombe. Akuluakulu "amalankhula" kawirikawiri kuti azitha kulumikizana panthawi yogonana.
Ngakhale ali olemera kwambiri, alibe mafuta olimba, monga anamgumi, choncho kutentha kwamadzi kukatsika pansi pamadigiri 15, amakhala otentha. Izi zidasewera nthabwala zankhanza ndi zimphona zokongola.
Ambiri aiwo adazolowera kukhala pafupi ndi malo opangira magetsi, makamaka m'nyengo yozizira. Asayansi ali ndi nkhawa: malo ena achikhalidwe komanso athupi atha kutseka, ndipo mayendedwe olemera agwiritsidwa ntchito kubwerera kumalo omwewo.
Zakudya zabwino
Manatee ndi odyetsa nyama ndipo amadya madzi amchere oposa 60 (alligator udzu, letesi wamadzi, udzu wa musk, hyacinth yoyandama, hydrilla, masamba a mangrove) ndi zomera zam'madzi. Gourmets amakonda algae, sea clover, kamba udzu.
Pogwiritsa ntchito milomo yogawika chapamwamba, manatee amayendetsedwa moyenera ndi chakudya ndipo nthawi zambiri amadya pafupifupi 50 kg patsiku (mpaka 10-15% ya thupi lake). Chakudyacho chimatenga maola ambiri. Ndi msipu wochuluka chonchi, "ng'ombe" imayenera kudyetsa mpaka maola asanu ndi awiri, kapena kupitilira apo, patsiku.
Kuti athane ndi fiber yambiri, manatee amagwiritsa ntchito nayonso mphamvu ya hindgut. Nthawi zina "ng'ombe" zimaba nsomba m'makoka osodza, ngakhale alibe chidwi ndi "zokoma" izi.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
M'nthawi yokwatirana, manatees amasonkhana m'magulu. Mkazi amafunidwa kuyambira amuna 15 mpaka 20 azaka 9. Chifukwa chake pakati pa amuna, mpikisano ndiwokwera kwambiri, ndipo akazi amayesetsa kupewa anzawo. Nthawi zambiri, manatees amaswana kamodzi zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Nthawi zambiri, mkazi amabala mwana wa ng'ombe mmodzi yekha.
Nthawi ya bere imatha pafupifupi miyezi 12. Kuyamwitsa mwana kumatenga miyezi 12 mpaka 18, mayiyo amamudyetsa mkaka pogwiritsa ntchito nsonga ziwiri - imodzi pansi pa chimaliziro chilichonse.
Mwana wakhanda wobadwa kumene amakhala ndi makilogalamu 30 okha. Ng'ombe za Amazone manatee ndizocheperako - 10-15 kg, kuberekana kwamtunduwu kumachitika nthawi zambiri mu February-Meyi, pomwe madzi mumtsinje wa Amazon amafika.
Nthawi yayitali yamanatee aku America ndi zaka 40 mpaka 60. Amazonian - osadziwika, adasungidwa kundende pafupifupi zaka 13. Oimira mitundu ya ku Africa amamwalira ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 30.
M'mbuyomu, nyama zam'madzi zimasakidwa nyama ndi mafuta. Usodzi tsopano ndi woletsedwa, ndipo ngakhale zili choncho, mitundu yaku America imawonedwa kuti ili pachiwopsezo. Mpaka 2010, kuchuluka kwawo kwachulukirachulukira.
Mu 2010, anthu oposa 700 adamwalira. Mu 2013, manatees adatsikanso - pofika 830. Poganizira kuti panthawiyo panali 5,000, zidapezeka kuti "banja" laku America lidasauka ndi 20% pachaka. Pali zifukwa zingapo zakuti manatee azikhala motalika bwanji.
