Mwa zina zokwawa, njoka iyi imadziwika ndi dzina lampweya "efa". Gwirizanani, mawuwo amawoneka ngati mpweya wofatsa kapena mpweya. Dzina Echus anabwera ku Chilatini kuchokera ku liwu lachi Greek [έχις] - njoka. Ali ndi njira yachilendo yozungulira. Samayenda, koma imayenda chammbali.
Sizinali zachabe kuti tidatchulapo izi koyambirira, chifukwa dzina la njoka iyi imatha kubwera kuchokera momwe amayendera. Kuchokera pamchenga pamakhala zolemba za Chilatini "f". Chifukwa chake, kapena chifukwa choti amakonda kupindika osati mu mpira, koma m'matope opindika, kujambula chilembo chachi Greek "F" - phi, chokwawa ichi chimatha kutchedwanso epha.
Anali mwa mawonekedwe awa omwe adawonetsedwa mojambula ndi zojambula, kusiyanitsa izi ndi zokwawa zina.
Efa - njoka kuchokera kubanja la mamba, ndipo m'banja lake ndiyo yoopsa kwambiri. Koma izi sizokwanira kwa iye, molimba mtima alowa njoka khumi zoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Munthu aliyense wachisanu ndi chiwiri yemwe adamwalira ndi kulumidwa ndi njoka adalumidwa ndi epha. Ndizoopsa makamaka panthawi yakukwatira ndi kuteteza ana. Ndizosangalatsa kuti kumaiko aku Western amatchedwa kapeti kapena njoka yamoto.
Ngakhale ndi yaying'ono, efa ndi imodzi mwa njoka zoopsa kwambiri.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Ephs ndi njoka zazing'ono, mitundu yayikulu kwambiri siyopitilira 90 cm, ndipo yaying'ono kwambiri imakhala pafupifupi masentimita 30. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kuposa akazi. Mutu ndi waung'ono, wotambalala, wooneka ngati peyala (kapena woboola mkondo), wopingidwa kwambiri kuchokera m'khosi, monga njoka zambiri. Onse okutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono. Chosompsacho ndi chachifupi, chozungulira, maso ndi akulu, ndi mwana wowongoka.
Pali zishango zapakatikati. Thupi ndilolumanja, laling'ono, lolimba. Efa njoka pachithunzichi sichimasiyana mitundu yowala, komabe imadzutsa chidwi, sizinatchulidwe kuti ndi mphiri wapaketi. Ali ndi utoto wowala bwino. Kutengera ndi malo okhala, utoto umatha kusiyanasiyana mpaka bulauni mpaka imvi, nthawi zina umakhala ndi utoto wofiyira.
Kumbuyo konseko pali mawonekedwe oyera komanso osamveka bwino omwe amatha kukhala ngati mawanga kapena mipiringidzo yonyamulira. Madera oyera ali ndi mbali zakuda. Mbali ndi mimba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopepuka kuposa kumbuyo. Pali timadontho tating'onoting'ono taimvi pamimba, komanso mikwingwirima yoyera mbali.
Mbali yapadera kwambiri ndi masikelo ake. Pomwe chivundikiro cha ffo chikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi, ndikofunikira kuwonetsa kudula kwa zinthu zazing'ono zomwe zili m'mbali. Zimayendetsedwa mozama pansi ndipo zimakhala ndi nthiti za sawtooth. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mizere 4-5 yamiyeso iyi.
Amapanga phokoso lodziwika bwino, amatumiza zokwawa ngati chida choimbira kapena chenjezo. Chifukwa cha iwo, chokwawa chija chidatchedwa "dzino" kapena "sawtooth" njoka. Mamba am'mbali ndi ang'ono komanso amakhala ndi nthiti zotuluka. Mzere umodzi wamtundu wautali umakhala pansi pa mchira.
Pamchenga wosweka, efa imayenda m'njira yapadera, yopanikizika ndikukula ngati kasupe. Poyamba, chokwawa chimaponya mutu wake pambali, kenako chimabweretsa mchira wa thupi pamenepo ndikupita patsogolo pang'ono, kenako ndikukoka mbali yakutsogolo yotsalayo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, njanji imatsalira yokhala ndi zingwe zosiyana za oblique zokhala ndi malekezero okundidwa.
