Chizindikiro cha Minnesota, chimodzi mwa zigawo za America, chikuwonetsa mbalame zam'madzi zokongola nthawi yayitali... Anthu okhala kumpoto chakumtunda amadziwa bwino, makamaka, chifukwa chakuimba modabwitsa, komwe kumabweretsa chisokonezo kapena mantha. Chifukwa cha kulira kwachilendo kwa mbalame, dzina loti "loon" lakhala dzina lodziwika pakati pa anthu aku America.
Munthu amene amachita zamwano komanso akuseka kwambiri amatha kunenedwa kuti ndi "wamisala, ngati loon." Komabe, mbalame zapaderazi zili ndi zina zambiri zomwe zingapangitse chidwi chenicheni cha okonda mbalame.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Dzina la loon mu Chingerezi "loon" limachokera ku Swedish "loj", kutanthauza "waulesi, wosasamala". Mbalamezo zinatchulidwapo mosatchulika chifukwa anyaniwa amayenda pansi movutikira kwambiri. Kapangidwe ka thupi lawo ndi kachilendo: mawoko sapezeka pakatikati pa thupi, koma kumchira komwe. Chifukwa chake, mbalame sizimayenda, koma zimakwawa pansi, zikukankha ndi mapiko awo.
Loon - mbalame wokhala ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi. Nthawi zambiri, ma loon amafunika kuthamanga kwakanthawi pamadzi, pafupifupi kotala la kilomita kuti anyamuke. Koma, atakwera mlengalenga, amakula liwiro mpaka 100 km paola. Zikafika pamadzi, zikhomo za mbalamezo sizimachita nawo zophwanyaphwanya, malupu amagwa pamimba ndipo amaterera mpaka adzaima.
Madzi a anyaniwa ndi mbadwa. Pochita mantha, nthawi zambiri samauluka mlengalenga, koma amathamangira pansi. Thupi la mbalameyo limadula m'madzi ngati torpedo. Mapazi a ukondewo amakoka, ndipo nthenga za mchira zimakhala zopindika. Mafupa a mafupa ake siobowo ngati a mbalame zina. Zimakhala zolimba komanso zolemetsa, zomwe zimathandiza anyaniwa kuti amire mosavuta. Ma loon amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kupitirira mphindi.
Nthenga zokongola za anyaniwa zimabweretsa nthano. Mwachitsanzo, nthano ina yaku America yaku India imati munthu wina woyamika thandizo la loon adavala mkanda wokongola wa chipolopolo m'khosi mwake. Zoonadi, loon pachithunzicho - kukongola kwenikweni, ndipo kujambula nthenga za mbalame nthawi yokwatirana ndikabwino.
Khosi lake limakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yoyera yowala, ndipo mizere yoyera ndi zoyera zambiri "zamwazikana" pamapiko. Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu uliwonse wa loon uli ndi mitundu yake yapadera: makola abuluu ofiira, ofiira kapena akuda. Mtundu wosangalatsa wa nthenga za loon, wowonekera pansi, pamadzi umakhala ngati chinsinsi chodabwitsa, kuphatikiza ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa.
Pakati pa nthawi yophukira, anyani amayamba kusungunuka - kutaya nthenga zawo zokongola. Choyamba kugwa ndi nthenga zomwe zimamera mozungulira mlomo, pachibwano ndi pamphumi. M'nyengo yozizira, ma loon "amavala" atavala zovala zaimvi.
Mbalame zimayang'anitsitsa nthenga zawo. Nthawi zambiri amapyola nthenga zawo ndikupaka mafuta aliwonse ndi mafuta apadera obisika ndi England. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti nthenga zazing'onozo zikhale zolimba ndipo sizilola kuti madzi adutse. Kung'ambika pang'ono kumatha kupha: madzi ozizira amawopseza hypothermia.
