Abakha a Merganser amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi, odziwika bwino kwa aliyense wosaka nyama. Zomwe zimachitika pamtunduwu zimawonetsedwa mu chida cha mulomo, kukula kwakukulu, nthenga zowala. Bakha la Merganser Kuchokera pagulu la mbalame zam'madzi - wokhala mumtsinje, wokongola kwa okonda nyama zakutchire m'malo osiyanasiyana mdziko lathu.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Pali oimira ambiri amtunduwu, ophatikizika osiyanasiyana amakhala m'maiko ambiri. Zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi zikhalidwe, zakudya, machitidwe ndi moyo. Zomwe zimafotokozedwa mu mbalame zam'madzi zimawonetsedwa:
- mlomo wokulirapo, womwe kukula kwake kumapitilira ma congeners wamba - mpaka masentimita 50. M'ma mergansers ambiri, ili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, okhala ndi marigold ngati mbedza kumapeto;
- Khosi lalitali;
- chovala pamutu pa nthenga, chopangidwa mwanjira yapadera;
- kutalika kwa thupi;
- mapiko osongoka;
- mchira wamfupi wozungulira;
- miyendo yaifupi, chala chakumbuyo cholumikizidwa ndi chikopa chachikulu chachikopa.
Makulidwe bakha amasiyana mitundu ndi mitundu. Pali mitundu ya anthu, yomwe kulemera kwake sikupitirira 0,7 kg, koma nthawi zambiri atsekwe ang'onoang'ono amafanana ndi atsekwe ang'onoang'ono, omwe kulemera kwake ndi 1.5-2 kg. Kukula kwake kwakukulu kumakopa osaka nyama osaka m'mbali mwa mitsinje. Mapiko a anthu ena amafika mita, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 60-65 cm.
Kapangidwe kamlomo wa mbalame zamitundumitundu sikasiyananso. Merganser, yemwe chakudya chake chimakhala chakudya chamasamba, ali ndi mbale zapadera zomwe zimapereka zosefera. Mitundu ya abakha, yomwe imadyetsa nsomba nthawi zambiri, imakhala ndi mbale zosinthidwa kukhala mano ang'onoang'ono m'mbali mwa mulomo wonyamula ndi kudula nyama.
Chodziwika bwino cha mbalame ndi chomwe chimatchedwa "galasi" - malo oyera pamapiko a bakha aliyense. Mukuuluka pandege, imawoneka bwino motsutsana ndi nthenga yakuda. Mlomo wa merganser ndi wofiira kwambiri. Mtundu wowoneka bwino wa nthengawo umafika pachimake pachimake, ndikumayamba kwa nyengo yokwera.
Mutu wa merganser wamwamuna umakhala wakuda kwambiri, pamwamba pa khosi pamakhala chobiriwira chachitsulo chobiriwira. Kumbuyo kwa khosi mpaka kumchira kumasintha mtundu wakuda kukhala mthunzi wowala wa imvi. Pansi pake pa bakha ndi yoyera, m'malo okhala ndi utoto wobiriwira.
Akazi a Merganser amasiyana pang'ono ndi ma drakes amtundu wa nthenga, mutha kuwona mthunzi wofiyira wobiriwira pakhosi, kumbuyo kowala. M'chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, kunyezimira kwamtundu wa abakha kumasowa, nthenga zimakhala zosasalala, zosamveka bwino, zogwirizana ndi nyengo yamvula ndi kuzizira.
Owaphatikiza nthawi zambiri amakhala awiriawiri, omwe amalumikizana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Ziweto zambiri, kuphatikiza mbalame zikwi zingapo, zimangopangidwira nyengo yozizira. Mbalame zimakhala nyengo yozizira kutengera nyengo.
Amakhala m'nyengo yozizira kumadera omwe alibe madzi ozizira, amasamukira kumayiko ofunda, nthawi zina amapezeka pagombe la Nyanja ya Azov. Kuti apulumuke, amakumana ndi gulu lalikulu. Pansi, ophatikizira amayenda ndi "bakha" wamba, akuyenda kuchokera mbali imodzi kupita mbali ina. Amakhala m'madzi komanso akuthawa, amakhala ndi chidaliro komanso mfulu, osambira abwino kwambiri komanso mapepala.
