Kalulu—Kalulu Ndi mphodza yomwe ikukhala ku Eurasia. Amakonda malo okhala ndi nyengo yozizira komanso yozizira. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'nkhalango komanso m'nkhalango. Kumpoto, pakati pa akalulu pali zilumba zina za Arctic.
Kafukufuku wa paleontological akuwonetsa kuti m'nthawi yamakedzana, kalulu wachizungu amakhala kudera lonse la Europe. Atadutsa madzi oundanawo, adasamukira kumpoto. Kusiya anthu ochepa m'nkhalango zamapiri za Alps ndi Pyrenees.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mwa mitundu yonse ya hares, kalulu woyera ndi amodzi mwamtundu waukulu kwambiri. Kulemera kwa mitundu ya nyama yaku West Siberia kumafika 5.5 kg. Ku Far East komanso zigawo za Yakutia, azungu samenepa kuposa 2 kg. Ma hares omwe adziwa madera ena a Eurasia amalemera pakati pa 2 ndi 5 kg.
Hares amadziwika ndi ma auricles akulu. Amafika masentimita 8-10. Chinthu china chosiyanitsa ndi miyendo yakumbuyo yolimba ndi mapazi akulu. Mapazi ndi zala zakuphazi zimakutidwa ndi tsitsi. Izi zimathandizira kuyenda mwachangu mu matalala akulu kapena madambo.
Kuti agwirizane ndi ubweya waubweya ndi nyengo yake, kalulu amayenera kukhetsa kawiri pachaka. Nthawi ya molt iyenera kuti idayikidwa nthawi kuti igwirizane ndi mawonekedwe ndi kusungunuka kwa chivundikiro cha chisanu. Koma mokulirapo, zimatengera kutentha kwa mlengalenga ndi kuunikira. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti mtundu wa kalulu—Kalulu, chomwe chimayenera kubisa, chimayamba kuchipereka.
Pali malo oyera omwe amakhala m'malo omwe chipale chofewa sichitha, monga England ndi Ireland. Nyamazo zidazolowera izi ndipo nyengo yawo yozizira idasiya kukhala yoyera. Palinso zochitika zosintha. Ma Arctic hares okhala ku Greenland safuna mtundu wachilimwe. Amakhalabe oyera chaka chonse.
Mitundu
Kalulu woyera amaphatikizapo tinthu tating'ono tating'ono. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa subspecies ndi kukula kwawo ndi malo okhala. Ku Central Europe, anthu ochepa a Alpine hare apulumuka.
Kalulu waku Scandinavia amakhala m'nkhalango za Finland, Sweden, Norway. Zigawo zingapo zimakhala kumadera onse aku Europe ndi Asia ku Russia kuyambira kumalire ndi Ukraine, Kazakhstan ndi madera aku Mongolia mpaka ku Arctic Circle.
Kuphatikiza pa kalulu woyera wamba, palinso mitundu ina ya hares yoyera pamtunduwu.
- American Hare. Mtundu wa nyama umafanana ndi dzina lake. Amapezeka ku North America. Kuchokera ku Alaska kupita ku Great Lakes komanso mpaka kumwera. Chiwerengero cha hares chimasintha chaka chilichonse. Izi ndichifukwa cha kubereka kwachikazi, komwe kumakulitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Ndipo kusakhazikika kwa nyama zazing'ono kumatenda, zomwe zimapangitsa kutsika kwa hares.
- Kalulu wa Arctic. Amakhala kumpoto kwa America. M'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Greenland ndi kumpoto kwa Canada. Itha kukhala m'malo otsika ndikukwera mpaka 2000 mita. Pa ayezi a Hudson Bay amadutsa kuchokera kumtunda kupita kuzilumba komanso mosemphanitsa.
Pali mitundu pafupifupi 30 pamtunduwu. Kuyambira antelope kupita ku Abyssinian hare. Pakati pa abale a kalulu, pali kalulu waku Europe, yemwe amapezeka ku Eurasia.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mbalame zoyera zimakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana, zitsamba ndi nkhalango zing'onozing'ono. Zitsamba zazing'ono zazing'ono, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'mbali mwa madambo ndi zigwa zamtsinje ndizoyenera kukhalapo ndi kuberekana. Hares amapewa malo akulu otseguka.
Kalulu—kalulu amakhala ndipo amadyetsa kuchokera ku mahekitala angapo. Izi ndi nyama zakutchire. Kuphwanya malire kumaloledwa nthawi yokolola. Hares atha kutenga chakudya mokakamizidwa kapena kusamuka kuchokera kumalo okhala ndi zochitika zantchito komanso zachuma za anthu.
Nyama zimapita kukadya madzulo, madzulo. M'nyengo yotentha amakopeka ndi zitsamba, m'nyengo yozizira - ndi msondodzi ndi aspen wachichepere. Mbewu za dzinja kapena masika zimalemekezedwa makamaka ndi hares, kutengera nyengo, minda yambewu.
