Black grouse - mbalame ya m'nkhalango yaku Russia
Teterev - wodziwika bwino mu nthano ya ana "Fox ndi Blackcock". Ngwazi wololera, anayeza, ndi kudziletsa ndi kupirira. Kodi alenje amadziwa kuti iye ndi ndani, amene adaphunzira za umunthu wake ndikuyitanitsa grouse yakuda m'njira yawo: blackie, tambala wam'munda, birch kapena kosach. Mkazi amakhalanso ndi mayina ambiri achikondi: grouse, whale whale, hazel-grouse, pole.
Mitundu ya grouse yakuda
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi mitundu iwiri, makamaka yomwe imakhala mdera la Russia: wakuda grouse ndi grucus wakuda waku Caucasus. Nkhalango, steppe ndi nkhalango-steppe zone ndi gawo la malo okhala anthu akuda.
Kosach amadziwika bwino chifukwa chokhazikika kufupi ndi Arctic Circle, ndipo wakuda wakuda waku Caucasus, malinga ndi dzinalo, amakhala ku Caucasus, koma manambala ake ali pachiwopsezo cha kutha, mitunduyi idalembedwa mu Red Book. Mbalame yakuda yaku Caucasus ndiyocheperako kuposa kukula kwa kosach, imasiyana pang'ono ndi nthenga ndi mawonekedwe a mchira, womwe umakhala wopindika mbali.
Kunja kwina, grouse yakuda imadziwika kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, kumadzulo kwa Mongolia, ku Germany, Poland, kumpoto kwa Britain, Scandinavia ndi mayiko ena. Mmodzi mwa abale akulu kwambiri ndi sage grouse ku North America, yolemera mpaka 4 kg ndikulemera mpaka 75 cm.
Mu chithunzi sage grouse
Malo okondedwa a grouse wakuda ndi nkhalango za birch zomwe zili ndi malo otseguka, zodzala ndi tchire, zitsamba, ndi matupi apamadzi. Kuti aphatikize birch ku Germany, mbalameyi imatchedwa birch grouse. Madera otseguka, omwe kale amakhala ndi grouse yakuda, ndikupanga ulimi, pang'onopang'ono adayamba kukonza anthu, ndipo mbalame zimayenera kubwerera.
Maonekedwe akunja a grouse wakuda
Black grouse - mbalame zokongola: nthenga zakuda zokhala ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira, mchira wooneka ngati zeze wokhala ndi zoyera zoyera zosiyana, nsidze zofiira kwambiri. Madera a nthenga zoyera m'matumba achikuda nthawi zambiri amatchedwa magalasi.
Black grouse ndi woimira mtundu wake. Kwa nthenga za mchira, zofanana ndi nkhumba zakuda, adalandira dzina lachiwiri. Kukula kwa amuna pafupifupi kufika 60 cm ndikulemera mpaka 1.5 kg.
Kosach, imodzi mwamitundu yodziwika bwino ya grouse yakuda
Gulu limakhala locheperako: limakula mpaka 50 cm, lolemera zosaposa 1 kg. Mtundu wa grouse umasiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo umayandikira kufiira kofiirira kapena imvi, mchira ndi wamfupi.
Mutu wa grouse wakuda ndi wawung'ono, mlomo ndi wamfupi komanso wamphamvu. Nthenga zazitali pamapiko amathandizira kuwongolera mayendedwe, amakhala ngati chiwongolero.
Mawu a grouse wakuda amadziwika, kosachi panthawi yamasamba amalira mokweza komanso kwanthawi yayitali ndikung'ung'udza. Kulira kofuula kumasinthasintha. Ma grouse amakhala ngati nkhuku, kumapeto kwa kuyimba amatulutsa mawu. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimakhala chete.
Mverani mawu aku grouse wakuda
Kukhala m'chilengedwe
Black grouse m'chilengedwe amakhala okangalika kwambiri pamoyo wamunthu, amasunga, kupatula nthawi yokhwima, m'magulu osakanikirana a amuna ndi akazi. Chiwerengero cha anthu mgululi chafika mitu 200. Ntchito yayitali nthawi yotentha ndi m'mawa komanso dzuwa lisanalowe. Masana, mbalame zimakhala padzuwa, zimakhala panthambi.
Mbalame zimakhala moyo wokhazikika. Kwa nthawi yayitali amayenda pansi, amayenda mwachangu komanso modekha ngakhale munkhalango zowirira. Kumeneku amapeza chakudya, kuswana ndi kupumula. Amatha kugona pansi, pansi pa tchire, pazitenje.
Ngati ndi kotheka, nyamukani mwachangu komanso mwaphokoso. Kuuluka kwa mbalame kumathamanga komanso kusunthika. Grouse yakuda imatha kuonedwa mofanana ngati yapadziko lapansi komanso yopanda tanthauzo. Amadutsa pamitengo molimba mtima, kugona usiku wonse pa nthambi, amakhala mosasunthika ngakhale panthambi zoonda zomwe sizimatha kuthandizira kulemera kwake.
Pofunafuna ndolo zokongola, amatha kupachikika mozondoka, kwinaku akumata mwamphamvu panthambi ndi zikhasu zawo.
Grouse yakuda imamva bwino komanso kuwona bwino, makamaka mu grouse, omwe ndi oyamba kupereka ma alamu. Khalidwe limasamala kwambiri, ngati pangakhale zoopsa Kosach amatha kuthawa makilomita makumi angapo. Kuthamanga kwapaulendo kumafika 100 km / h.