Akatswiri ofufuza poona kamphindi kameneka amati mbalame zamtundu winawake zamveka. Wotchuka kwambiri kukuwa modekha amafanana ndi kuseka kwamisala kwamisala. Mwanjira yachilendo yotere, mbalame zouluka mlengalenga zimachenjeza achibale awo za ngoziyo. Phokoso lina, lopanda phokoso lopangidwa ndi anyaniwa lili ngati kukomoka. Umu ndi m'mene makolo amatchulira anapiye.
Madzulo, dzuwa litalowa, kunyanja zakumpoto, nthawi zambiri mumatha kumva kulira kwakanthawi koboola chete. Nthawi zina zimasokonekera chifukwa cha kulira kwa nkhandwe. M'malo mwake, ndi anyani amphongo omwe amayang'anira dera lawo. Amasambira, akudzilengeza okha ndi kufuula ndi kufuula. Iliyonse yamphongo imakhala ndi liwu losiyana, ndipo anyani ena amamusiyanitsa mumdima komanso kutali.
Mverani mawu a mkokomo wa khosi loyera
Mawu a loon woyera
Liwu lakuda lakuda
Liwu la mphalapala wofiira
Mitundu
Mitundu ya Loon amadziwika ndi kukula, malo okhala, ndi mtundu wapadera wa nthenga ndi milomo. Oyang'anira mbalame amawerenga mitundu ingapo ya mbalame zosamuka.
- Mbalame yoyera yoyera ali ndi dzina lapadera Gavia Adamsii, woperekedwa kwa wasayansi wazamankhwala waku America E. Adams. Wakhala zaka zambiri m'moyo wake akuyang'ana kukula kwa Arctic. Mu 1859, katswiri wazamayendedwe Wachingelezi J. Gray anali woyamba kufotokoza mawonekedwe a loon yoyera. Iyi ndi mbalame yosowa kwambiri. Imapezeka m'gulu lotetezedwa m'maiko ambiri, kuphatikiza Russia, England ndi United States. Mitunduyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu. Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufikira 90 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kumapitilira 6 kg.
- Kutentha nguluwe zakuda kapena ma loon achikuda akuda (Gavia immer) amasiyana ndi oimira mitundu ina, monga dzinalo likusonyezera, mumtundu wakuda wa mulomo ndi mutu. Amakhala ku North America, Iceland, Newfoundland ndi zilumba zina. Zima zimathera kunyanja yaku Europe ndi America.
- Mphuno yakuda, wotchedwa mu magulu asayansi Gavia artica, amapezeka nthawi zambiri kuposa anyani ena. Titha kuwona kumpoto kwa Russia, komanso kunyanja zazitali za Altai, ndi ku Alaska, komanso ku Central Asia. Makhalidwe ake ndi mzere wakuda wakuda pakhosi.
- Kanyama kameneka ka khosi loyera kamakhala kakulidwe pakati. Malo okhala ndi zizolowezi zake ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mphalapala wamtundu wakuda. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti mitundu iyi imatha kusamukira mgulu, osati m'modzi m'modzi. Dzinalo m'Chilatini ndi Gavia pacifica.
- Mphuno yofiira kapena Gavia stellata - yaying'ono kwambiri ya anyani onse. Kulemera kwake sikungopitirira 3 kg. Mitunduyi imakhala m'malo ambiri ku North America ndi Eurasia. Chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kochepa, anyani amphongo ofiyira samanyamuka mosavuta. Ataona zoopsa, nthawi zambiri amanyamuka, m'malo momira m'madzi.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Nyama zambiri zimathera moyo wawo wonse pamadzi. Amakhazikika m'madzi opanda phokoso. Amakonda makamaka madambo, kumene kulibe anthu. M'nyengo yozizira, nyanjazi zimakutidwa ndi ayezi wokulirapo, ndipo magombe ake amakhala ndi chipale chofewa.
Nyama sizimasinthidwa kukhala zovuta ngati izi, chifukwa chake zimakakamizika kukhala m'nyengo yozizira kumadera akumwera. Amakhala kumene nyanja ndi nyanja sizimaundana, kumakhazikika pagombe lamiyala. Panthaŵi ino ya chaka, mbalame zimasonkhana pamodzi ndipo zimalima m'mbali mwa nyanja.