Efu imadziwika mosavuta ndi thupi lake lokutidwa ndi masikelo ambiri.
Mitundu
Mtunduwu umakhala ndi mitundu 9.
- Echis carinatus — mchenga efa... Palinso mayina: njoka yocheperako, njoka yaying'ono yaku India, mphiri ya sawtooth. Anakhazikika ku Middle East ndi Central Asia. Ndi wachikuda mchenga wachikaso kapena golide. Mikwingwirima yopepuka yama zigzag imawonekera mbali. Thupi lakumtunda, kumbuyo ndi kumutu, kuli mawanga oyera amtundu wa malupu; mphamvu ya utoto woyera imasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana. Pamutu pake, mawanga oyera amakhala m'malire ndi mdima ndipo amaikidwa ngati mtanda kapena mbalame youluka. Komanso, Epha wamchenga wagawidwa m'magulu asanu.
- Echis amatsitsa astrolabe - Astol efa, mphiri wa pachilumba cha Astol kufupi ndi gombe la Pakistan (wofotokozedwa ndi katswiri wazamoyo waku Germany Robert Mertens mu 1970). Chitsanzocho chimakhala ndi mawanga angapo amtundu wakuda wakuda pachiyero choyera. Mitsinje yowala pambali. Pamutu pali chizindikiro chowala ngati mawonekedwe atatu opita patsogolo pamphuno.
- Echis carinatus carinatus - ma subspecies omwe amatchulidwa kuti, njoka yamoto yaku South Indian (yofotokozedwa ndi a Johann Gottlob Schneider, wazachilengedwe waku Germany komanso wamaphunziro apamwamba, mu 1801). Amakhala ku India.
- Echis carinatus multisquamatus - Central Asia kapena Efa yochulukirapo, njoka yamoto ya Trans-Caspian. Izi ndi zomwe timaganiza tikamati "sandy efa". Amakhala ku Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan ndi Pakistan. Kukula kwake kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 60, koma nthawi zina kumakula mpaka masentimita 80. Chizindikiro cha mutu ndi mtanda, mzere wotsatira wotsatira ndi wolimba komanso wavy. Yofotokozedwa ndi Vladimir Cherlin mu 1981.
- Echis carinatus sinhaleyus - Ceylon efa, njoka yocheperako ku Sri Lanka (yofotokozedwa ndi Indian herpetologist Deranyagala mu 1951). Ndiwofanana mu India, wocheperako mpaka 35 cm.
- Echis carinatus sochureki - efa Sochurek, njoka yamoto ya Stemmler, njoka yakum'mawa. Amakhala ku India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran ndi madera ena a Arabia Peninsula. Kumbuyo kwake, mtunduwo ndi wachikasu bulauni kapena bulauni, pakati pali mzere wa mabala owala okhala ndi m'mbali mwamdima. Mbalizo zimadziwika ndi ma arcs akuda. Mimba ndi yopepuka, ndimadontho akuda. Pamwamba pamutu, pali chojambula ngati muvi wolunjika mphuno. Yofotokozedwa ndi Stemmler mu 1969.
- Echis coloratus - motley efa. Kugawidwa kum'mawa kwa Egypt, Jordan, Israel, m'maiko a Arabia Peninsula.
- Echis hughesi - Somali Efa, njoka ya Hughes (yotchedwa Barry Hughes wa ku Britain). Amapezeka kumpoto kwa Somalia kokha, amakula mpaka masentimita 32. Chitsanzocho sichimveka bwino, chimakhala ndi mawanga akuda komanso owala pathupi lakuda kwambiri.
- Echis jogeri - njoka yamphasa Joger, njoka yamphasa Mali. Amakhala ku Mali (West Africa). Wamng'ono, mpaka masentimita 30. Mtundu umasiyanasiyana bulauni mpaka imvi ndi pabuka. Chitsanzocho chimakhala ndi zingwe zopendekera za oblique kapena zopingasa kumbuyo monga mawonekedwe a chishalo, chopepuka m'mbali, chakuda pakati. Mimba ndi kirimu wotuwa kapena minyanga ya njovu.
