Baikal sikuti ndi nyanja chabe kapena malo osungira zachilengedwe, ndi dziko lodabwitsa, lapadera lokhala ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera, omwe munthu aliyense amadziwa, kuyambira kusukulu.
Inde, zomera ndi nyama zambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja sizinangolembedwa pamasamba a Red Book, zimakhala m'malo amodzi okha, padziko lapansi, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal.
Zisindikizo za Baikal
Onse okhala malo osungirako zachilengedwewa amakhala odekha pakupezeka kwa munthu, kwa yemwe wazolowera chifukwa cha chilengedwe. Koma otchuka kwambiri nyama za Baikal zithunzi- ndi magalasi amakanema apaulendo, izi ndizomwe zili zisindikizo.
M'malo mwake, zisindikizo za Baikal ndizosindikiza. Izi zokongola zokongola zatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa cha ntchito yayitali yamakampani yotayira zinyalala m'nyanjayi, ndipo pakadali pano mitundu ya zisindikizo za Baikal yatetezedwa mozama, kwenikweni nyama iliyonse ili ndi chip ndi "owonera" ake.
Asayansi akadali kutsutsana za momwe nyama zokongolazi zidathera m'madzi akutali a nyanjayi. Lingaliro lodalirika likuwoneka ngati lokhudza kusamuka nthawi yamadzi ozizira kuchokera ku Arctic Ocean.
Zisindikizo zimakhala pafupifupi nthawi yawo yonse m'madzi, kenako zimatulutsa mpweya m'mapapu awo. Masiku abwino, ofunda, makamaka kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, amasintha zizolowezi zawo ndikupita kumtunda kapena kunyanja kuti akagone ndikutentha dzuwa.
Amabisala pafupi ndi gombe, m'malo omata, pansi pa chipale chofewa, pogwiritsa ntchito kubisalanso komanso kubereka. Zisindikizo zazimayi za Baikal zimakhwima msanga kuposa amuna, ndikukula msinkhu wazaka 4-4.5, pomwe "anyamata" amayamba kuwakonda zaka 5-6 zokha.
Mayi woyembekezera amatenga miyezi 11, ndipo ana amabadwa kuyambira February mpaka pakati pa Epulo. Kuphatikiza apo, akazi amatha kubereka mpaka zaka 40-45, ngakhale zisindikizo zimakhala pansi pazabwino kwa zaka 50. Ana ang'onoang'ono amabadwa, kawirikawiri mwana mmodzi, kawirikawiri awiri. Zisindikizo zatsopano zimangolemera makilogalamu 3.5-4 ndipo zimakutidwa ndi ubweya woyera.
Kulemera kwa nyama yayikulu kumasiyana makilogalamu 50 mpaka 150, chisindikizo chikuyipeza moyo wake wonse, kudyetsa nsomba, makamaka mitundu ya golomyanka-goby, kudya 4-5 kg ya nsomba patsiku.
Kwa chaka chimodzi, zodulidwazi zimatha kudya pafupifupi tani imodzi ya nsomba, pomwe chisindikizo chimakhalabe chosambira chosangalatsa kwambiri, chikukula, ngati kuli kofunikira, liwiro la 20-25 km / h.
Elk
Ma prong amakhala ku Eurasia konse, koma awa nyama ku Baikal – osowa, popeza amasiyana ndi mphalapala zina zonse, poyambirira, kukula kwake. Pafupifupi, kulemera kwa nkhwangwa zomwe zimakhala pagombe la nyanjayi ndi 400, koma amuna ambiri amapitilira 500 kg.
Kutalika kwa kukongola kumeneku pofota m'malire ake apansi ndi mita 2.5, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi mita zitatu. Nyanga zamphongo zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zokongola zimapezeka mu mphalapala zazaka 15, ndipo zimakhala pansi pazabwino kwa zaka 25-30.
Nyanga zimagwa mu Januware, kukula kwa "zatsopano" kumayambira koyambirira kwa Marichi. Mchitidwewu umachitika mu Seputembara-Okutobala, ndipo ana ang'onoang'ono a mphalapala amabadwa mu Meyi-Juni. Akuluakulu a Elk amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu 4-8, akudya udzu ndi mphukira, ndipo nthawi yozizira amadya makungwa.
Musk agwape
Izi ndi nswala zazing'ono zokongola, nthawi zina amatchedwa nswala za "saber-toothed". Amwenye am'deralo ali ndi nthano yosangalatsa yonena za momwe gwape adakondera mphaka, ndipo nyama zam'mimba zinakhala chipatso cha izi.
Nyama zapaderazi, monga zisindikizo, zatsala pang'ono kutha. Poterepa, chifukwa chake ndi osaka nyama. Man musk deer ndi gwero la musk, chinthu chapadera cha nyama, chomwe ndi maziko a maphikidwe ambiri, onunkhiritsa komanso madotolo.