Kalulu woyera amakhala akugwira ntchito usiku wonse. Atatha kudyetsa, amapita tsikulo. Asanagone, amasokoneza mayendedwe. Imadutsa m'nkhalango, nthawi ndi nthawi imatuluka m'njira yake yakale. Amalumpha kuchoka panjira yake kupita mbali, amapanga zomwe zimatchedwa "kusesa". Amayesetsa kusokoneza yemwe akumutsata ndi njira ya kununkhira.
Kugona m'nkhalango. Kalulu—kalulu wachisanu amatha kudzikwilira pachipale chofewa. Amagona mopepuka. Amayang'ana rustles ndi mayendedwe m'malo ozungulira. Maso a kalulu sali akuthwa kwambiri, komanso kununkhira sikumva bwino. Chifukwa chake, kalulu nthawi zambiri amadzuka ndikuyamba kumvetsera.
Nthawi zambiri, kalulu amakhala pamalo atsopano tsiku lililonse. Koma lamuloli ndilotheka: pali masiku angapo nthawi yomweyo. Pakakhala nyengo yozizira kwambiri, kalulu amapanga timabowo tambiri tating'ono. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.
Kalulu woleredwa ndi chilombo amachoka pa liwiro lalikulu, ndikupanga mabwalo akuluakulu olumikizana, kulumikizana, ndikutchera njirayo. Atapanga bwalo lotsatira, abwerera koyambira. Ataona kuti wathawa kwa amene akumutsata uja, akuyesanso kugona pansi.
Hares okhala mu tundra amachita mwanjira yapadera. Nthawi zina amasiya ziweto zawo ndikuyamba kusamuka ndikumayamba kwa dzinja. Amasonkhana m'magulu a makumi angapo kapena ngakhale mazana a anthu ndipo amasamukira kumadera omwe nyengo yawo ili yabwino. Kuyenda kosamuka koteroko kumawoneka ku Yakutia, kumapiri a Ural, ndi Yamal. Masika, kuyenda kwa gulu la kalulu mbali ina kumawonedwa.
Zofanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa kalulu woyera ndi kalulu
Mitundu yonseyi ndi ya mtundu umodzi. Makhalidwe awo akuluakulu ndi ofanana. Koma palinso zosiyana.
- Kalulu woyera adakhazikika m'nkhalango, m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango zing'onozing'ono. Rusak amakonda nkhalango-steppe, minda, madambo komanso mapiri.
- Kalulu wofiirira amakhala, pafupifupi, nyama yayikulu. Ali ndi thupi lalitali, makutu, mchira, miyendo.
- Mapazi a kalulu ndi otakata komanso okutidwa ndi ubweya wolimba. Izi zimapindulitsa mukamayendetsa chipale chofewa komanso malo otayirira.
- Mtundu wachilimwe wa kalulu ndi wopepuka pang'ono kuposa chilimwe, koma osati woyera kwathunthu.
Yatsani kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa kalulu woyera ndi kalulu zikhalidwe ndi chakudya zimakhudza. Koma ambiri, ma hares awa ndi ofanana kwambiri ndipo amadziwika ndi anthu amatawuni ngati nyama imodzi yomwe ili ndi mayina osiyanasiyana munthawi zosiyanasiyana.
Zakudya zabwino
Zakudya za kalulu zimadalira nyengo ndi biotope momwe zilili. M'misewu yapakati ku Europe, hares amadya udzu wosiyanasiyana. Madzi abwino kwambiri. Clover, goldenrod, dandelion ndi oyenera. Pofunafuna chakudya chopatsa thanzi, amabwera m'mbali mwa madambo, mitsinje ndi mitsinje.
M'nkhalango za taiga, truffle wa mphalapala amawonjezeredwa ku zitsamba. Izi bowa ndizokoma kwa hares. Amasaka ndi kukumba matupi ake opatsa zipatso. Kutali kumpoto kwa malo okhala, kalulu samakonda kwambiri. Chowawa, sedge ngakhalenso nsapato za akavalo zimadyedwa.
Ndikufota kwaudzu, kalulu amatembenukira kukakolola chakudya. M'nyengo yozizira, hares amadya makungwa ndi nthambi. Mu nyengo iliyonse, minda yazaulimi yomwe ili ndi zokolola zambewu zofunika kwambiri ndi kalulu. Kuphatikiza apo, hares amapita kumisewu yomwe njere zimanyamulidwa ndikudya zonse zomwe zatayika poyenda ndikutsitsanso.
Kudya zamasamba kumapangitsa kusowa kwa calcium ndi zinthu zina mthupi la kalulu. Chosowacho chidzapangidwa ndikuchezera zotsamba zamchere, pomwe ma hares amadya nthaka yolowetsedwa ndi mchere. Pachifukwa chomwechi, mags oyera amayamwa mafupa kapena nyanga za nyama zomwe zimapezeka m'nkhalangomo.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Kusunga mitundu kumatsimikizira kubala. Kalulu—Kalulu — nyamazomwe zikukwaniritsa bwino njirayi. Kalulu amabweretsa ana 2-3, nthawi zina kanayi pachaka. Ndi ma hares okha omwe amakhala ku Yakutia, Chukotka, omwe amatha kupanga ana amodzi mchilimwe chochepa.
