Olamulira

Olamulira - nthumwi yokongola kwambiri ya gwape (Cervidae). Mitundu yosiyanitsa yamadontho oyera yoyera imawonekera paubweya wagolide wofiyira. Ndi membala wamkulu kwambiri pamtundu wa Axis. Olamulira ndi mitundu yazinyama zodziwika kuchokera ku India kupita kumayiko ambiri. Nyama yake ndi yamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Ng'ombe zikakula kwambiri, zimakhudza zomera zakomweko ndikulimbitsa kukokoloka kwake. Mbawalayi imakhalanso ndi matenda obwera ndi vekitala.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: olamulira

Dzina la sayansi la Cervidae lili ndi mizu ingapo yotheka: Greek axon, Lithuanian ash, kapena Sanskrit akshan. Dzinalo lodziwika limachokera mchilankhulo cha Chihindi, kutanthauza kuti tsitsi la nswala zamawangamawanga. Chiyambi china cha dzinali chimatanthauza "wowala" kapena "wowonera". Axis ndi yekhayo membala wa Axis ndipo ndi wa banja la Cervidae (nswala). Nyamayo idafotokozedwa koyamba ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Germany a Johann Erksleben mu 1777.

Kanema: olamulira

Malinga ndi lipotilo "Mitundu yazinyama zadziko lapansi" (2005), mitundu iwiri idadziwika pamtunduwu:

• olamulira;
• olamulira olamulira - olamulira achi India kapena "werengani";
• chiphuphu;
• olamulira calamianensis - olami kalamian kapena "kalamian";
• olamulira kuhlii - olamulira baveansky;
• axis porcinus - Bengal axis, kapena "nkhumba" (subspecies: porcinus, annamiticus).

Kafukufuku wa DNA wa Mitochondrial awonetsa kuti Axis porcinus imagwirizana kwambiri ndi oimira mtundu wa Cervus kuposa olamulira wamba a Axis, zomwe zitha kupangitsa kuti mitundu iyi isachotsedwe pamtundu wa Axis. Nkhwangwa idachoka pamzera wa Rucervus koyambirira kwa Pliocene (zaka zisanu miliyoni zapitazo). Kafukufuku wa 2002 akuwonetsa kuti Axis Shansius ndiye kholo loyambirira la Hyelaphus. Chifukwa chake, saganiziridwanso gawo lina la Cervus ndi asayansi ena.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Kodi olamulira amawoneka bwanji

Olamulira ndi agwape apakatikati. Amuna amafika pafupifupi 90 cm ndipo akazi 70 cm paphewa. Mutu ndi kutalika kwa thupi ndi pafupifupi 1.7 mita. Amuna osakhwima amalemera makilogalamu 30-75, akazi opepuka amalemera makilogalamu 25 mpaka 45. Amuna akuluakulu amatha kulemera makilogalamu 98-110. Mchira ndi wautali masentimita 20 ndipo amadziwika ndi mzere wakuda womwe umayenda kutalika kwake. Mitunduyi imakhala yopanda kugonana; amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi, ndipo nyanga zimapezeka mwa amuna okha. Ubweyawo uli ndi mtundu wofiira wagolide, wokutidwa kwathunthu ndi mawanga oyera. Belly, sacrum, mmero, mkati mwa miyendo, makutu ndi mchira ndi zoyera. Mzere wakuda wowonekera umathamanga msana. Axis ili ndi zotupa zoyambirira (pafupi ndi maso), zokhala ndi tsitsi lolimba. Amakhalanso ndi tiziwalo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo. Zotupitsa za preorbital, zokulirapo mwa amuna kuposa akazi, zimatseguka poyankha zokopa zina.

Chosangalatsa: Nyanga zazitali zitatuzo ndizotalika pafupifupi mita 1. Zimakhetsedwa chaka chilichonse. Nyanga zimawoneka ngati zofewa ndipo pang'onopang'ono zimawuma, ndikupanga mafupa, atatsekedwa komanso kuchepa kwa mitsempha yamagazi munthupi.

