Ophiura (kuchokera ku Lat. Ophiuroidea) - nyama zam'nyanja za benthic za mtundu wa echinoderms. Dzina lawo lachiwiri - "michira ya njoka" ndikutanthauzira kwenikweni kuchokera ku Greek Ophiura (njoka, mchira).
Nyamazo zinalandira dzina ili chifukwa cha mayendedwe awo. Amathandizidwa kusunthira pansi ndikutalikirana ndi "manja" amthupi, omwe amapindika ngati njoka.
Kalasi ya Ophiura echinoderms, yomwe imaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 2500 yosiyanasiyana. Oimira ambiri amakhala m'malo otentha, komwe amakhala bwino, ndipo pali mitundu pafupifupi 120 yokha oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi angapezeke mu kuya kwa madzi Russian.
Zotsalira za nyama izi zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale amafufuza zidayamba nthawi yachiwiri ya nyengo ya Paleozoic, yomwe ili pafupifupi zaka 500 miliyoni zapitazo. M'magulu apano, pali magulu awiri akulu a ophiurs:
- Ophiurida - kapena "weniweni ophiura "- echinodermskunyezimira kwake sikukuwala ndipo kulibe zopindika;
- Euryalida - Chilombo oimira "ofiur nthambi ", yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta kwambiri a ray.
Malo a Ophiura
Moyo wa Ophiura amatanthauza pansi. Awa ndi anthu okhala kunyanja yakuya, ndipo matalikidwe ogawa ndi akulu kwambiri. Zosankhidwa mitundu ya ophiur amapezekanso kumadera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma michira ya njoka nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuya mamita zikwi zingapo.
Mitundu yamphompho iyi siyimakwerera kumtunda, yazama kwambiri yapezeka kuphompho kupitirira 6,700 mita kuya. Malo okhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ali ndi kusiyanasiyana kwawo: oimira madzi osaya mkalasi asankha miyala yam'mphepete mwa nyanja, miyala yamiyala yamchere yamchere ndi siponji za algae, okonda zakuya zam'madzi amabisala m'nyanjayi.
Kuboola kwathunthu pansi, ndikungotsalira maulamuliro ake pamtunda. Mitundu yambiri ya ophiura mosangalala imakhazikika pakati pa singano za zikopa zam'nyanja, munthambi zamakorali kapena masiponji ndi algae.
M'madera ena, pali kutikita kwakukulu kwa ophiur, omwe amapanga ma biocenoses, omwe amatenga gawo lalikulu pamoyo wam'madzi. Mitundu yotere imakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito am'madzi, chifukwa amadya zinthu zambiri, ndipo, nawonso, ndi chakudya cha zamoyo zina zam'madzi.
Makhalidwe a kapangidwe ka ophiura
Yatsani chithunzi ofiura yofanana ndi starfish, komabe, kufanana kumeneku kumangolekezera pazizindikiro zakunja. Kapangidwe mkati ndi mbiri yakukula kwa mitundu iwiriyi imasiyana mosiyanasiyana.
Kusintha kwa ophiuria kunasunthira kukulira kwa kunyezimira, kapena "mikono" ya nyama, yopatukana ndi thupi lalikulu. Ndi chithandizo cha iwo, ma ophiuras amayenda bwino kwambiri panyanja.
Pakatikati pathupi pathupi sipapitilira masentimita 10-12, pomwe kunyezimira kochokera pamenepo kumafikira mpaka masentimita 60. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Ophiur ndi ena oimira echinoderms ndikumangidwe kwa kuwala uku.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala zisanu, koma m'mitundu ina manambala amatha kufikira cheza khumi. Amakhala ndi mafupa amtundu wambiri, olumikizidwa pamodzi ndi ulusi wa minofu, mothandizidwa ndi "mikono".
Tithokoze olumikizidwa chotere kapangidwe kaofesi, kunyezimira kwa mitundu ina kumatha kupindika kukhala mpira kuchokera mbali yamkati kupita mbali yayikulu.
Kusuntha kwa ophiur kumachitika mosasunthika, pomwe cheza chimaponyedwa patsogolo, chomwe chimamatira kuzinthu zanyanja ndikunyamula thupi lonse. Vertebrae amatetezedwa kunja ndi mbale zopyapyala za mafupa, zokhala ndi mizere inayi.
Mbale zam'mimba zimakhala ngati chivundikiro cha ma ambulacral grooves, ma mbale ofananira amakhala ndi masingano ambiri amitundu ndi mawonekedwe.
Mbali yakunja yamafupa ili ndi sikelo zazing'ono kwambiri. Ichi ndi mtundu wa chithunzi cha diso. Pakakhala ziwalo zowoneka, ntchitoyi imagwiridwa ndi chipolopolo chomwe, chomwe chimatha kuyankha kusintha kwakanthawi.
Mosiyana ndi starfish, miyendo yama ambulacral yomwe imatuluka m'mabowo a vertebra iliyonse ilibe ma ampoules ndi ma suckers. Amapatsidwa ntchito zina: zovuta komanso kupuma.
