Ruff Ndi nsomba yofala ku Russia, yodziwika ndi msana wake wakuthwa. Monga abale am'mapiri, ma ruff amakhala mumitsinje ndi m'nyanja zokhala ndi madzi oyera komanso pansi pamiyala kapena miyala.
Mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Mtundu wa Ruff umaphatikizapo mitundu 4 ya nsomba, yomwe imafala kwambiri. Iyi ndi nsomba yaing'ono, yomwe kutalika kwake ndi 10-15 cm, makamaka 20-25 cm. Kodi nsomba ruff amaoneka bwanji wamba?
Mtundu wa thupi lake umatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira mchenga mpaka bulauni-imvi ndipo zimatengera malo omwe akukhalamo: nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'madamu okhala ndi mchenga zili ndi mitundu yowala kuposa abale awo ochokera kunyanja zamatope kapena zamiyala. Zipsepse zakumaso ndi zakunja za ruff zili ndi madontho akuda kapena abulauni, zipsepse za pectoral ndizazikulu komanso zopanda utoto.
Mitundu yachilengedwe yodziwika bwino kuyambira ku Europe kupita ku Mtsinje wa Kolyma ku Siberia. Kudera la Europe la Russia, imagawidwa pafupifupi kulikonse. Malo okondedwa ndi nyanja, mayiwe kapena mitsinje yopanda mphamvu. Nthawi zambiri imakhala pansi pafupi ndi gombe.
Pachithunzicho, nsomba imasokonekera
Kuphatikiza pa mwachizolowezi, m'mabeseni a mitsinje ya Don, Dnieper, Kuban ndi Dniester mumakhala nkhono, kapena birch, monga momwe asodzi am'deralo amatchulira. Nsombayi ndiyokulirapo pang'ono kuposa wamba ndipo imakhala ndi mphako wakumbuyo womwe wagawika pakati. Kuti muphunzire kusiyanitsa izi mtundu wankhanza, ndizothandiza kuwona chithunzi cha nsomba yodziwika bwino ndikuyerekeza ndi yam'mphuno.
Mutha kumva za zomwe zili nsomba zam'madzi, koma izi sizoona, chifukwa oimira onse amtunduwu ndiomwe amakhala m'madzi opanda mchere. Komabe, m'nyanja muli nsomba zambiri zapansi zomwe zimakhala ndi minyewa yakuthwa, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa ruffs ndi anthu wamba.
Mitunduyi ndi yamabanja ena komanso genera, chifukwa chake dzinalo silolondola. Kwa funso, nyanja yam'madzi kapena yamtsinje, pali yankho limodzi lokha: ruff sakhala m'madzi amchere. Nanga ndani amatchedwa sea ruff?
Mwa okhala m'madzi amchere, nsomba zinkhanira zimakhala ngati ruff. Iyi ndi nsomba yokhala ndi ray, yomwe imakhala ndi poyizoni wamphamvu. Imafikira theka la mita ndipo imakhala m'nyanja za Pacific ndi Atlantic. Popeza chinkhanira chimakhala chosiyana, tikangolankhula za nsomba zamadzi amchere - ruff yamtsinje.
Kufotokozera ndi moyo
Kufotokozera za nsomba ruff muyenera kuyamba ndi malo ake okhala. Mosungira, ruff amakhalabe pansi, amakonda malo okhala ndi madzi akuya komanso omveka bwino. Kawirikawiri imakwera pamwamba. Imagwira kwambiri nthawi yamadzulo, chifukwa ndi nthawi yomwe imapeza chakudya. Sakonda malo okhala ndi mafunde othamanga, amakonda mitsinje yamadzi opanda phokoso ndi madzi ozizira komanso odekha.
Ruff ndiwodzichepetsa kwambiri, chifukwa chake amakhalanso mumitsinje yam'mizinda, momwe madzi amaipitsidwa ndi zinyalala. Komabe, nsombayi sikupezeka m'madzi osasunthika, chifukwa imazindikira kusowa kwa mpweya. M'madziwe ndi nyanja, amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse, amakhala pansi mozama.
Ruff amakonda madzi ozizira. Ikangotha kutentha mpaka + 20 mchilimwe, nsomba zimayamba kufunafuna malo ozizira kapena kuzizira. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ruff imawoneka m'madzi osaya kokha mu nthawi yophukira, pomwe madzi oundana amakhala, komanso masika: nthawi zina madzi amakhala ofunda kwambiri osaya.