- Echis wophunzitsira - Efa wazitsulo zoyera, amakhala ku West ndi North-West Africa. Amatchedwa mtundu wamimba. Kukula kwake kuli pafupifupi masentimita 70, sikukula kwambiri mpaka masentimita 87. Mtunduwo ndi wofanana ndi mitundu yam'mbuyomu. Sikuti nthawi zonse zimakhala mchipululu, nthawi zina zimakhala bwino m'chipululu chouma, pamiyala yamitsinje youma. Kuikira dzira.
- Echis megalocephalus -Efa wokhala ndi mutu waukulu, njoka yocheperako ya Cherlin. Kukula kwake mpaka 61 cm, amakhala pachilumba chimodzi ku Red Sea, kunyanja ya Eritrea ku Africa. Mtundu kuchokera ku imvi mpaka mdima, wokhala ndi mawanga owala kumbuyo.
- Echis ocellatus - Njoka yamphesa yaku West Africa (njoka yamphasa yozungulira). Amapezeka ku West Africa. Zimasiyana pamachitidwe opangidwa ngati "maso" pamiyeso. Kukula kwakukulu ndi masentimita 65. Oviparous, mu chisa kuyambira mazira 6 mpaka 20. Kuyambira mu February mpaka Marichi. Yofotokozedwa ndi Otmar Stemmler mu 1970.
- Echis omanensis - Omani efa (Omani anakweza njoka). Amakhala ku United Arab Emirates komanso kum'mawa kwa Oman. Mutha kukwera mapiri mpaka kutalika kwa mita 1000.
- Piramidi ya Echis - Efa wa ku Aigupto (njoka yayikulu yaku Egypt, njoka yaku kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa). Amakhala kumpoto kwa Africa, ku Arabia Peninsula, ku Pakistan. Mpaka 85 cm kutalika.
Olemba Chingerezi akuwonetsa mitundu ina itatu: efa Borkini (amakhala kumadzulo kwa Yemen), efa Hosatsky (East Yemen ndi Oman) ndi efa Romani (omwe apezeka posachedwa ku Southwestern Chad, Nigeria, kumpoto kwa Cameroon).
Ndikufuna kuzindikira zopereka za wasayansi wathu waku Russia a Vladimir Alexandrovich Cherlin. Mwa mitundu 12 ya ephae yodziwika padziko lapansi, ndiye mlembi wamagulu asanu a taxonomic (anali woyamba kuwafotokozera).
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Malo omwe mitundu yonse ya nyama ndi njoka zimapezeka akhoza kunena izi efa njoka ikupezeka M'madera ouma a Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, India ndi Sri Lanka. Pa gawo lotsatira la Soviet (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), mtundu umodzi wamtunduwu wafalikira - mchenga wa epha, wofotokozedwa ndi subspecies - Central Asia.
Amakhala m'zipululu zadongo, m'malo amchenga osatha pakati pa ma saxuls, komanso m'mphepete mwa mitsinje m'nkhalango. M'mikhalidwe yabwino njoka, amatha kukhazikika mokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigwa cha Mtsinje wa Murghab, pamtunda wa pafupifupi 1.5 km, omwe agwira njoka achepetsa zoposa 2 zikwi.
Akatha kubisala, amatuluka kumapeto kwa dzinja - koyambirira kwa masika (February-Marichi). Mu nthawi yozizira, masika ndi nthawi yophukira, amakhala otakataka masana, nthawi yotentha - usiku. Kwa nyengo yozizira amapezeka mu Okutobala, pomwe samazengereza kulowa m'mabowo a anthu ena, kuwabera makoswe. Amathanso kubisala m'ming'alu, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, kapena m'malo otsetsereka a miyala.