Mitundu
M'gulu la ophatikizana, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi imadziwika, yomwe anayi amapezeka ku Russia:
- zazing'ono, kapena zofunkha;
- chachikulu merganser;
- mphuno yayitali (sing'anga);
- minyewa.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya merganser yaku Brazil ndi crested amakhala ku United States ndi Brazil. Mitundu ya merganser ya Auckland yatha. Bakha ankakhala ku New Zealand mpaka nkhumba zamtchire ndi mbuzi zimabweretsedwa kumeneko. Pakadali pano, mbalame zokhazokha ndizomwe zimatha kuwonetsedwa m'malo owonera zakale am'deralo.
Wophatikiza pang'ono (snot). Kambalame kakang'ono, kotsika poyerekeza ndi abale ake kukula kwake. Kulemera kwake ndi 50-700 g okha, anthu olemera 800-900 g ndi ochepa. Mbalameyi imakongoletsedwa ndi mutu waukulu kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Malo okhala zisa amapezeka m'nkhalango ya Siberia, Karelia, Far East, ndi gawo la Europe ku Russia. Abakha amakonda madera amphepete mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu, nyanja zamadzi osefukira ndi madzi abwino.
M'nyengo yozizira zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Black ndi Caspian, m'maiko a Central Asia, Japan, ndi China. Mbalame zokhazikika zimangokhala m'mphepete mwa ayezi, m'madzi osazizira kwambiri.
Chovala chachimuna chachimuna chimagunda ndi kuphatikiza kokongola kwa phulusa loyera ndi mtundu wakuda, utoto wabuluu m'mbali. Mlomo, miyendo ya mthunzi wotsogolera. Pali mabala akuda pansi pamaso. Zovala za akazi ndizimvi zakuda ndi chipewa chofiirira pamutu pawo.
Kukhazikika kwa mergansers yaying'ono kumayamba nthawi yachisanu, amafika ku zisa awiriawiri. Misampha imeneyi ili ndi zisa zomwe mbalame zina zimatsalira. Amuna amasamalira abakha awo mpaka dzira lomaliza litaikidwa, kenako amauluka molt. Amayi nthawi zina samangoberekera ana awo okha, komanso mazira a zigololo.
Kuphatikiza kwakukulu... Bakha komwe amakhala nthawi zambiri amatchedwa cormorant, njati yamiyendo yofiira. Ku Russia, mbalame zam'madzi zimapezeka m'mitsinje yosalala, nyanja zotseguka ku Southern Urals, Altai, Sakhalin, Kamchatka.
Amakonda madzi abwino, amapewa nyanja. Dzina la mitunduyo limatsindika kukula kwakukulu kwa bakha - wopitilira 2 kg. Chosiyanitsa amuna ndi kusapezeka kwa tuft.
Mutu wakuda, khosi la drake lokongola modabwitsa. Mbali, pamimba, ndi gawo lamapiko ndi zoyera. Akazi, mosiyana ndi ma drake, ali ndi mutu wofiira. Mwa kuphatikiza kwakukulu, ma subspecies atatu amadziwika: wamba, North America, Himalayan. Awiri oyamba amapezeka mdziko lathu.
Kutalika kwazitali (sing'anga) merganser. Mtundu wa mbalame zosamuka zomwe sizimangokhala. Kuphatikiza kwapakatikati kufalikira m'maiko aku Europe, m'maiko a Baltic, ku Peninsula ya Scandinavia.
Ku Russia, imapezeka ku Siberia, kuzilumba za Solovetsky, ku Karelia, ku Urals. Kuphatikizika kwakanthawi wakonda nyanja, nyanja, madera a zisumbu. Wosambira bwino komanso wosambira. Drake wamutu wakuda amajambulidwa ndimayendedwe akuda ndi mapiko oyera, mzere womwe umayenda m'mbali mwa mbalameyo.
Kumbuyo kwa mutu kuli kaphatikizidwe kawiri. Zazimayi ndi zofiirira zofiirira, osasinthasintha kusiyanasiyana kwamayendedwe akuda ndi amdima. Wapakati merganser amasiyana ndi obadwa nawo mwamwambo wolemera wokwatirana ndi kumiza mutu m'madzi, kuphulika, ndi kukupiza mapiko.
Zowonjezera... Mbalame yosawerengeka imangokhala pagombe la Bering Sea, yomwe imapezeka m'mitsinje yamapiri ku China, Manchuria. Bakha amasankha malo okhala ndi nsomba zambiri, ozunguliridwa ndi nkhalango zowirira kwambiri. Nthenga zabwino kwambiri ndizitali kuposa zomwe zimaphatikizana.
