Nthano yonena za mbalame yodabwitsa yomwe idabweretsa moto kuzizira kwa anthu ndikuwapulumutsa imapereka chithunzi cha mbalame yowala ndi mchira wa mtundu wa lawi. izo redstart. Mbalame yaying'ono yokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino imadziwika bwino kwa okhala m'maiko ambiri ku Europe ndi Asia.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kukula kwa mbalameyi ndikofanana ndi mpheta yodziwika bwino, masentimita 10-16. Kulemera kwa munthu ndi pafupifupi magalamu 18-20. Kutalika kwa mapiko a mbalame kumakhala mpaka masentimita 25. Miyendo ndi yopyapyala, kutalika. Mbalame yaying'ono siyinganyalanyazidwe chifukwa cha utoto wowala wa nthenga ndi m'mimba.
Mtundu wonyezimira wa lalanje unapatsa dzinali dzina. Redstart pachithunzichi ikuchitira umboni kuti sichingasokonezedwe ndi wina aliyense. Mutu, kumbuyo ndi imvi. Masaya ndi khosi zakuda. Mkazi amakhala ndi mtundu wofiirira wa nthenga, wokhala ndi zipsera zofiira - zosakopa pang'ono kuposa zamphongo. Achinyamata ali ndi nthenga zakuda ndi mawanga. Pofika nthawi yophukira, mitundu yonse ya mbalame imatha, imasunthika.
Mbalameyi imakhala ndi milomo yotakata kwambiri. Imakhala yoyenereradi kugwira nyama. Chofunikira pakuyenda kwa redstart ndikumagwedeza mchira kwapadera.
Mbalame zosamuka zimapita m'nyengo yozizira ku Central Africa koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira. Nthawi zonse zimauluka usiku mu Seputembala - koyambirira kwa Okutobala. M'ngululu, mu Marichi - Epulo, amabwerera kwawo kukaikira mazira.
Kuyesera kusunga mbalame m'makola kumachita bwino ndikuwasamalira bwino. Koma redstart amayamba kuzolowera anthu kwa nthawi yayitali, samaimba pang'ono ali mu ukapolo. Poyamba, mapikowo amamangiriridwa ku mbalamezo, apo ayi zimamenya khola ndikufa.
Mitundu
Redstart nthawi zambiri achibale ena amapezeka pofotokozera mitundu ya zamoyo kuchokera pagulu lapaulendo wapaulendo. Zonsezi, mitundu yoyambiranso imakhala ndi mitundu 13 yomwe imakhala ku India, China, ndi mayiko ambiri aku Asia. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mbalame kuli mumtundu woyambirira wa nthenga. Aliyense amaphatikizidwa ndi thupi losalimba, mlomo woboola pakati.
Redstart wamba
Kwa Russia, malo okhala redstarts amadziwika:
- imvi (wamba);
- redstart yakuda;
- munda;
- Siberia;
- malamba ofiira;
- redstart-coots.
Woyambira mutu wakuda (wamba). Nthenga zokongola, zalalanje zakuda, zimapezeka mwa amuna. Mphumi yoyera idapatsa dzinalo mtundu. Mbalame yokongola singasokonezeke ndi wina aliyense, imadziwika ndi kuyimba kwamphamvu. Redstart amakhala kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, gawo lalikulu la Eurasia.
Woyambira mutu wakuda
Black Redstart. Kambalame kakang'ono, kakang'ono kuposa mpheta, kuchuluka kwa munthu ndi magalamu 14-18 okha. Mwamuna ali ndi nthenga zakuda pamphumi, masaya, khosi, kumtunda kwa thupi ndi imvi, mchira wake ndi lalanje wokhala ndi zitsotso zakuda.
Redstart wamkazi yunifolomu yambiri, zokolola ndi mchira wapamwamba, monga wamwamuna, matani ofiira. Mbalame zimakhala kumapiri a ku Asia ndi ku Ulaya. Amakonda miyala yamiyala, mapiri, mapiri.
Wofiira wakuda
M'mizinda, mbalame zimakopeka ndi mafakitale okhala ndi mapaipi amafakitole, okhala ndi katawala. Tazindikira kuyambiranso kwakuda kwakuda m'magulu azinyumba zamatchalitchi. Kuyimba kwa Chernushki ndikokhwimitsa, kotetemera, ndikubwereza kawiri.
Choyambiranso ndi dimba. Mbalame yowala, yomwe pamwamba pake ndi phulusa, pamphumi, pakhosi, mapiko pang'ono akuda, pamimba pamayera. Nthenga zofiira zowala zimakongoletsa chifuwa, mbali, mchira. Pali chidutswa choyera pamphumi. Akazi ndi ochepera kwambiri, ngakhale m'mbali mwake ofiira ofiira amakongoletsanso zovala zotuwa.
Mkazi wamkazi wobiriwira
Malo okondedwa - m'mitengo yamapaki akale, minda ya zipatso. Zinyumba mbalame yofiira m'nkhalango za coniferous, zosakanikirana ndi tchire. Nyimbo za omwe amakhala m'mundamu ndi euphonic, sonorous. Ornithologists onani chizolowezi chotsanzira ma trill a anthu ena, omwe amamutcha kuti mbalame yoseketsa.