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazing'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa nyama zamtundu wa musk ndi 18 kg, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi mita imodzi yokha. Zilibe nyanga, koma zamphongo zimakhala ndi zowawa zokongola, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutchera ndere mosavuta kuchokera kumitengo - zokoma zokonda nyama zam'mimba. Mphunoyi imayamba kumapeto kwa Okutobala, ndipo patatha masiku 190-200, agwape ang'onoang'ono amabadwa.
Wolverine
Zovuta ndipo, poyang'ana koyamba, zopanda chitetezo, a Baikal wolverines ali opunduka, othamanga komanso ankhanza ochokera kubanja la weasel. Mofanana kwambiri ndi chimbalangondo chaching'ono, wolverine amafika pafupifupi mita imodzi kutalika.
Uyu ndi mlenje komanso woyenda wosatopa, tsiku limodzi amapita makilomita 40-50 kukafunafuna nyama popanda kuvutika. Cutie uyu amadyetsa mbalame, makoswe, mazira, ngati akumana ndi chisa, samanyoza zovunda ndipo amatha kulimbana ndi gwape wovulala kapena wakufa. Anthu akomweko amakhala ndi nkhani zambiri zonena za mbalame zanzeru, zanzeru, kugonjetsa mphalapala zopanda pake.
Alibe nthawi yeniyeni yokwatirana, koma zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimaberekera m'nyengo yozizira, ndikumanga phanga panjira yachisanu. Kuphatikiza apo, abambo mwanjira ina amaphunzira za zomwe zikuchitika komanso alipo, kusamalira banja ndikubweretsa chakudya kwa wamkazi ndi makanda.
"Atsikana" a Wolverine amatha kubereka ana kawiri pachaka, koma malinga ndi zomwe zachitika kuyambira 1969, izi zimachitika kawirikawiri. Zokongola izi zimakhala zaka 10-15, ndipo m'nkhalangoyi ali ndi mmodzi yekha, koma mdani wamkulu - nkhandwe.
Nkhandwe Yofiira
Nyama yosowa kwambiri masiku ano, yomwe mawonekedwe ake ankhandwe, mimbulu ndi nkhandwe zikuwoneka kuti zasakanikirana, idakhala m'dziko lathu lino ku Altai, Buryatia, Primorsky Territory. Masiku ano, m'mbali mwa nyanja, mtundu uwu umabwezeretsedwanso, pogwiritsa ntchito nyama zotumizidwa kuchokera kumpoto kwa China.
Kukongola kotereku, kukula kwa abusa aku Germany, kwakhazikika bwino ndipo pakadali pano, m'nkhalangoyi muli magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe. Popita nthawi, amasandulika ziweto zazikulu.
Moyo wamamuna ofiira owoneka ofanana ndi mimbulu yosavuta. Amasaka limodzi, pa anthu osawoneka bwino, komabe, ngati awona nyama yolulu ikuyenda panjira, amaiwala za chilichonse padziko lapansi, nthawi yomweyo ayamba kuthamangitsa nyamayo.
Alibe nthawi yeniyeni yokwatirana, mimba ya nkhandwe imatenga masiku 60-65, ndipo ana a nkhandwe amabadwa kuyambira awiri mpaka khumi. Mimbulu imakula msinkhu ndi chaka chimodzi ndi theka, koma imayamba kukwatirana itakwanitsa zaka ziwiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu uwu, komanso mimbulu ina, imadziwika ndi "kukonda moyo", kukhulupirika komanso kulimbikira. Gulu limakhala m'mapanga ndi m'mapanga.
Odyetsawa amakhala zaka 12 mpaka 15, ndipo adasowa m'dera la Russia kamodzi kokha chifukwa cha kusaka ndi kuwononga nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, mimbulu yofiira idawomberedwa chifukwa cha michira yawo yodabwitsa, kuyambira 50 cm m'litali, yofanana kwambiri ndi nkhandwe.
Chimbalangondo
Ngakhale zimbalangondo zofiirira, monga mphalapala, zimakhala ku Eurasia konse, m'nyanjayi pomwe muli mafumu enieni achilengedwe. Kutalika kwa thupi kwa amuna okongolawa omwe amakhala pafupi ndi madzi a Nyanja ya Baikal ndi ma 2.5-3 mita, kutalika kwakufota kumachokera mita imodzi ndi theka. Chinyama ndi chofunikira, chimangokhala, sichithamanga. Komabe, ngati kuli kofunikira, imayenda mpaka 300 km kukafunafuna chakudya, kenako ndikubwerera.