M'nyengo yozizira, mbalameyi imakhala yovuta kuzindikira kunyanja: sikufuula ndipo imakhala ndi nthenga zosiyana - zakuda komanso zosadabwitsa. Mbalame zimataya nthenga za mchira, ndipo kwa mwezi wathunthu siziuluka. Akuluakulu amawuluka chaka chilichonse. Ana ang'onoang'ono amakhala panyanja kwa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu asanabwerere komwe anabadwira.
Mu Epulo, chipale chofewa chimayamba kusungunuka kunyanja zakumpoto. Kummwera kwenikweni, anyani akukonzekera kunyamuka. Pakadali pano, akusintha chovala chachilimwe. Kumva kwachinsinsi kwamkati kumawauza kuti nyanja zakumpoto zakutali zakonzeka kuzilandira.
Ulendo wakumpoto umatenga masiku angapo, nthawi zina milungu. Ali panjira, amaima pamadziwe kuti apumule ndi kuwedza. Mwachitsanzo, kudera lonse la North America kuli nyanja zambiri zamadzi ozizira komanso oyera.
Amakhulupirira kuti adapangidwa atabwerera m'chipale chofewa nthawi yayitali. Ofufuzawo akuganiza kuti anyaniwa adatsata madzi oundana obwerera kumpoto, ndikupeza chakudya m'madzi awa. Chiyambireni, zimabisala pagombe la nyanja, ndipo nthawi yoswana zimabwerera kunyanja.
Tsopano anthu akupitiliza kuwakankha kupita kumpoto. Chaka chilichonse, anyaniwa amabwerera kunyanja kuti akaswane anapiye awo. Amapeza malo awo akale mosalakwitsa. Mimbulu imasunga nthawi: imafika masiku asanu chisanu chonse chisungunuka, nthawi zambiri tsiku lomwelo.
Kawirikawiri amuna amawonekera poyamba pamadzi. Ndikofunikira kuti afike msanga, atenge malo achisa komanso malo ophera nsomba. Sayenera kuwononga miniti kuti alere ana. Ali ndi miyezi yopitilira seveni chisanu ndi ayezi zisanawakokerere kumwera.
Otsutsa amathetsa mikangano pazokhudza madera. Mbalame zimasonyeza kupsa mtima mwa kulowa pankhondo ndi milomo yawo kutuluka. Amuna amatulutsa mayitanidwe apadera, akumenyera gawo.
Dera lomwe a loon amakhala nawo atha kungokhala gawo laling'ono la mita khumi, kapena atha kukhala nyanja yonse mita zana ndi mazana awiri kutalika. Nyama zikuluzikulu zimafunikira malo okhala bwino, madzi oyera komanso malo osewerera obisika.
Pamene anapiye amakula ndikudziyimira pawokha, machitidwe a makolo amasintha. Pa nthawi yodziwika bwino, amasiya gawo lawo kapena amapita kumalo ena kuti akalankhule ndi mbalame zina.
Poyamba, malonje osazolowereka amawonetsa kukangana wina ndi mnzake. Ndiye, atakumana, amasintha kamvekedwe ka mawu awo kukhala achiwawa mpaka odekha, ndipo kampani yonseyo ikuvina. Nthawi zina loon, yemwe amakhala pamalo osonkhanira onse, amapanga "bwalo laulemu".
"Misonkhano" iyi imachitika kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndikupitilira mu Seputembala, ikuchulukirachulukira. Sizikudziwika kuti cholinga chake ndi chiyani. Mosiyana ndi atsekwe ndi mbalame zina zosamuka, anyaniwa sakhamukira kumwera.