Chizolowezi choyamba chimayamba kumapeto kwa dzinja kapena koyambirira kwamasika. Ku Belarus, mwachitsanzo, imayamba mu February, ndi ku Chukotka mu Meyi. Mpikisanowu umakhudza amuna omwe zaka zawo zafika miyezi 10 ndipo pafupifupi theka la magawo atatu a akazi achikazi.
Amuna amayamba kusaka msanga kuposa akazi. Usana ndi usiku pali kutsatizana. Amuna amawonetsa kumenya nkhondo, kuyesa kuthamangitsa otsutsana nawo. Konzani zolimbana zomwe zili zamagazi, koma osati zakupha.
Pali pafupifupi amuna ndi akazi m'dera lililonse. Pamapeto pake, mwamuna aliyense amakhala ndi mwayi wophimba wamkazi osati m'modzi, koma mkazi aliyense amalumikizana ndi ofunsira angapo.
Kubala kwa akalulu kumatenga masiku pafupifupi 50. Ovala zoyera samanga zisa kapena maenje. Mwanawankhosa amapezeka pamtunda, pakati pa nthambi zakale, udzu wandiweyani kapena tchire. Mkazi amathyola chivundikiro chaudzu ndi nthambi ndi thupi lake, ndipamene ntchito yomanga imathera.
Mbewuyo imabadwa yowoneka, yokutidwa ndi ubweya wabwinobwino. Ali ndi msinkhu wa tsiku limodzi, amatha kuthamanga. Masiku oyamba amasungidwa pafupi ndi amayi. Amadyetsa mkaka, womwe ndi wopatsa thanzi kwambiri. Katemera wochulukirapo kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa ng'ombe.
Hares amakula msanga. Ali ndi sabata limodzi, amawonetsa kudziyimira pawokha: amatha kuthawa ndikubisala, amayamba kudya udzu. Koma amapitilizabe kudya mkaka wa amayi.
Kalulu, atakumana ndi nthawi yakubadwa kwa ana, amalumikizananso ndi amuna. Chachiwiri, chizolowezi cha chilimwe, chimalumikizidwa ndi akazi omwe adaphonya masewera akulumikiza masika. Ndiye kuti, tchuthi chobereketsa chikukula kwambiri.
Hares ali otanganidwa kulera ana chilimwe chonse. Kupitiliza kudyetsa m'badwo umodzi wa mahatchi oyera, chotsatira chaswa. Izi ndizochitika ndi ana achiwiri ndi achitatu a akalulu. Palinso mwana wachinayi. Koma nthawi zambiri amamwalira.
Hares nthawi zambiri amabalalika m'nkhalango. Iliyonse mwa mawere akumwa, atapeza kalulu "wopanda mwini", amatha kumudyetsa mkaka wake. Mchitidwewu - kudyetsa ana a munthu wina - ndichinthu china chomwe cholinga chake ndi kupulumuka kwa zamoyozo.
Kukula kwa anthu ena nthawi zina kumawonjezeka. Kenako imagwa. Kumayambiriro ndi pakati pa zaka zapitazi, zojambulazo zidafotokozedwa bwino ndikukhala zaka 12-14. Posachedwa, kukwera ndi kutsika kwa ziwerengero zowerengera zawonanso. Koma adayamba kukhala achisokonezo.
Kusaka koyera koyera
Chochitikachi ndi cha munthu m'modzi kapena angapo. Kalulu kusaka—Kalulu sichokwanira popanda galu wosaka. Pankhani yosaka gulu la kalulu, mzere wokhazikika umapangidwa. Pakatikati pake pali wolandirayo ndi galu. Otsala ena onse ali pamtunda wa masitepe 100 kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. Mwini galu amaika zizindikilo, ndikuwongolera mayendedwe. Nthawi zonse amayendetsa galu - akumenya. Pakhoza kukhala agalu angapo, koma mfundo yoyeserera siyimasintha.
Ntchito ya unyolo wa alenje ndikukweza kalulu. Mtsogoleri ayenera kukopa hound panjira. Kalulu amayala bwalo loyamba. Nthawi zambiri amatseka pamalo abodza. Ngati kalulu ali ndi mwayi, amapanga mzere wachiwiri, wokulirapo. Alenje amabisala pafupi ndi pogona kapena m'malo omwe kalulu amakonda kuyenda. Kuchokera pamalo ano adamenya chilombocho.
Kalulu akamayenda mozungulira amatha kugwetsera galu panjirayo. Amakhala chete kwakanthawi, pamakhala chete. Zomwe zimatchedwa kuti cleavage zimachitika. Poterepa, zambiri zimatengera luso ndi galu. Hound wachinyamata sangathe kumvetsetsa mayendedwe akalulu ndikutaya.
Nthawi zambiri chilichonse chimatha ndikuwombera bwino. Zotsatira zake zidalembedwa kuti: Kalulu—kalulu pachithunzipa lili, moyenerera chikho, pamapazi a mlenje ndi galu wake.