Zimbalangondo za Baikal ndizodziwika bwino, monga ena onse, koma zimakonda nsomba kuposa chakudya china chilichonse. Ngakhale uchi ndi wotsika kuposa nsomba yatsopano, zimbalangondo chifukwa chake zimatha kusiya madziwo theka la tsiku. Hibernation pamphepete mwa nyanja imatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi; zimbalangondo zimamanga mapanga apa bwino kwambiri kuposa abale awo aku Europe.
Alibe nthawi yoti akwatirane, panthawi yomwe mwana m'modzi kapena anayi amabadwa, omwe amakhala nthawi yoyamba kubisala ndi chimbalangondo. Ndipo zimbalangondo zimakhala m'malo osungira zaka 20-25.
Lynx
Mphuno ndi khadi loyendera la malowa. Mphaka wamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa chokumana komwe muyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri. Komanso, lynx okha modekha amazindikira alendo, osaganiza zobisala kapena kuthawa. Amangokhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri kupeza malowa.
Iye ndi mphaka, ngakhale ngati mphaka iyi ndi Baikal lynx. Chirombo ichi chimasungulumwa. Ma Lynxes samabereka nyengo iliyonse, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphaka 3-5, ndipo abambo samasamala za banja.
Mphuno imasaka chilichonse, chakudya chake ndi nguluwe, agwape, nkhandwe. Chilichonse chomwe akuwona komanso amatha kuchigwira. Sadzadutsa chisa ndi mazira, koma nthawi zambiri samadya, koma amangogogoda ndi dzanja lake.
Mphuno imayamba chifukwa chobisalira, ikukula msanga msanga komanso mokwanira. Koma tsopano, wolandirayo ali ndi mwayi wambiri woti athawe, chifukwa mphaka amatuluka kale pamtunda wa 70m.
Komabe, lynx atachita bwino, ndipo amalumpha nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale nkhandweyo ilibe mwayi wopulumuka. Mphuno siimalemekeza chilichonse. Zinyama za Baikal, koma, chosamvetseka, sichilowerera ndale poyerekeza ndi ma wolverines.
Irbis
Nyama yodziwika bwino, pafupifupi yokongola - irbis, nyalugwe wa chisanu wa Nyanja ya Baikal. Chirombo ichi sichiri pakati chabe nyama za Red Book of Baikal, ali ndi udindo wapadera - sangakhudzidwe mulimonsemo, kuphatikizapo kuwopseza moyo.
Nyalugwe akaukira, alendo amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mivi yokha ndi mapiritsi ogona, malinga ndi lamulo la feduro loteteza zinyama zosowa kwambiri.
Mwambiri, m'mbiri yonse ya nkhokwe. Chiyambire 1969, palibe milandu yokhudzana ndi akambuku yomwe yalembedwa. Zolusa awa amakhala m'dera la nkhokwe lonse, kusaka ungulates ndipo ambiri, amafanana amphaka lalikulu kwambiri. Chilombo chilichonse choterechi chimakhala chaching'ono. Lero, akambuku okwana 49 amakhala m'derali.
Kulemera kwa amuna okongolawa kumakhala pakati pa 55 mpaka 65 makilogalamu, kutalika kwa thupi lamphamvu lodzaza ndi minofu yazitsulo ndi kuchokera 1.05 mpaka 1.1 mita. Akambuku amakonda kukwerana kuyambira Januware mpaka kumapeto kwa Marichi, ndipo pakatha masiku 100 kuchokera ku mphaka awiri kapena anayi a mbalame zoyera.
Posaka, anyalugwe a chisanu nthawi zonse amayamba ndi osadukiza, komabe, popeza nyalugwe amakhala nthawi yayitali osasamala, kalulu nthawi zambiri amalumpha chapafupi. Poterepa, kalulu wopusa agonjetsedwa ndi nkhonya, zomwe zimafulumira kwambiri kuti munthuyo samaziwona.
Kusaka kumathera pamenepo, kambuku amadya mtembo wa kalulu mwakachetechete, ndipo ngati nkhosa yamphongo, gwape kapena mbuzi ipezeka pakadali pano, palibe chomwe chimawaopseza konse, mpaka kambuku wa chisanu adzakhalanso ndi njala. Mphaka wamkuluyu amafunika makilogalamu 3 mpaka 5 a nyama nthawi imodzi.
Kalulu
Polankhula za nyama za Baikal, choyambirira, amakumbukira za adani, za mitundu yawo yosawerengeka komanso yomwe ili pangozi, kuyiwala za kalulu. Kalulu woyera ndi nyama, popanda "ambiri odyetsa anzawo ndi okongola" sakanakhoza kufa ndi njala. Hares amakhala monsemo ndipo amakhala ngati chakudya cha pafupifupi nyama zonse zodya nyama.