Amakonda kuuluka okha, awiriawiri, kapena kawirikawiri m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Ma Loon amakhala odzipereka kwa wokondedwa wawo moyo wawo wonse. Pokhapokha ngati m'modzi mwa "okwatirana" amwalira, mbalameyo imakakamizidwa kufunanso wokwatirana naye.
Mfundo yosangalatsa: panyanja zina, anyaniwa saipitsa madzi ndi ndowe zawo. Mbalame zazing'ono nthawi yomweyo zimaphunzira kupita kuchimbudzi pamalo enaake pagombe. Maliseche amtunduwu amakhala ndi mchere komanso mchere wambiri. Zikamauma, zimasanduka mchere wa tizilombo.
Zakudya zabwino
Ngakhale amawoneka bwino, mbalame zambiri makamaka mbalame zodya nyama. Chakudya chawo chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi kansomba kakang'ono. Kumbuyo kwake, anyani amatha kuyenda pansi pamadzi kupitirira mamita 50. Mbalame zimasambira pansi pamadzi mwachangu komanso mwaluso kwambiri kotero kuti nsomba zokhazokha sizingazipewe.
Kuphatikiza pa kuthamangitsa, mbalameyi ili ndi njira inanso yosodza nsomba: kuzikoka kuchokera m'misasa pansi. Zakudya zamasiku onse zamitundu ingapo zimaphatikizaponso ma crustaceans, shrimps, molluscs, nyongolotsi ndi ena ochepa okhala m'madzi.
M'masiku oyamba amoyo, mbozi, tizilombo ndi mwachangu zimakhala chakudya chachikulu cha anapiye. Kukula, tiana tating'onoting'ono timapita ku nsomba zikuluzikulu. Komanso, mbalame zimakonda nsomba iliyonse yopapatiza. Nsombazi ndizosavuta kumeza kwathunthu.
Nthawi zina, anyaniwa amadya ndere, koma mbalame zam'madzi izi sizingakhale pachakudya chazomera kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuti akhale ndi moyo wathanzi, amafunikira michere yomwe ili mchakudya cha nyama.
Pankhaniyi, zikakhala zovuta kuti anyani azipeza chakudya mosungiramo, amapita kumalo ena kapena amapita kudera lina la "nsomba". Akuti nkhuku zazikuluzikulu ziwiri zokhala ndi anapiye awiri zimatha kugwira nsomba zolemera makilogalamu 500 nthawi yotentha.
Kubereka
Nyama zazikazi zimatha kuswana mchaka chachitatu cha moyo. Wina angayembekezere kuti, molingana ndi nthenga zawo zapamwamba, anyani ndi osangalatsa kwambiri kuwasamalira. Komabe, sichoncho.
Nthawi yokomera mbalame ndiyodekha, makamaka kwa mabanja omwe akhala limodzi kwazaka zambiri. Mwamuna mwa awiriwa sayenera kudzivutitsa ndikuwonetsa luso kapena magule ovuta.
Mimbulu imawonetsa kusasamala mukamaikira mazira. Nyumba zawo zimakhala ngati milu ing'onoing'ono yaudzu m'mphepete mwa madzi. Nthawi zina amakhala pafupi m'mphepete mwakuti mvula yamasika kapena mafunde amabwetsa mazira. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri zisa ndizilumba zazing'ono, chifukwa nyama zolusa sizingafikireko.
Ku America ndi ku Canada, anthu akumaloko omwe amafuna kuti anyaniwa azikhazikika munyanja zawo amamanga zilumba zapadera zopangidwa ndi mitengo. Mwachitsanzo, ku American New Hampshire, pafupifupi 20% ya anyani amakhala pazilumba zoterezi.
Chilumba choyandama chili ndi mwayi wosadzaza madzi nthawi yamvula yachilimwe. Ndipo ngati madzi atsika chifukwa cha madamu kapena madamu, chisa sichili patali kwambiri ndi icho.