Gawo lakuda la utoto limakhala ndi mtundu wa azitona, ndipo gawo lowalalo limakhala ndi utoto wofiyira. Dzinali limalumikizidwa ndi kusinthana kwa mikwingwirima yoyera kumbuyo yomwe imawoneka ngati mamba patali. Mu Red Book, the scaly merganser adalembedwa kuti ndi "nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha". Chiwerengero chochepa sichoposa mbalame zikwi 1.5.
Merganser waku Brazil... Mtunduwo umakhala waimvi, phulusa, mutu, khosi, kumbuyo kwa mdima wakuda. Drake ndi wamkulu kuposa wamkazi. Amakhala molimba kumtunda, koma amangodya zomwe amapezeka m'madzi. Mbalame zazing'ono zimasungidwabe ku park ya Brazil, zatsala pang'ono kutha. Chiwerengero chonsecho ndi mbalame zosakwana 260 zamtunduwu.
Crested kuphatikiza... Ndizosatheka kusokoneza mitundu iyi ndi abale ena, ndiyoyambirira. Kanyama kakang'ono kwambiri kamatulukira pamutu pa mbalameyi, yomwe imatseguka kwambiri nthawi yokwatirana. Mwa amuna, mtundu wa zokongoletserazo ndi wakuda ndi woyera, ndipo mwa akazi umakhala wofiirira. Mutha kuwona mtundu wa bakha ku North America m'mbali mwa nyanja zamatchire ndi mitsinje yosanja.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya subspecies imalola ophatikizika kuti akhalebe ndi malo okhala ambiri, azingokhala komanso kusamuka. Mutha kukumana ndi abakha ku North America, mdera la Central ndi Northern Eurasia.
M'chaka, ophatikizana amafika ndi zigamba zoyambirira zisanakhazikitsidwe polynya - mu February, koyambirira kwa Marichi. Amawuluka malo osungiramo madzi ataphimbidwa ndi ayezi, kumapeto kwa Okutobala, Novembala. Ndege zankhosa mazana ambiri zimafunikira kulimba ndi kupirira kwa mbalame. Ngati nyengo yachisanu imakhala yotentha, malo osungira amakhalabe osazizira, ndiye kuti mbalame sizidzasiya malo awo okhala ndi zisa.
Mitundu yonse yama mergansers amasambira ndikusambira bwino kwambiri. Mbalame zimakhala m'mphepete mwa dziwe kuti zizibisala m'nyanja zikawonongeka pakagwa ngozi. Amadyetsa nsomba zazing'ono, amathamangira pambuyo pake mpaka 4 mita.
Abakha amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi zitatu, amasambira kuposa mamita 10. Pazosaka, merganser amafunikira masekondi 15-30 kuti agwire nsomba imodzi. Mbalamezi zimayenda mwachangu, zimasinthana mwamphamvu, posonyeza kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri.
Mitundu yambiri ya abakha amakonda madzi am'madzi ndi mitsinje. Matupi amadzi amkati amasankhidwa ndi merganser kuti akhale oyera, chakudya chochuluka. Mbalame zimasowa m'mbali mwa nkhalango kuti zisaikire mazira, chifukwa ophatikizana nthawi zambiri amasankha maenje akale, zisa zina za mbalame zina kuti ziziswana anapiye.
Pokonzekera mbalame, danga ndilofunikira kuti inyamuke mosadodometsedwa, chifukwa chake merganser yayikulu imakonda kukhazikika m'malo okwezeka, mapiri. Mitundu ya merganser yokhala ndi mphuno yayitali imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. M'madera omwe mulibe madzi, abakha amakhala pafupi ndi malo amiyala momwe mungabisalire pangozi.
Amagwirizanitsa mbalame pa molting. Gulu lalikulu amasonkhana, monga ulamuliro, pafupi matupi a anthu angapo dazeni. Mbalame ya Merganser, mitundu ina yomwe ili m'gulu la Red Book of Russia. Ndi okhazikika angapo ophatikizika akulu ndi amphako yayitali, kuwasaka kumaloledwa kulikonse mchaka.
Zakudya zabwino
Maziko a zakudya zophatikizika ndi chakudya cha nyama. Kusaka bakha ndikupeza nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi. Mitundu yayikulu yama mergansers imagwira nsomba, pike, trout, roach, barbus, imvi. Anthu ang'onoang'ono amadya nsomba zazing'ono.
Mphepete mwa mulomo wa bakha ndi wopindika pang'ono mkati. Izi zimakulolani kumasula madzi, kusunga nyama bwino. Merganser amatha kunyamula pike mosavuta, eel mpaka 20 cm kutalika.