Kuyambiranso ku Siberia. Mtunduwo umafanana ndi woimira wamba (wamutu wamutu) wamtunduwu, koma malo oyerawo samapezeka pamutu, koma pamapiko. Dzina la mbalameyi limasonyeza malo okhala. Zimapezeka kumwera kwa Siberia, m'chigawo cha Amur. Amamanga zisa pansi pa denga la nyumba, m'mapanga a mitengo yakale, m'ming'alu ya miyala.
Kuyambiranso ku Siberia
Wofiira wofiira wofiira. Mwa achibale, mbalameyi ndi yayikulu kukula. Mtunduwo umafanana ndi mitundu ya ku Siberia, koma nthenga zake zimawala kwambiri. Redstart wamwamuna wokhala ndi chifuwa chofiira ndi mawanga oyera pambali pamapiko. Mkazi alibe mawanga opepuka. Ku Russia, imapezeka m'mapiri a Central Caucasus, South Siberia. Malo okondedwa - m'nkhalango zam'nyanja zamchere, mtsinje wa mtsinje.
Wofiira wofiira wofiira
Chovala chofiira. Kambalame kakang'ono, kothamanga kwambiri komanso kosangalatsa. Mtundu wowala, mamangidwe ochepa komanso mawonekedwe abwino amakopa chidwi cha omwe amakhala m'mapaki, minda, m'chipululu cha nkhalango.
Chovala chofiira
Kugwedeza kosalekeza kwa mchira wofiira, miyendo yayitali, maulendo obwera pafupipafupi amapezeka mwakhama. Mbalameyi idadziwika kuti ndi malo oyera pamphumi pake.Kuyimba redstart sonorous, wokongola, ndi zinthu zotsanzira kumapeto. Nyimbo zoyambirira za dazi m'bandakucha nthawi zina zimasokonezedwa ndi ma trilling a nightingale.
Mverani mawu a redotart coot
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mitundu yoyambirirako ndiyotakata, kudutsa dera la North-West Africa, Asia ndi Europe. Mbalame zimakhala m'nyengo yozizira kumwera kwa malowo, ndipo pakufika masika amabwerera ku Europe. Kufika kwa mbalame kumadalira kutentha ndi mawonekedwe a chakudya - kuchuluka kwa tizilombo m'minda, m'mapaki, m'nkhalango.
Redstarts amapewa madera ochepa; mawonekedwe awo m'nkhalango sichitha. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi mapaki akale okhala ndi mitengo yopanda kanthu. Mbalame zam'mizinda nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochuluka kuposa mbalame zamtchire.
Redstart imakonda kukhala payokha, motero mbalame zimasiyana. Magulu amapangidwa pokhapokha chakudya chitachuluka pamalo amodzi. Redstart iliyonse imakhala ndi tsamba lililonse.
Mpaka Julayi, mungamve kuyimba kwawo kosangalatsa, makamaka usiku. Amuna achimuna amayimba kuposa ena. Kuimba kwawo kumatenga nthawi usana ndi usiku. Pambuyo pake, mbalamezo zimakhala chete. Chakumapeto kwa Julayi - koyambirira kwa Ogasiti redstart imakhala ndi nyengo yosungunuka. Pakufika nthawi yophukira, mbalame zimauluka nthawi yozizira kumadera akumwera komwe zimayandikira - mayiko aku Africa, kupita ku Arabia Peninsula.
Zowonera redstarts zikuwonetsa kuti amakonda kukonda chisa m'minda m'nyumba zokonzedwa mwapadera pamitengo yayitali. Amuna amafika kaye kukhala pansi ndikuwonetsa akazi omwe akubwerawo ali okonzeka kukumana.
Mchira wowala, ngati ma beacon, amakopa banjali kupita kumalo osungira nyama. Kukopa mbalame kumene wamaluwa amapindulitsa kwambiri. Zokolola zamtsogolo zimatetezedwa ku tizirombo toyambitsa matenda: mbozi, udzudzu, kachilomboka. Kuyandikana ndi anthu sikusokoneza mbalame.
Zakudya zabwino
Pamtima pazakudya zaposachedwa, monga onse opha ntchentche, tizilombo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mbalame ziziteteza nkhalango, mapaki ndi minda mosakayika. Mu nyengo imodzi, redstart imawononga zikwi zingapo za mbozi, nyerere, nsikidzi, kafadala, ntchentche, udzudzu, ndi mphutsi zawo. Mbalame zimasaka, monga lamulo, pa ntchentche, kumeza tizilombo tomwe tikuuluka mlengalenga. Amuna akamagwira nyama zomwe zimauluka.
Akazi a Redstart amakonda kusaka nyama kuchokera kumapiri, kukhazikika panthambi zazitsamba, zipinda zanyumba. Atazindikira nyama, mbalame zimadumphira padziko lapansi kukafuna akangaude, mavuvu, ma millipedes, nkhono, mbozi.
