Mawonekedwe, kapangidwe ndi malo okhala nsapato za ciliates
Infusoria choterera ndi selo lophweka lamoyo lomwe likuyenda. Moyo Padziko Lapansi umasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa zamoyo zomwe zikukhalamo, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi kapangidwe kovuta kwambiri komanso kapangidwe kathupi ndi zofunikira zomwe zimawathandiza kukhala ndi moyo padziko lapansi lodzala ndi zoopsa.
Koma pakati pa zolengedwa zachilengedwe palinso zolengedwa zapadera zachilengedwe, zomwe mawonekedwe ake ndi achikale kwambiri, koma ndi omwe kalekale, mabiliyoni azaka zapitazo, adalimbikitsa chitukuko cha moyo ndipo kuchokera kwa iwo zamoyo zovuta kwambiri m'mitundu yawo yonse zidachokera.
Mitundu yakale yazamoyo zomwe zilipo padziko lapansi masiku ano zimaphatikizapo infusoria wotereraza zolengedwa zamagulu amodzi kuchokera pagulu la alveolates.
Dzinalo limadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a thupi lopangidwa ndi cholumikizira, lomwe limafanana ndi nsapato wamba yokhala ndi malekezero abwinobwino komanso opapatiza.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti ndi asayansi monga protozoa wokonzedwa bwino kwambiri wa makilasi am'makalasi, oterera ndizosiyana kwambiri.
Nsapatoyo imadziwika ndi dzina loti ciliate pamapangidwe amthupi lake momwe amapangidwira phazi
Mitundu ina ya kalasiyi, yambiri yomwe ndi yopanda majeremusi, imakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo ndiyosiyanasiyana, imapezeka m'madzi ndi m'nthaka, komanso oimira nyama: nyama ndi anthu, m'matumbo, m'matumbo ndi m'thupi.
Slippers nthawi zambiri amapangidwa mochuluka m'madzi osaya amadzi ndi madzi odekha, bola ngati pali zinthu zambiri zowola m'derali: zomera zam'madzi, zamoyo zakufa, matope wamba.
Ngakhale nyumba yam'madzi yam'madzi yam'madzi imatha kukhala malo oyenera moyo wawo, ndizotheka kuzindikira ndi kusanthula nyama zoterezo pogwiritsa ntchito microscope, ndikutenga madzi olemera ngati utoto. Sitolo yabwino kwambiri ya microscope Macromed ikuthandizani kusankha microscope kuti muwone infusoria.
Infusoria nsapato – protozoa zamoyo, zotchedwa mwanjira ina: caudate paramecia, ndipo ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo kukula kwake kumangokhala 1 mpaka 5 pa magawo khumi a millimeter.
M'malo mwake, ndiopatukana, opanda mtundu, mitundu yazachilengedwe, zomwe zili mkati mwake zomwe zimakhala ziwiri, zotchedwa: zazikulu ndi zazing'ono.
Monga tawonera kukulira chithunzi cha nsapato za ciliates, pamtunda wakunja kwa zamoyo zazing'onozing'ono zotere, pali, zomwe zili m'mizere yayitali, magulu ang'onoang'ono otchedwa cilia, omwe amakhala ngati ziwalo zoyenda nsapato.
Chiwerengero cha miyendo yaying'ono yotereyi ndi yayikulu ndipo imakhala pakati pa 10 mpaka 15 zikwi, m'munsi mwa iliyonse mwa iwo muli thupi loyambira, ndipo pafupi pomwepo pali thumba la parasonic, lomwe limakokedwa ndi nembanemba yoteteza.
Kapangidwe ka nsapato za ciliate, ngakhale zovuta zikuwoneka ngati zosavuta pakuwunika chabe, zili ndi zovuta zokwanira. Kunja, khungu loyenda lotetezedwa ndi chipolopolo cha thinnest zotanuka, chomwe chimathandiza thupi lake kukhalabe lolimba nthawi zonse. Komanso ulusi wothandizira woteteza womwe umakhala wosanjikiza kwa cytoplasm yoyandikana ndi nembanemba.
Ma cytoskeleton ake, kuphatikiza pazomwe zili pamwambazi, ali ndi: ma microtubules, zitsime za alveolar; matupi oyambira ndi cilia ndi ena omwe ali pafupi, alibe; fibrils ndi filamens, komanso ma organelles ena. Chifukwa cha cytoskeleton, ndipo mosiyana ndi nthumwi ina ya protozoa - amoeba, infusoria woterera osakhoza kusintha mawonekedwe amthupi.
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa nsapato za ciliates
Zolengedwa zazing'onoting'ono izi nthawi zambiri zimangoyenda ngati kuyenda, zimathamanga pafupifupi mamilimita awiri ndi theka pamphindikati, zomwe kwa zolengedwa zazing'ono zotere zimakhala kutalika kwa thupi kwa nthawi 5-10.
Kupita ciliates nsapato imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malekezero opindika kutsogolo, pomwe ili ndi chizolowezi chokhotakhota m'mbali mwake.
Nsapatoyo, ikugwedeza mwamphamvu miyendo ya cilia ndikuibwezeretsa bwino kumalo awo, imagwira ntchito ngati ziwalo zoyenda ngati kuti zikwakwera bwato. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa zikwapu zotere kumafupipafupi pafupifupi katatu pamphindikati.
Ponena za ma organelles amkati a nsapato, gawo lalikulu la ma ciliates limakhudzidwa ndi kagayidwe kake, kayendedwe, kupuma ndi chakudya, ndipo chaching'ono chimayang'anira ntchito yobereketsa.