Ndipo m'nyengo yozizira, ruff amakhala womasuka pansi kwambiri. Palinso kufotokozera kwina kwa chizolowezi cha ruff chokhala mozama: sangayime kuwala kowala ndipo amakonda mdima. Ichi ndichifukwa chake olumpha amakonda kukhala pansi pamilatho, m'mayiwe pafupi ndi magombe otsetsereka komanso pakati pazisamba.
Amapeza nyama popanda kuiona, chifukwa chiwalo chapadera - mzere wotsatira - chimasinthasintha pang'ono m'madzi ndikuthandizira nsomba kupeza nyama yomwe ikuyenda. Chifukwa chake, ruff amatha kusaka bwino ngakhale mumdima wathunthu.
Chakudya
Nsomba ruff ndi chilombo. Zakudyazo zimaphatikizapo ma crustaceans ang'onoang'ono, mbozi za tizilombo, komanso mazira ndi mwachangu, chifukwa chake kuswana kumatha kuvulaza nsomba zina.
Ruff ndi a benthophages - ndiye kuti, nyama zolusa zomwe zimadya anthu okhala pansi. Kusankha kwa chakudya kumadalira kukula kwa ruff. Mwachangu omwe amaswa kumene amadyetsa makamaka ma rotifers, pomwe mwachangu zazikulu zimadyetsa ang'onoang'ono cladocerans, ma bloodworms, cyclops ndi daphnia.
Nsomba zokula msinkhu zimakonda nyongolotsi, leeches ndi tizinyama tating'onoting'ono, pomwe zidutswa zazikulu zimadya nyama mwachangu komanso zazing'ono. Ruff ndiwolimba mtima kwambiri, ndipo samasiya kudyetsa ngakhale nthawi yozizira, pomwe mitundu yambiri ya nsomba imanyalanyaza chakudya. Chifukwa chake, imakula chaka chonse.
Ngakhale pali minga yakuthwa pamapiko ake, anyamatawo ndi owopsa kwa nsomba zikuluzikulu zolusa: pike perch, burbot ndi catfish. Koma adani akulu a ruffs si nsomba, koma mbalame zam'madzi: zitsamba, cormorants ndi adokowe. Chifukwa chake, ma ruff amakhala m'malo apakatikati mumtambo wazakudya zamatupi amadzi.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kutulutsa ruffs kumayambiriro kwa masika: mumitsinje mitsinje isanachitike, m'madzi ndi m'madziwe oyenda - kuyambira koyambirira kwa kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana. Pakati pa Russia, nthawi ino ikutha kumapeto kwa Marichi - pakati pa Epulo. Nsomba sizisankha malo apadera ndipo zimatha kubala gawo lililonse lamadzi.
Kubzala kumachitika madzulo kapena usiku, pomwe ma ruffs amasonkhana m'masukulu, omwe amatha kufikira anthu masauzande angapo. Mkazi mmodzi amatayira mazira 50 mpaka 100,000, olumikizana ndi mamina ena.
Zomangamanga zimamangirizidwa kuzinthu zosasunthika pansi: miyala, mitengo yolowerera kapena algae. Mwachangu amatuluka pakatha milungu iwiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kudyetsa ndikukula mwamphamvu. Ma Ruff amakhala okhwima pakangopita zaka 2-3, koma kuthekera kochita kubereka kumadalira osati zaka zokha, komanso kutalika kwa thupi. Kodi ndi nsomba zamtundu wanji zomwe zimatha kuswana?
Amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha ichi nsomba ziyenera kukula mpaka masentimita 10-12. Koma ngakhale atakula motere, mkazi amaikira mazira ochepa panthawi yoyamba kubereka - "okha" masauzande ochepa. Ruff siligwira ntchito kwa anthu azaka zana limodzi. Amakhulupirira kuti akazi achikazi amafika zaka 11, amuna amakhala ndi zaka 7-8.
Koma nsomba zambiri zomwe zimakhala m'malo awo amafa kale kwambiri. Mwachilengedwe, pafupifupi 93% ya anthu omwe ali ndi ruff amapezeka m'masamba ochepera zaka zitatu, ndiye kuti, ngakhale ochepa amapulumuka mpaka kukhwima.
Cholinga chake ndikuti nsomba zambiri zachangu ndi zazing'ono zimawonongedwa ndi zolusa kapena kufa ndi matenda, kusowa kwa mpweya m'nyengo yozizira kapena kusowa kwa chakudya. Ichi ndichifukwa chake akazi amayika zikulu zazikulu zotere: m'modzi yekha mwa mazira makumi masauzande ndi amene adzapulumutse nsomba yayikulu.