Chakumapeto kwa masika (Epulo-Meyi), nyamakazi yaikazi imayika mazira amodzi kapena awiri akulu. Mtundu wa mazira ndi wobiriwira mopepuka ndimitundu yaying'ono, pafupipafupi. Mtunduwu umapangitsa kuti mazirawo akhale ovuta kuwona pakati pa nkhalango zowirira. Ndipo kukula kwake kwa mazira kumapangitsa kuti kutentha kusungidwe bwino, mosiyana ndi timazira tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timazizira mwachangu.
Makolo opanda nthenga amasinthana m'malo mwawo mpaka anapiye amaswa. Kuphatikiza apo, yamphongo imagwiranso ntchito poswa ana, monga wamkazi. Kwa pafupifupi mwezi wathunthu, mbalame zimapirira mvula yamphamvu komanso dzuwa lotentha. Koma sadzipereka kusiya chisa ndi zowalamulira.
M'madzi ena, timiyala tosangalatsa toyamwa magazi timayesa mayeso a anyani okhala pazisa. Nthawi yoonekera ya midges kuchokera ku mphutsi imagwirizana ndi nthawi yokometsera mazira.
Mazira a loon amakonda kwambiri nyama zolusa monga ma raccoon. Zitha kuwononga pafupifupi mazira onse mbalame munyanjayi. Ngati izi zichitika koyambirira kwa chilimwe, ma loon atha kuyambiranso.
Ana amawonekera chakumayambiriro kwa Juni. Mofanana ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame, anapiye a mbalamezi amakhala ndi dzino lapadera limene amadulamo chigobacho. Atabadwa, anapiye amataya "kusintha" uku.
Popeza anali ndi nthawi yowuma, nthawi yomweyo amalowa m'madzi, pomwe makolo awo amawasamalira. Anapiyewo ataswa, anyaniwo amathamangira kuchotsa chigobacho kuti apewe nyama zomwe zimakopeka ndi fungo lake. Akafika m'madzi, anapiyewo amayesa kumira nthawi yomweyo.
Makolo amayendetsa ana awo kutali ndi chisa ndikupita ku mtundu wina wa "malo osewerera". Amakonda kupezeka pakona yokhayokha yotetezedwa, kutetezedwa ku mphepo yamkuntho ndi mafunde akulu. Pambuyo pa masabata 11, anapiye obvala bwinowo amasinthidwa ndi oyamba kutuwa. Pakadali pano, amatha kale kuwuluka.
M'madzi, akamba akalulu ndi ma pike zimawopseza anapiye. Ngati makolo ali kutali, ana aang'ono ang'onoang'ono savutika mosavuta. Malo otetezeka kwambiri kwa anapiye osalimba ali kumbuyo kwa makolo.
Akukwera pamsana pawo ndikubisala pansi pa phiko la kholo losamalira, makanda amatha kutentha ndikuuma. Anapiye amapikisana wina ndi mzake kuti makolo awasamalire. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti pa anapiye awiri, imodzi yokha ndiyo yomwe imapulumuka, yamphamvu komanso yothamanga kwambiri.
Utali wamoyo
Nyama zamoyo zimatha kukhala zaka zoposa 20. Mbalame yanthawi yayitali yomwe amaiona sinakhale miyezi ingapo mpaka zaka 28 zokha. Komabe, pali zifukwa zambiri zochepetsera moyo wa mbalame.
Nyama zambiri zimafa chaka chilichonse pomeza mbedza zonyamula kapena zomatira kapena kukodwa muukonde wosodza. Kutsekemera kwa nyanja kumatanthauza kuti nyanja mazana akumpoto zatsala zopanda nsomba, motero zopanda chakudya cha anyani.
Nyamayi ikakhala kuti ilibe nthawi yowuluka nyanjayi isanadzaze ndi madzi oundana, imatha kuundana kapena kukhala nyama yolusa. M'madzi ena, okonda amayang'anitsitsa malowo kuti athandize mbalame zotsalazo kutuluka mumsampha. Ngakhale pali zinthu zingapo zoyipa, kuchuluka kwa anyaniwa akuchulukabe.