Ziboda zili pakati pa 4.1 ndi 6.1 cm kutalika. Zimakhala zazitali pamapazi akutsogolo kuposa zam'mbuyo. Tinyanga ndi nsidze ndizotalika kuposa za agwape a Axis porcinus. Ma pedicels (mafupa amkati omwe nyanga zimatuluka) ndi afupikitsa ndipo ng'oma zomvera ndizochepa. Olamulira amatha kusokonezedwa ndi agwape. Ndiwo mdima wokha ndipo uli ndi mawanga oyera angapo, pomwe gwape wamalo ogona amakhala ndi mawanga oyera. Olamulira ali ndi malo oyera pakhosi, pomwe khosi la gwape ndiloyera kwathunthu. Tsitsi ndi losalala komanso losavuta kusintha. Amuna amakonda kukhala akuda ndipo amakhala ndi zipsera zakuda pankhope zawo. Mawanga oyera amapezeka mwa amuna ndi akazi ndipo amakhala otalika m'mizere m'moyo wa nyama.

Kodi olamulira amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Olamulira achikazi

Axis idapezeka ku India ndi Ceylon. Malo ake amakhala pakati pa 8 mpaka 30 ° kumpoto kwa India, kenako ndikudutsa Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh ndi Sri Lanka. Kumadzulo, malire amtundu wake amafikira kum'mawa kwa Rajasthan ndi Gujarat. Malire akumpoto amayenda m'chiuno cha Bhabar Terai m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Himalaya, kuchokera ku Uttar Pradesh ndi Uttaranchal mpaka Nepal, kumpoto kwa West Bengal ndi Sikkim, kenako kumadzulo kwa Assam ndi zigwa zamatabwa za Bhutan, zomwe zili pansi pa 1100 m.

Malire akum'mawa amtunduwu amayambira kumadzulo kwa Assam kupita ku West Bengal (India) ndi Bangladesh. Sri Lanka ndiye malire akumwera. Olamulira amapezeka atabalalika m'malo a nkhalango ku Indian Peninsula yonse. Ku Bangladesh, ilipo ku Sundarbana kokha komanso malo ena osungira zachilengedwe omwe amakhala mozungulira Bay of Bengal. Inatha m'chigawo chapakati ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dzikolo.

Olamulira umayamba:

• Argentina;
• Armenia;
• Australia,
• Brazil;
• Croatia;
• Ukraine;
• Moldova;
• Papua New Guinea;
• Pakistan;
• Uruguay;
• USA.

M'dziko lakwawo, agwapewa amakhala m'malo odyetserako ziweto ndipo samakonda kuyenda m'nkhalango zowirira zomwe zimapezeka pafupi ndi iwo. Malo odyetserako ziweto ndi malo ofunikira kwa iwo chifukwa chosowa malo ogona monga akambuku. Nkhalango zamtsinje ku Bardia National Park m'chigwa cha Nepal zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Axis popanga mthunzi ndi pogona m'nyengo yadzuwa. M'nkhalangoyi mumakhala zakudya zabwino kwa zipatso zakugwa ndi masamba omwe ali ndi michere yambiri yofunikira kwa nyama. Chifukwa chake, kuti nyamayi ikhale malo abwino, ng ombe zimafunikira malo otseguka, komanso nkhalango zomwe zimakhala.

Tsopano mukudziwa kumene nkhwangwa imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.

Kodi olamulira amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Deer Axis

Zakudya zazikuluzikulu zomwe agwape amagwiritsa ntchito chaka chonse ndi udzu, komanso maluwa ndi zipatso zomwe zimagwa mumitengo yamnkhalango. M'nyengo yamvula, udzu ndi sedge m'nkhalango ndizofunikira kwambiri popezera chakudya. Chakudya china chimakhala bowa, chomwe chimakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri ndi michere komanso chimapezeka munkhalango. Amakonda mphukira zazing'ono, pomwe nyamayo imakonda kudya nsonga zazitali zazitali komanso udzu wouma.

Nyengo imakhala gawo lalikulu la zakudya zamphongo. M'nyengo yozizira - Okutobala mpaka Januware, pomwe zitsamba zimakhala zazitali kwambiri kapena zowuma ndipo sizikumvekanso bwino, zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo zitsamba ndi masamba a mitengo yaying'ono. Mitundu ya Flemingia nthawi zambiri imakonda kudya nthawi yachisanu. Zipatso zomwe Axis amadya ku Kanha National Park (India) zimaphatikizira ficus kuyambira Januware mpaka Meyi, mucous cordia kuyambira Meyi mpaka Juni, ndi Jambolan kapena yambolan kuyambira Juni mpaka Julayi. Mbawala zimakonda kusonkhana ndikudya pang'onopang'ono.