Kupuma kwa zolengedwa zosavuta izi kumachitika motere: mpweya kudzera mu ziphuphu za thupi umalowa mu cytoplasm, komwe mothandizidwa ndi mankhwalawa, zinthu zakuthupi zimapangidwanso ndikusandulika carbon dioxide, madzi ndi mankhwala ena.
Ndipo chifukwa cha izi, mphamvu imapangidwa, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi tizilombo m'moyo wake. Kupatula apo, mpweya woipa umachotsedwa mchipindamo.
Mbali ya nsapato za infusoria, monga khungu lamoyo losaoneka bwino kwambiri, limatha kutengera zamoyo zazing'ono izi poyankha chilengedwe: mawonekedwe amakina ndi mankhwala, chinyezi, kutentha ndi kuwala.
Kumbali imodzi, amakonda kusunthira m'magulu a mabakiteriya kuti akwaniritse ntchito yawo yofunikira komanso zakudya, koma mbali inayi, kutulutsa kovulaza kwa tizilombo timeneti kumakakamiza ma cili kuti asambire kutali ndi iwo.
Nsapatozo zimakhudzanso madzi amchere, pomwe amafulumira kutuluka, koma amayenda molunjika potentha ndi kuwala, koma mosiyana euglena, infusoria woterera yachikale kwambiri kotero kuti ilibe diso lowonera.
Zakudya zotsekemera za infusoria
Maselo obzala ndi mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana omwe amapezeka mochuluka m'madzi amadzi amapanga maziko kupereka ciliate nsapato... Ndipo amachita izi mothandizidwa ndi kabowo kakang'ono kam'manja, kamene kamakhala ngati kamwa kamene kamayamwa chakudya chomwe chimalowa m'khola la ma cell.
Ndipo kwa izo mu m'mimba vacuole - ndi organoid imene organic chakudya digested. Zinthu zolowetsedwa zimachiritsidwa kwa ola limodzi zikawonetsedwa ndi acidic kenako zamchere.
Pambuyo pake, michereyo imanyamulidwa ndi mafunde a cytoplasm kumadera onse a thupi la ciliate. Ndipo zinyalalazo zimachotsedwa panja kudzera mumapangidwe - ufa, womwe umayikidwa kuseri kwa pakamwa.
Mu ma ciliates, madzi ochulukirapo olowa mthupi amachotsedwa kudzera mu contractile vacuoles yomwe ili kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa mapangidwe a organic. Samatunga madzi okha, komanso amawononga zinthu. Nambala yawo ikafika kumapeto, amatsanulira.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Njira zoberekera zamoyo zoyambirirazo zimachitika zogonana komanso zogonana, ndipo kachigawo kakang'ono kameneka kamakhala kotenga nawo mbali pazochitika zonsezi.
Kuberekana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndichachikale kwambiri ndipo kumachitika kudzera m'chigawo chofala kwambiri chamoyocho kukhala ziwiri, zonse zofanana, mbali zina. Kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa njirayi, mkati mwake mumapangidwa ma nuclei awiri mkati mwa thupi la ciliate.
Kenako pamakhala kugawikana m'magulu awiri aakazi, iliyonse yomwe imatenga gawo lake Organoid amadzimadzi otsekemera, ndipo zomwe zikusowa m'zinthu zonse zatsopano zimapangidwa mwatsopano, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izi zikhale zosavuta kuchita ntchito zawo zamtsogolo mtsogolo.
Pogonana, zolengedwa zazing'onozing'ono izi zimayamba kuberekana pokhapokha. Izi zitha kuchitika mwadzidzidzi pangozi zowopsa pamoyo, mwachitsanzo, kuzizira kozizira kapena kusowa zakudya.
Ndipo mutatha kukhazikitsa ndondomekoyi, nthawi zina, tizilombo tonse tomwe timalumikizana titha kukhala chotupa, tomwe timakhala tomwe timayimitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi likhale m'malo ovuta kwa nthawi yayitali, mpaka zaka khumi. Koma pansi pazinthu zachilendo, zaka za ma ciliili sizikhala zazifupi, ndipo, mwalamulo, sangathe kukhala moyo wopitilira tsiku limodzi.
Pa nthawi yobereka, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalumikizidwa kwakanthawi, zomwe zimabweretsa kugawidwa kwa zinthu zakuthupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu onse azitha kukula.
Dziko loterolo limatchedwa kuti asayansi ndikulumikizana ndipo limapitilira pafupifupi theka la tsiku. Pakugawana uku, kuchuluka kwa maselo sikukuwonjezeka, koma chidziwitso chobadwa chokha chimasinthana pakati pawo.
Pakulumikiza kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono pakati pawo, chipolopolo chotetezeracho chimasungunuka ndikusowa, ndipo mlatho wolumikiza umawoneka m'malo mwake. Kenako khungu lalikulu la ma cell awiriwo limatha, ndipo ang'onoang'ono amagawika kawiri.
Chifukwa chake, pamakhala nthiti zinayi zatsopano. Komanso, onsewa, kupatula m'modzi, awonongedwa, ndipo omaliziranso agawika pakati. Kusinthana kwa mitsempha yotsalayo kumachitika pamlatho wa cytoplasmic, ndipo kuchokera pazomwe zimatulukazo, ma nuclei obadwa kumene, onse akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono, amatuluka. Pambuyo pake, ma ciliili amasiyana.
Zamoyo zophweka kwambiri zimagwira ntchito mozungulira moyo wawo ntchito, nsapato za infusoria amawononga mitundu yambiri ya mabakiteriya ndipo amadzipereka ngati chakudya cha nyama zazing'ono zopanda nyama. Nthawi zina ma protozoa amapangidwa mwapadera ngati chakudya cha mwachangu nsomba za m'madzi.