Mwa mitundu ina, mchenga wa Efa umadziwika ndi machitidwe ake. Njoka yamphamvu iyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kuti imayenda pafupifupi nthawi zonse. Amasaka mosavuta anthu wamba komanso ochepa m'chipululu. Ngakhale pakudya chakudya, sichisiya kuyenda.
Kuwoneratu kuopsa kwa EFA kumayamba kupanga phokoso lalikulu ndimiyeso pathupi
Ndi kumayambiriro kwa masika pomwe amadzilola kumasuka ndikugona padzuwa nthawi yayitali, makamaka atadya. Umu ndi momwe nyamayi imachira nyengo yozizira ikatha. Kwa ephae yamchenga, sichofunikira kuti munthu akhale miseche. Amapitilizabe kusunthika nthawi zonse, kusaka, kukhalapo mwachangu m'nyengo yozizira, makamaka ngati ili nthawi yofunda.
Patsiku lozizira kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amatha kumuwona akutama pamiyala. Sandy Efa amakhala komanso kusaka yekha. Komabe, padawonedwa momwe njoka izi zidapezera gerbil yayikulu mwa atatu. Amatha kukhala limodzi, komabe, momwe amalumikizirana wina ndi mnzake, kapena mosemphanitsa, sanaphunzirebe.
Efa amakonda kudzikwilira yekha mumchenga, kuphatikiza ndi utoto. Pakadali pano, ndizosatheka kuziwona, ndipo ndizowopsa. Kwenikweni, kuchokera pamalowo, nthawi zambiri amalimbana ndi wovutikayo. Njoka iyi ilibe mantha pang'ono ndi anthu. Kukwawa kulowa m'nyumba, nyumba zomangira nyumba, zipinda zosungiramo nyumba kufunafuna chakudya. Pali milandu yodziwika pomwe mabowo a f adakhazikika pansi pa nyumba yogona.
Zakudya zabwino
Amadyetsa makoswe ang'onoang'ono, nthawi zina abuluzi, achule am'madzi, mbalame, zitsamba zobiriwira. Iwo, monga njoka zambiri, adya anzawo. Aef amadya njoka zazing'ono. Samadzikaniranso okha chisangalalo chodya dzombe, kafadala, ma centipedes, zinkhanira. Ndi chisangalalo amagwira mbewa, anapiye, kudya mazira a mbalame.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Mitundu yambiri yamafuta, makamaka aku Africa, ndi oviparous. Amwenye, komanso mchenga wodziwika bwino waku Central Asia Efa ndiosavomerezeka. Kukula msinkhu kumachitika pafupifupi zaka 3.5-4. Kukwatiwa kumachitika mu Marichi-Epulo, koma nthawi yotentha imatha kuchitika kale.
Ngati Efa sapita ku hibernation, monga mchenga, kukwerana kumayamba mu February. Kenako mbewuyo imabadwa kumapeto kwa Marichi. Ino ndi nthawi yoopsa kwambiri kwa anthu am'deralo, komwe kumapezeka ozizirawa. Pakadali pano, njokayo imakhala yamtopola komanso yankhanza.
Nthawi yonse yokwanira ndi yaifupi komanso yamkuntho, zimatenga pafupifupi masabata 2-2.5. Nsanje pang'ono pakati pa amuna, ndewu zachiwawa, ndipo tsopano wopambana amalemekezedwa ndi mwayi wokhala bambo. Zowona, panthawi yokwatirana, nthawi zambiri amuna amphongo amaphatikizana nawo, ndikupinda mu mpira waukwati. Zatulukira kale kuti ndi ndani amene ali mofulumira.
Mwa njira, iwo samaluma kwenikweni opikisana nawo kapena zibwenzi panthawi yamasamba. Ku Sumbar Valley, asayansi athu paulendowu adadabwitsidwa ndi chodabwitsa chosowa cha njoka. Tsiku lina lotentha la Januware, mwana wamwamuna wakomweko adabwera akuthamanga ndikufuula "ukwati wa njoka".