Olamulira amakhala chete akamadyetsa limodzi. Amuna nthawi zambiri amayimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo kuti afike panthambi zazitali. Madamu amayendera pafupifupi kawiri patsiku, mosamala kwambiri. Ku Kanha National Park, nyama imatulutsa mchere wamchere wokhala ndi calcium pentoxide ndi phosphorous ndi mano ake. Mbawala ku Sunderbany ndizodziwika bwino kwambiri, chifukwa zotsalira za nkhanu zofiira zidapezeka m'mimba mwawo.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: olamulira

Olamulira akugwira ntchito tsiku lonse. M'nyengo yotentha amakhala mumthunzi ndipo kuwala kwa dzuwa kumapewa ngati kutentha kufika pa 27 ° C. Kukula kwa ntchito kumachitika dzuwa litatsala pang'ono kufika. Pamene masiku amazizira, chakudya chamasana chimayamba dzuwa lisanatuluke komanso chimakwera m'mawa kwambiri. Ntchito imachedwetsa masana, nyama zikamapuma kapena kusochera. Kudyetsa kumayambiranso kumapeto kwa tsiku ndikupitilira mpaka pakati pausiku. Amagona maola ochepa dzuwa lisanatuluke, kawirikawiri m'nkhalango yozizira. Gwape ameneyu amayenda kudera lomwelo panjira zina.

Olamulira amapezeka m'mitundu ingapo ya ziweto, kutengera msinkhu wawo komanso kugonana. Ng'ombe za Matriarchal zimakhala ndi akazi achikulire ndi ana awo kuyambira chaka chino ndi chaka chapitacho. Amuna omwe amagonana amatsatira maguluwa munyengo yokhwima, pomwe amuna osagwira ntchito amakhala gulu la ma bachelors. Mtundu wina wa ziweto womwe umafala kwambiri umatchedwa ziweto, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zazikazi zazing'ono zazing'ono mpaka masabata asanu ndi atatu.

Amuna amatenga nawo gawo pazolamulira pomwe amuna akulu ndi akulu amalamulira amuna achichepere komanso ocheperako. Pali mawonekedwe anayi amwano pakati pa amuna. Azimayi nawonso amachita zankhanza, koma makamaka izi zimachitika chifukwa chodzaza malo odyetsera.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Axis Cub

Amuna amakonda kubangula m'nyengo yokhwima, yomwe imatha kukhala chisonyezo chabwino cha kuswana. Olamulira amalowetsa mu Epulo kapena Meyi ndipo amakhala ndi pakati pafupifupi miyezi 7.5. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ana awiri, koma sizachilendo mwana m'modzi kapena atatu. Mimba yoyamba imachitika pakati pa miyezi 14 ndi 17. Mkazi amapitirizabe kuyamwa mpaka mbalame yaikazi itayendayenda bwino.

Njira yoberekera imachitika mchaka chonse ndi nsonga zomwe zimasiyana malinga ndi madera. Umuna umapangidwa chaka chonse, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa testosterone kumatsika pakukula kwa nyanga. Amayi amakhala ndi ma estrus pafupipafupi, omwe amakhala milungu itatu. Amatha kutenga pakati patatha milungu iwiri mpaka miyezi inayi atabadwa.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Amphongo okhala ndi nyanga zolimba amalamulira velvety kapena nyanga, mosasamala kukula kwake.

Mwana wakhanda amabisika sabata limodzi atabadwa, nthawi yayifupi kwambiri kuposa mbawala zina zambiri. Mgwirizano wapakati pa mayi ndi ana siolimba kwambiri chifukwa nthawi zambiri amapatukana, ngakhale atha kugwirizananso mosavuta popeza ng'ombe zimayandikana. Mwana wamkazi akafa, mayi amatha kuberekanso kuti abereke kawiri pachaka. Amphongo amapitiliza kukula mpaka zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Pafupifupi zaka 22 zakukhala m'ndende pafupifupi zaka 22. Komabe, kuthengo, chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo chimangokhala zaka zisanu mpaka khumi.