- Nyama zolusa sizikhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu, ngakhale nyama zong'ambika zimapereka njira ku manatees (ngakhale ng'ona sizidana nazo kusaka ng'ombe za "ng'ombe" za Amazonia);
- Choopsa kwambiri ndi chinthu chaumunthu: Ng'ombe zam'nyanja 90-97 zimafa m'malo opumulirako Florida ndi madera ozungulira atagundana ndi maboti oyendetsa magalimoto ndi zombo zazikulu. Manatee ndi nyama yofuna kudziwa zambiri, ndipo amayenda pang'onopang'ono, ndichifukwa chake anzawo osauka amagwera pansi pazomangira zombo, mopanda chifundo akudula khungu ndikuwononga mitsempha yamagazi;
- ena a manatee amafa pomeza mbali zina za maukonde, njira zophera nsomba, pulasitiki omwe sanameze ndi kutseka matumbo;
- chifukwa china cha kufa kwa manatees ndi "mafunde ofiira", nthawi yobereka kapena "kufalikira" kwa michere yaying'ono ya Karenia brevis. Amapanga ma brevetoxins omwe amagwira ntchito pakatikati pa mitsempha ya nyama. Mu 2005 mokha, manatee 44 aku Florida adamwalira ndi mafunde owopsa. Popeza chakudya chochuluka chomwe amadya, zimphona ziwonongedwa munthawi imeneyi: mulingo wa poyizoni m'thupi ndiwotsika.
Manatee wokhala ndi moyo wautali kuchokera ku aquarium ya Bradenton
Manatee wakale kwambiri wogwidwa anali Snooty wochokera ku Aquarium ku South Florida Museum ku Bradenton. Veteran adabadwira ku Miami Aquarium and Tackle pa Julayi 21, 1948. Woleredwa ndi akatswiri a zoo, Snooty anali asanawonepo nyama zamtchire ndipo amakonda kwambiri ana am'deralo. Wokhala kwathunthu ku aquarium adamwalira patatha masiku awiri atakwanitsa zaka 69, pa Julayi 23, 2017: adapezeka m'malo am'madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito pochirikiza moyo.
Chiwindi chachitali chidatchuka chifukwa chocheza kwambiri manatee. Pachithunzichi nthawi zambiri amadzionetsera ndi ogwira ntchito kudyetsa nyamayo, muzithunzi zina "mkulu" amawona alendo ali ndi chidwi. Snooty anali mutu wokondedwa kwambiri pophunzira luso komanso luso la kuphunzira la mtundu winawake.
Zosangalatsa
- Unyinji waukulu kwambiri wa manatee ndi 1 ton 775 kg;
- Kutalika kwa manatee nthawi zina kumafika 4.6 m, awa ndi manambala ojambulidwa;
- Pa nthawi ya moyo, ndizosatheka kudziwa kuti nyamayi yayitali bwanji. Pambuyo paimfa, akatswiri amawerengera kuchuluka kwa mphete zomwe zakula m'makutu a manatee, umu ndi momwe zaka zimakhalira;
- Mu 1996, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe adakhudzidwa ndi "mafunde ofiira" adafika 150. Uku ndiye kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu munthawi yochepa;
- Anthu ena amaganiza kuti manatees ali ndi bowo kumbuyo kwawo ngati nsomba. Uku ndikulingalira molakwika! Nyamayo imapuma kudzera m'mphuno mwake ikamatuluka pamwamba. Akamiza, amatha kutseka mabowo kuti madzi asalowe;
- Nyama ikamagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, imayenera kutuluka pamasekondi 30 aliwonse;
- Ku Florida, pakhala pali milandu yakumiza ng'ombe zam'madzi kwanthawi yayitali: yoposa mphindi 20.
- Ngakhale kuti izi ndi nyama zodyetserako zitsamba, samadandaula nyama zopanda msana ndi nsomba zazing'ono zikalowa mkamwa mwawo ndi ndere;
- Zinthu zikafika povuta, achinyamata amakula msanga makilomita 30 pa ola, ngakhale uwu ndi "mpikisano wothamanga" pamtunda wawutali.