Sanamukhulupirire, njoka sizimadzuka msanga kuposa masika, ngakhale mabowo amchenga amayamba ntchito yawo posachedwa mwezi wa February. Komabe, tinapita kukawona. Ndipo adaonadi mpira wa njoka, ngati cholengedwa, ukuyenda pakati pa mapesi owuma audzu. Ngakhale pakangokwatirana, samasiya kusuntha.
Kumapeto kwa nthawi ya bere (pambuyo pa masiku 30-39), mazira mkati mwake, mkazi amabereka zazing'ono, masentimita 10-16 kukula, njoka. Chiwerengero chawo chili pakati pa 3 mpaka 16. Monga mayi, mchenga wa efa ali ndi udindo waukulu, amatha kuluma aliyense amene angafike kwa anawo.
Ndipo sakudya ana ake, monga momwe njoka zina zimachitira. Njoka zazing'ono zimakula msanga ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimatha kudzisaka zokha. Sangathe kugwira mbewa, mbalame kapena mbalame, koma ndi chilakolako amadya dzombe losiririka ndi tizilombo tina ndi nyama zopanda mafupa.
Nthawi ya moyo wa reptile ndi zaka 10-12. Komabe zomwe adadzisankhira ngati malo okhala sizothandiza kuti akhale ndi moyo wautali. Amakhala mocheperako m'matope. Nthawi zina ffs amamwalira miyezi 3-4 atamangidwa.
Njoka izi ndizomwe sizingasungidwe m'malo osungira nyama. Zonse chifukwa amafunika kuti azisuntha, sangalekerere malo ochepa. Njoka yoduka, umu ndi momwe munganene za chokwawa ichi.
Nanga bwanji ngati walumidwa ndi efa?
Njoka ya efa ndi yoopsa, choncho munthu ayenera kusamala kwambiri akakumana nayo. Simuyenera kumuyandikira, yesetsani kumugwira, kumunyoza. Iye mwini sangaukire munthu, angoyesa kuchenjeza. Amatenga "mbale" yodzitchinjiriza - mphete ziwiri ndi mutu pakati, tanena kale kuti izi zikufanana ndi chilembo "F".
Mphetezo ndizopikitsana wina ndi mnzake ndipo masikelo okumbikakumbika amvekera mokweza kwambiri. Komanso, phokoso la nyamazi limamveka kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi amatchedwa "njoka yaphokoso". Mwachidziwikire, pakadali pano akuyesera kunena - "usayandikire pafupi, sindidzakhudza ngati usandivutitse."
Chokwawa chakupha sichidziukira chokha mosafunikira ngati sichisokonezedwa. Podzitchinjiriza ndi ana ake, nyama yakufa nthawi yomweyo imaponya thupi lake lamphamvu, ndikuyika mphamvu zake zonse ndi ukali wake kuponyako. Kuphatikiza apo, kuponyaku kumatha kukhala kwakutali komanso kwakutali.
Ephas amaluma zoopsa kwambiri, pambuyo pake anthu 20% amwalira. Mlingo wowopsa wa poizoni ndi pafupifupi 5 mg. Ali ndi zotsatira za hemolytic (amasungunula ma erythrocyte m'magazi, amawononga magazi). Atalandira kuluma, munthu amayamba kutuluka magazi kwambiri kuchokera pachilonda pamalo pomwe analumapo, kuchokera pamphuno, m'makutu komanso mmero.
Imaletsa kuchita kwa protein fibrinogen, yomwe imayambitsa kugwirana kwamagazi. Ngati munthu amatha kupulumuka ndikuluma kwa ephae, atha kukhala ndi mavuto a impso kwa moyo wawo wonse.
Mukalumidwa ndi efa:
- Musayese kusuntha, kupweteka kwa minofu kumachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa poyizoni.
- Yesetsani kuyamwa poizoni pang'ono pachilondacho. Osangokhala ndi pakamwa panu, koma gwiritsani ntchito babu ya labala kapena jakisoni wosungunuka kuchokera ku chida choyamba.
- Tengani mankhwala a antihistamines ndi ochepetsa ululu mu kabati ya mankhwala (kupatula aspirin, poyizoni wa efa wayamba kale kupatulira magazi).