Pofunafuna nyama, abakha amamiza mitu yawo mozama. Sukulu ya nsomba ikangowonekera, merganser imadumphira m'madzi, imapita mwachangu ku cholinga. Kusaka kopambana kumatha ndi kusodza, kukula kwake kuli masentimita 15-25. Anthu ena okhala m'madamu amakhalanso chakudya cha ophatikizira:
- tizilombo ta m'madzi;
- nkhono;
- mphutsi, zilonda;
- nkhanu;
- nyongolotsi.
Chophatikizira chake ndikuphatikiza chakudya ndi nzika zam'madzi, ngakhale mbalame zimadzidalira, zimakhazikika pamtunda, m'mapanga a zomera. M'nyengo yozizira, abakha amasonkhana m'mphepete mwa nyanja, amadya zamoyo zam'madzi m'madzi osaya, hering'i, zomera zam'madzi, ndipo amayang'ana nkhono ndi zazing'ono zazing'ono pakati pa algae.
Kuledzera kwa nsomba kumakhudza kununkhira kwakuthupi la bakha. Alenje ena amakhulupirira kuti kuphatikiza sikoyenera kukhala chakudya ngati masewera. Bakha amayamba kupeza okha chakudya pakatha masiku ochepa kuchokera pobadwa.
Anapiye amachita maluso awo akusaka motsogozedwa ndi bakha wamayi. Merganser pachithunzichi nthawi yosakira, imawoneka yoseketsa, pomwe kokha msana wa thupi la bakha ndiwomwe umawonekera pamwamba pa dziwe.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kusankhidwa kwa awiriawiri isanafike nyengo yogona, kumayamba ngakhale asanathawire kumalo awo. Dongosolo lokonderana ndi drake ladzaza ndi miyambo yochititsa chidwi - kuvina pamadzi. Mwamuna amasambira patsogolo pa wosankhidwayo, akukanikiza chifuwa chake kumadzi, akugwedeza mwamphamvu mutu wake. Ndikumapiko kwamapiko akuthwa, imathyoka pamwamba, imayimirira mozungulira kuti ikope chidwi chachikazi. Kusuntha kumatsagana ndi phokoso lalikulu.
Awiri okhazikika amasankha malo okhalira mazira. Yemwe amatsogolera pakusaka amasewera ndi wamkazi, amenenso amakonzekeretsa chisa. Mbalame zimapeza malo oyenera mu dzenje lakale la aspen, alder, msondodzi, nyumba yosiyidwa, pamphepete mwa chigwa. Zinthu zomangira ndi nthambi, masamba, nthenga. Mkaziyo amaperekanso nsembe kuchokera pachifuwa chake kuti akonze chisa.
Clutch ili ndi mazira 12-16. Mbalame zazikulu kwambiri za mbalame zazikulu mpaka mazira 40 zimapezeka nthawi zina. Kutalika kwa makulitsidwe kumakhala kwa mwezi umodzi. Amuna achoka, satenga nawo mbali pantchitoyi. Pambuyo powaswa, zinyenyeswazi, zomwe zatuluka kale, zimakhala ndi amayi awo pachisa chotentha kwa masiku osapitirira awiri.
Kenako kuchokera potuluka koyamba amatsata posungira, amasambira ndikuyesera kumira. Kusaka ana koyamba kumakhala pakupeza tizilombo m'madzi osaya, koma patatha sabata ana mbalame merganser abakha kuyamba kusaka mwachangu, kuthamanga mofulumira. Amasuntha mzati, mogwirizana, powona nyamayo, yesani dzanja lawo pofufuza.
Zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti ankhandwe adzuke pamapiko. Osachepera miyezi iwiri chibadwire, anapiye akukonzekera kuthawa koyamba, ndipo achichepere amapeza ufulu wonse m'miyezi itatu. Mitundu yosamukasamuka pakupanga njira zouluka ili patsogolo pang'ono kuposa achibale. Ophatikizira achichepere amakhala okhwima pokhapokha zaka ziwiri.
Nthawi yonse ya abakha ophatikizika ndi pafupifupi zaka 15. Mitundu yongokhala imangokhala pang'ono kuposa yosamuka. Kukhala mu ukapolo, mdera lotetezedwa, kumawonjezera kutalika kwa moyo wa mbalame zaka 3-5.
Abakha amtunduwu ndi osangalatsa kwa owonera mbalame ndi alenje okha. Wokonda nyama zakutchire aliyense amasangalala kukumana ndi mbalame iyi yofotokoza zomwe zimakongoletsa madzi athu ndi nkhalango.