Oyera okha, nyama ndi zazikulu. Amalemera makilogalamu 2.5 mpaka 5, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira masentimita 50. Amakhulupirira kuti hares amakhala akugwira madzulo ndi usiku, koma hares nthawi zonse amakhala akugwira ntchito pa Nyanja ya Baikal.
Amakumba minks zakuya, kuyambira 8-9 m, izi ndichifukwa choti ma hares amakondabe kuti asakodwe ndi nzala za "Red Book". Zimbalangondo zoyera zimadya zomera zonse, masamba onse, zipatso ndi maluwa, ndi mizu. M'nyengo yozizira, amadya makungwa ndi nthambi.
Akalulu amakonda kuswana, kalulu amabweretsa malita 3-4 a kalulu 2-6 pachaka. Hares amakhala m'dera la nkhokwe mu "mabanja" akulu, ndipo amakhala ochezeka ndipo nthawi zambiri "amathandizana" wina ndi mnzake.
Fox
Ankhandwe omwe akukhala padziko lonse lapansi, m'mbali mwa nyanja, ndi odabwitsa mokwanira, apadera. Pano pali nkhandwe zofiira zomwe zimakhala bata kwathunthu za anthu, ndipo zikawona gulu la akatswiri okaona zachilengedwe, samangochoka, koma amayamba "kujambula", akumwetulira ndi mphuno yawo yonse yokongola.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti njira imeneyi yabala zipatso ndipo kutchuka kwa machenjera ofiira pakati pa alendo kudutsa mphaka wa Pallas, lynx, ngakhale akambuku achisanu.
Nthawi yomweyo, nkhandwe zokha, sizisamala za kufunika kwake, monga alendo nthawi zonse amasiya chokoma, mwachitsanzo, makeke, omwe ma chanterelles amadya mosangalala kwambiri. Atsogoleri samanyalanyaza zinthu zotere, chifukwa ndemanga zowoneka bwino za iwo omwe "amalankhula" ndi nkhandwe zimakopa alendo obwera kuderali.
Nkhandwe ndi chilombo chokoma. Anthu omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi ndi osiyana pang'ono ndi omwe amakhala m'nkhalango zaku Europe. Kulemera kwa chanterelle kwanuko kumasinthasintha mozungulira 10-15 kg, ndipo kutalika kumafikira 80-90 masentimita, kupatula mchira. Mchirawo umachokera ku 60 cm, ndipo nkhandwe sizimakula osati malaya amunthu, koma ngati "stabilizer" poyenda.
Kukongola kwa tsitsi lofiira ndi mano 42 nthawi zambiri kumakhala usiku, koma osati pa Nyanja ya Baikal. Sizikudziwika ngati izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha alendo kapena zochitika zanthawi yayitali za chakudya chachikulu cha nkhandwe - hares.
Chanterelles amakhala padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira zaka 3 mpaka 10, koma m'nkhalangoyi moyo wawo ndiwotalikirapo, malinga ndi ziwerengero zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi osaka nyama, nkhandwe zakomweko zimayamba zaka 15-17.
Maenje a ankhandwe amangogwiritsidwa ntchito pogona pangozi kapena nyengo yoipa komanso kuswana ana. Nyengo ikakhala yabwino, palibe adani pafupi ndipo nkhandwe siyabereka - imagona tulo tofa nato pansi pa chitsamba, itakulungidwa mu mpira.
Ankhandwe ndi osaka bwino kwambiri, koma pa Nyanja ya Baikal nawonso ndi asodzi abwino ndipo amakonda kudya mphutsi ndi mphutsi. Izi zimasiyanitsanso "ma redheads" am'deralo kwa ena onse.
Alibe nthawi yoti "azigonana", koma nkhandwe zimakonda kubereka koyambirira kwamasika. Milandu yalembedwa pomwe mkazi mu mawonekedwe ankhanza adathamangitsa wamphongoyo, pomwe, ngati zonse zitachitikira nkhandwe, anawo amatha kuwonekera "m'nyengo yozizira".
Onse makolo amatenga nawo mbali polera ana. Kodi mabanja a nkhandwe amakhala ndi chiyani pamoyo wawo, monga mimbulu. Banja lililonse lili ndi gawo lake. Komabe, ngati pali chakudya chokwanira, nkhandwe zimakhala bata za "alendo".
Nthawi zambiri, Nyama za m'nyanja ya Baikal, monga mbalame ndi nsomba - onse pamodzi adapanga dziko lawo lapadera, lapadera. Zonsezi ndizolumikizana kwambiri, zonse pamodzi komanso ndi nyanja yomwe.
Izi zitha kuwonedwa koyamba, osati popanda chifukwa, ngakhale mtengo wokwera kwambiri wa ulendowu, kuchuluka kwa alendo okaona zachilengedwe kukuwonjezeka nthawi zonse, ndipo iwo omwe adayendera kale malowa adzabweranso ku malowa.