- Imwani madzi ambiri momwe mungathere.
- Pitani kuchipatala posachedwa.
Ndizovuta kwambiri:
- Ikani zokopa alendo
- Sinthani malo olumirako
- Chipani pang'ono ndi potassium permanganate
- Kupanga zochekera pafupi ndi kuluma
- Kumwa mowa.
Komabe ephae njoka ya njoka mosakayikira zimathandizira kuchiritsa. Monga poyizoni aliyense, ndi mankhwala ofunikira pang'ono pang'ono. Katundu wake wa hemolytic amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi thrombosis. Ndi gawo limodzi lamafuta ochepetsa ululu (monga Viprazide).
Pamaziko a poizoni, jakisoni amapangidwa kuti athandize matenda oopsa, sciatica, neuralgia, osteochondrosis, polyarthritis, rheumatism, migraine. Tsopano akupanga mankhwala omwe angathandize ngakhale ndi khansa ndi matenda ashuga.
Ndipo zowonadi, ma seramu ndi katemera wotsutsana ndi kulumidwa ndi njoka amapangidwa pamaziko ake. Zidali zowonjezerapo kuti ululu wa epha, monga njoka iliyonse, samamveka bwino, ndizovuta zovuta zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, imagwiritsidwabe ntchito ngati mawonekedwe oyeretsedwa (olekanitsidwa).
Zosangalatsa
- Dontho limodzi la poizoni wa efa limatha kupha anthu pafupifupi zana. Kupatula pokhala poizoni wambiri, poizoniyu ndi wochenjera kwambiri. Nthawi zina, zoyipa zomwe zimapulumuka kuluma sizimayamba mwezi usanathe. Imfa imatha kuchitika ngakhale masiku 40 atalumidwa.
- Efa amatha kudumpha mpaka mita imodzi kutalika mpaka mita zitatu m'litali. Chifukwa chake, ndizokhumudwitsidwa kwambiri kuti muziyandikira pafupi ndi 3-4 m.
- Mawu akuti "njoka yotentha" amatanthauzanso heroine wathu. Phokoso lomwe akugwiritsa ntchito kuchenjeza za chiwembucho lili ngati phokoso la mafuta otentha poto wowotcha.
- Mawu oti "kite wouluka wamoto", omwe tidawadziwa m'Baibulo, amadziwika ndi ofufuza ena omwe ali ndi epha. Malingaliro awa atengera zitsogozo khumi zochokera mu Baibulo lomwelo. Iwo (efy) amakhala m'chigwa cha Arava (Arabian Peninsula), amakonda malo amiyala, ndi owopsa chakupha, ndipo amaluma "kwamoto". Amakhala ndi mtundu wofiyira "wamoto", mphezi ("zouluka"), kenako imfa imachitika chifukwa chakutuluka kwamkati. M'makalata achiroma kuyambira 22 A.D. limanena za "njoka ngati mawonekedwe a macheka."
- Efa Dune amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa malo otchuka kwambiri ku Baltics. Ili pa Curonian Spit mdera la Kaliningrad. Malowa ndi chuma chamtundu wonse, malo osungirako zachilengedwe. Kumeneko mungathe kuona zomwe zimatchedwa "nkhalango yovina", yopangidwa ndi mitengo yokhotakhota, yomwe mphepo yam'nyanja imagwira ntchito. Amadzitcha Efoy pambuyo pa woyang'anira milu Franz Ef, yemwe amayang'anira kuphatikiza kwa mchenga woyenda ndikusunganso nkhalangoyo.
- Efami ndi mabowo oyeserera pamwamba pa zeze. Amawoneka ngati chilembo chachi Latin "f" ndipo chimakhudza phokoso la chida. Kuphatikiza apo, opanga ma violin odziwika adakonda kwambiri malo omwe pali mabowo omwe ali "m'thupi" la vayolini. Amati anazijambula mozungulira wina ndi mnzake, Stradivari - pang'ono pang'ono wina ndi mnzake, ndipo Guarneri - wowongoka pang'ono, wautali, wosasintha kwenikweni.