Chakudya cha redstarts ndichosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, zakudya zazomera zimaphatikizidwa pachakudya. Mbalame zimadya zipatso za m'nkhalango ndi m'munda, zimabzala mbewu. Zimadziwika kuti amakonda elderberry, currant, rasipiberi.
Njira yopezera chakudya, kudya ndi yosangalatsa. Mbalame zimayendera mitengo ikuluikulu, ming'alu, zimawona kuyenda kwa nthambi ndi masamba. Nyama yomwe agwidwa siimayamwa nthawi yomweyo, imasamutsidwa kupita kumalo abwino kuti akadye.
Redstart imagwira ndi tizirombo tambiri pang'onopang'ono. Choyamba chimadumphira ndi mulomo wake ndikuponya kuchokera kumtunda kuti muchepetse nyama. Kenako amazidula. Mu ziwala zazing'ono, tizilombo tothamanga, miyendo imatsinidwa musanadye.
Redstarts amasamala kwambiri kudyetsa ana awo. Ndi milomo yawo, amayamba akupera chakudya ku mushy, ndikangotumiza zipatso kapena tizilombo tomwe timapanga kukamwa kwa olowa m'malo. Anapiye osusuka amazunza makolo mpaka kutopa. Makolo amayendera chisawo maulendo 500 patsiku, kubweretsa chakudya chodulidwa m'kamwa mwawo.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kufika kwam'masika kwa redstart for nesting kumachitika pakati pa Epulo. Choyamba, amuna amawoneka, akutsatiridwa ndi nyama zazing'ono, zazikazi ndizotsiriza kufikira. Ntchito yamphongo ndikupeza ngodya yabwinoko ya chisa chamtsogolo. Kulimbana kumayamba pakati pa amunawo polanda malo osangalatsa. Amuna amalemba gawo lake, amateteza, amatcha mkaziyo poyimba nyimbo pamalo okwera.
Mazira obwezeretsanso
Pazisa zamtsogolo, mbalame zimasankha maenje akale, nthambi zazitali zamitengo, zimasiya pakati pa mizu yotuluka, zipilala zamatabwa, malo obisika kuseli kwa nyumba. Mapanga osaya komanso madenga apamwamba amakopanso kuyambiranso mobisa.
Zidutswa za khungwa, nthambi zowuma, masamba, ulusi wopezeka ndi mbalame, zingwe, nsalu, zidutswa zamapepala zimakhala zomangira. Pakhomopo mkati mwake mumadzaza moss, zidutswa za ubweya, ubweya wa thonje, nthenga. Chisa chimakhala chophimbidwa kuchokera panja ndi denga, nthambi, zobisika pamaso. Chikopa chimapezeka mwangozi, chimakhala chobisika.
Mu Meyi - koyambirira kwa Juni, mapangidwe a chisa amatha. Ndizosangalatsa kuti phokoso, kapena kuyandikira kwa anthu, kapena kununkhira sizimasokoneza gawo lofunikira m'moyo wa mbalame. Posakhalitsa gulu la mazira 5-8 obiriwira amapangidwa. Mkazi makamaka amachita nawo makulitsidwe a ana amtsogolo. Mwamuna nthawi zina amalowa m'malo mwake munthawi imeneyi. Kusakaniza mazira kumatenga milungu iwiri.
Pamene anapiye aswa, nkhawa za makolo zimachuluka. Kwa milungu iwiri, amasaka mosalekeza ndikubweretsa chakudya kwa anapiye osakhutira. Redstarts ndi makolo osamala.
Mazira obwezeretsanso
Sizodabwitsa kuti nkhanga zimaponyera mazira awo m'zisa zawo. Aliyense redstart mwana wankhuku kudyetsedwa, ngakhale atakhala wosakhazikika. Kusamalira nkhaka ndi chimodzimodzi ndi mbalame zachilengedwe.
Kudyetsa anawo kumatenga ngakhale atayamba kuthawa anapiye pachisa. Makolo odandaula amawonetsa nkhawa mpaka anawo atayima pamapiko ndikuyamba kuyendayenda okha m'nkhalango kufunafuna chakudya. Zitatha izi banja limatha. Ntchitoyi nthawi zambiri imatenga mwezi umodzi.
Pakati pa nyengo, ma redstarts amatha kuyambitsa mazira atsopano nthawi yachiwiri ndikudutsanso njira ya makolo ndi chisamaliro chomwecho chokhudza ana. Zinyama zazing'ono zimakula msinkhu pofika chaka choyamba cha moyo.
Anapiye akuda
Mikhalidwe yabwino imalola kuti oyambiranso azikhala zaka 7-9. Pali nkhani yodziwika ya moyo wautali - zaka 9.5. Kukhala mu ukapolo nthawi zambiri kumachepetsa kukhalapo kwawo. Zimadziwika kuti mbalamezi zimakonda kwambiri ufulu.
Mu 2015, redstart, ngati imodzi mwa mbalame zofala kwambiri zomwe zimafunikira chisamaliro chaumunthu, adalengezedwa kuti Mbalame Yachaka ku Russia. Kusunga mitundu yamitundumitundu ndi kuchuluka kwa mbalame ndi ntchito yofala kwa okonda zachilengedwe.