Olamulira amapezeka m'magulu ambiri m'nkhalango zowirira kapena zazing'ono komanso malo odyetserako ziweto. Okhazikika kwambiri amapezeka m'nkhalango ku India, komwe amadya udzu ndi zitsamba zazitali. Axis yapezeka ku Fibsoo Nature Reserve ku Bhutan, komwe kuli nkhalango zachilengedwe zokha (Shorea robusta). Samapezeka pamalo okwera kwambiri, pomwe nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa ndi mitundu ina monga Sambar deer.

Adani achilengedwe a olamulira

Chithunzi: Deer Axis

Mzerewo ukakhala pachiwopsezo, amayang'anitsitsa malo, kuzizira osayima ndikumvetsera mosamala. Izi zitha kuvomerezedwa ndi gulu lonse. Monga njira yodzitetezera, olamulira amathawa m'magulu (mosiyana ndi agwape a nkhumba, omwe amabalalika mosiyanasiyana mu alamu). Mphukira nthawi zambiri imatsagana ndi kubisala m'nkhalango zowirira. M'mafunso othamanga, mchira umakwezedwa, ndikuwonetsa thupi loyera. Gwape ameneyu amatha kulumpha mipanda mpaka 1.5 mita, koma amasankha kulowa pansi pake. Nthawi zonse amakhala mkati mwa 300 mita yophimba.

Omwe angadye nyama zakutchire ndi awa:

• mimbulu (Canis lupus);
• Mikango ya ku Asiya (P. leo persica);
• akambuku (P. pardus);
• nsato za akambuku (P. molurus);
• nkhandwe zofiira (Cuon alpinus);
• rajapalayam (polygar greyhound);
• ng'ona (Crocodilia).

Ankhandwe ndi mimbulu amadya makamaka nyama zachinyamata. Amuna samakhala pachiwopsezo chochepa kuposa akazi ndi agwape achichepere. Pakakhala zoopsa, olamulira amatulutsa ma alamu. Zida zawo zaphokoso ndizofanana ndi zikumvekedwa ndi elk yaku North America. Komabe, mayitanidwe ake sali olimba ngati a mphalapala kapena agwape ofiira. Awa ndi ma beeps okhwima kapena kufuula kwamphamvu. Amuna akulu kwambiri omwe amayang'anira akazi ku estrus amapanga phokoso laphokoso kwambiri kwa amuna ofooka.

Amuna amatha kulira panthawi yamawonedwe aukali kapena popuma. Mzere, makamaka azimayi ndi achinyamata, nthawi zonse amapanga phokoso lakuwomba akamachita mantha kapena akakumana ndi chilombo. Nthawi zambiri azimayi amasisita posaka amayi awo. Olamulira amatha kuyankha phokoso losokoneza la nyama zingapo, monga thena wamba komanso nyani wowonda.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: olamulira

Axis yatchulidwa kuti ndi yoopsa kwambiri ndi IUCN "chifukwa imapezeka m'malo ambiri okhala ndi anthu ambiri." Tsopano palibe chowopseza chowonekera ku ziweto zambiri zomwe zimakhala m'malo ambiri otetezedwa. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa anthu m'malo ambiri kumakhala kotsika chifukwa chakusaka komanso mpikisano ndi ziweto. Kusaka nyama ya agwape kwachititsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu komanso kutha kwa anthu wamba.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Gwapeyu amatetezedwa pansi pa Gawo III la Wildlife Conservation Act of India (1972) ndi Wildlife Protection (Conservation) (Amendment) Act 1974 waku Bangladesh. Zifukwa zikuluzikulu ziwiri zachitetezo chake ndikutetezedwa kwalamulo monga zamoyo komanso malo achitetezo.

Olamulira idadziwitsidwa kuzilumba za Andaman, Australia, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Coast Reyes Coast Coast ku California, Texas, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama ndi Hawaii ku United States, ndi Great Brijun Islands kuzilumba za Brijuni ku Croatia. Mzera wa agwape amachita bwino ukapolo ndipo amatha kuwoneka m'malo osungira nyama ambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo ena adayambitsa anthu akuyenda momasuka m'malo opanda chitetezo.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/01/2019

Idasinthidwa: 01.08.2019 pa 9:12