Mofanana ndi kunyezimira, chimbale cha snaketail chimaphimbidwa ndi mbale zamagulu ngati masikelo. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi singano, ma tubercles, kapena ma bristles osiyanasiyana. Pakatikati mwa mbali yamkati mwa m'kamwa mwa pentahedral.
Mawonekedwe a pakamwa amalamulidwa ndi nsagwada - ziwonetsero zisanu zazitatu, zokhala ndi mbale zam'kamwa. Kapangidwe kam'kamwa ndi nsagwada kamalola ma ophiuras osati kuphwanya chakudya, komanso kuti agwire ndikugwira.
Ophiur chakudya
Njoka za njoka zimadya nyama zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi mphutsi, plankton, zamoyo zabwino zam'madzi, algae ndi minofu yofewa. Kuwala kwa ophiura ndi miyendo yake nthawi zambiri kumakhudzidwa ndikugwira, kusunga, ndikupereka chakudya pakamwa.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala pansi pake timakopeka ndi miyendo ya ambulacral, pomwe nyama yayikulu imagwidwa ndi kunyezimira, komwe kumakhota kumabweretsa chakudya pakamwa. Ngalande yamatumbo imayamba ndikamwa echinoderm ophiur, wopangidwa ndi:
- Minyewa
- Mimba yomwe imatenga gawo lalikulu la thupi
- Cecum (palibe anus)
Pafupifupi ma ophiura onse amatha kuzindikira nyama kuchokera patali. Miyendo imagwira gawo lofunikira pa izi, zomwe zimapangitsa fungo la chakudya chamtsogolo. Mothandizidwa ndi matabwa, nyama imayenda molowera, mwakachetechete kufikira chandamale.
Nyama zikagaya chakudya ndi sikelo yam'kamwa, cheza chonsecho chimayang'ana m'mwamba molunjika. Madera akulu a nthambi za ophiuria amagwiritsa ntchito kunyezimira kwawo kuti apange misampha yapadera, momwe nyongolotsi zazing'ono, nkhanu kapena jellyfish zimagwera.
Pamphasa wotere wa ma radiation amakhala ndi chakudya chosavuta (plankton). Njira yathanzi imeneyi imakhudzanso mtundu wa fyuluta ya muco-ciliary. Pali odyera mtembo pakati pa echinoderms.
Mitundu ina ya ophiur, mwachitsanzo, wakuda ophiura, ikhoza kusungidwa m'madzi am'madzi. Ziwetozi zimadyetsedwa ndi mitundu yapadera yowuma yam'madzi, koma mutha kuwathandizanso kuzidutswa tating'ono tinsomba.
Kubereka ndi chitukuko cha ophiura
Mitengo yambiri ya njoka imagawika pakati pa akazi ndi abambo, koma palinso mitundu ingapo yama hermaphrodite. Mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ophiur, palinso mitundu yomwe imaberekana mwa magawano osiyanasiyana.
Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri muzichithunzithunzi zazing'ono zisanu ndi chimodzi zotchedwa echinoderms, zomwe m'mimba mwake sizidutsa mamilimita ochepa. Diskiyo imagawidwa mwanjira yoti nthawi zonse pamakhala kuwala kwachitatu ndi gawo limodzi la thupi. Popita nthawi, "mikono" yomwe ikusowayo imabwezeretsedwa, koma imatha kukhala yayifupi kutalika.
Pachimake kuswana kwa ophiur Nthawi zambiri amapezeka masika ndi chilimwe. Kutuluka pa nsonga za kunyezimira, chinyamacho chimaponyera zogonana m'madzi, zomwe zimadzaza ndi amuna.
Pachithunzicho ndi ophiura wakuda
M'madzi, mazirawo amakhala ndi umuna ndikudutsa pagawo la mphutsi - ophiopluteus, yomwe imatha kuzindikirika ndi magawo awiri ofanana ndi njira zazitali.
Izi zimatenga pafupifupi masabata atatu, pambuyo pake kukula konse kwa mphutsi kwa munthu wamkulu kumachitika m'madzi. Ophiura imamira pansi pomwe gawo lakukula limamalizidwa ndipo nyama yaying'ono imatha kukhala moyo wapansi.
Koma si mitundu yonse ya ophiura yomwe imatulutsa maselo a majeremusi m'madzi. Ma echinoderm ena amakhala ndi ana mwa iwo okha, kapena m'matumba apadera - bursa, kapena m'mimba mwake. Madzi abwino amalowa mu bursa kudzera m'mabowo, ndipo ndimadzi atsopano.
Izi zimalola munthu mmodzi kubereka mibadwo ingapo ya nyama mwakamodzi. Ophiuras amatha kuberekanso pawokha mchaka chachiwiri chamoyo, ngakhale nyama yam'nyanja imafika pachimake chomaliza pokhapokha zaka 5-6 zakukhalapo.