Moyo wa mbalame umakhala ndi nyengo zosiyana, makamaka nthawi yachisanu. Black grouse m'nyengo yozizira masana imakhala m'mitengo, nthawi zambiri pamitengo, ndipo pakadutsa imayamba kubisala pansi pa chipale chofewa, ikulowera kuchokera pamwamba ndikulowera pachipale chofewa ndikupanga ngalande yakuya.
Potuluka m'chipinda chawo chogona, mbalame zimakumba chipale chofewa. Kukonzekera malo ogona m'chipale chofewa kumatha kukonzedwa pang'onopang'ono, kudzera pang'onopang'ono, kukankhira chidzenje ndi mapiko akuya masentimita 50.
Pakati pa chisanu choopsa, kupezeka m'misasa kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Black grouse imangotuluka pansi pa chipale chofewa kuti idye kwa maola 1-2. Ngati palibe amene akuvutitsa mbalame, zimatuluka pang'onopang'ono m'mabowo, zimayenda mita zingapo kenako nkunyamuka.
Kutentha kwanyengo, komwe kumakhudza kupangika kwa madzi oundana, ndi zopinga kupulumutsa m'zisa za chisanu, kumakhala vuto kwa mbalame.
Kukhala pansi pa chipale chofewa sikuchepetsa kuchepa kwa ma braids ndikumva bwino. Amamva kulumpha kwa kalulu, ndikumenyedwa kwa nkhandwe, ndikuyenda kwa mphaka. Ngati phokoso likuwoneka pafupi ndi chinyengo chofiira kapena chipale chofewa kuchokera pa skis za alenje, grouse yakuda imasiya misewuyo ndikutha msanga.
Pavuli paki, mbereri zayamba kutayika. Black grouse imayesetsa kutenthetsa mpaka mafunde, imangokhala ndi cheza pafupi ndi mbali zotseguka. Zolukazo zili ndi adani okwanira: nkhandwe ndi masabata, nguluwe zakutchire ndi ma martens, akalulu ndi akadzidzi. Ziphuphu zakuda zamiyendo inayi ndi nthenga ndizakudya zokoma.
Kuwononga kwakukulu kwa mbalame, kumene, ndikololedwa ndi munthu. Alenje, ataphunzira za mtundu wosamala, koma, nthawi yomweyo, mbalame yonyenga, imatha kunyamula ana onse nthawi imodzi. Zochita zachuma: zokopa alendo, kumanga misewu ndi zingwe zamagetsi, kukonza malo owonongeka, - amafinya ma grouse akuda m'malo awo wamba.
Chakudya chamagulu akuda
Zakudyazo zimachokera pazakudya zamasamba. M'nyengo yotentha, kuyambira kasupe mpaka koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira, masamba a misondodzi, aspens, alder, masamba owutsa mudyo ndi zipatso za mbalame yamatcheri, mabulosi abulu, mabulosi abulu, ananyamuka m'chiuno, mbewu za sedge zimakhala chakudya.
Chakudya cha nyama monga tizilombo ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono ndi gawo limodzi la chakudya chawo, makamaka makamaka kuti anapiye amadyetsedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pazimbudzi zoyera, mbalame, monga abale awo, zimakanda timiyala ting'onoting'ono ndi mbewu zolimba - gastroliths.
Black grouse m'dzinja amalimbikira kuminda komwe mbewu zimatsalira. Mpaka chipale chofeŵa choyamba, amangoyendayenda m'makamu mwawo kufunafuna tirigu amene watsala. M'nyengo yozizira, chakudya chimachokera ku birch masamba ndi catkins. Ngati mulibe okwanira, ndiye kuti nthambi zoonda zimadontha.
Akazi a grouse wakuda amakhala ndi nthenga zofewa za motley
Mu nthawi yovuta m'nkhalango chakudya chamagulu akuda ma singano a paini ndi ma cones, zipatso za juniper. Atadzaza mbewuyo ndi chakudya chozizira kwambiri, mbalamezi zimakonda kupita ku chisa kukatenthetsa chakudya ndi kutentha kwawo.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Masika, nyengo yokhwima imayamba ndipo Grouse mating nthawi m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, momwe amasonkhana pamalo amodzi. Kuyitana kwamphongo kwamphongo kumadziwika bwino ndi alenje. Nthawi zambiri anthu 10-15 amasonkhana pakadali pano, koma ndi kuchepa kwa anthu, mutu wa mitu 3-5 umakhala pafupipafupi.
Kutalika kwamakono kuli pakatikati pa Epulo mpaka pakati pa Juni. Idasokonezedwa mbalame zikayamba kusungunuka.
Zojambula za grouse - chithunzi chochititsa chidwi cha chilengedwe, chomwe sichinafotokozedwe kamodzi m'mabukuwa. Mbalame zokongola zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa chilengedwe chokongola ndi nyimbo zokongola kwambiri zimapanga mphika wokhala ndi moyo, womwe umamveka bwino nyengo ya 3 km.
Zisa zimakonzedwa ndi ma grouse awiri pansi panthambi ya nthambi. Awa ndi maenje ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi masamba a masamba, timitengo tating'ono, udzu, moss, ndi nthenga. Mkaziyo amaikira yekha mazira 6-8 kwa masiku 22-23. Amuna satenga nawo mbali posamalira ana. Amuna amakhala ndi mitala, nthawi zambiri pamakhala akazi angapo pamwamuna.
Chisa chokhala ndi clutch ya mazira chimatetezedwa bwino ndi grouse. Mwachinyengo amasokonekera, akuuluka pachisa ndikunyengerera nyama yolandayo kunkhalango, ndipo iyenso amabwerera ku clutch. Amatengera anapiye omwe akutulukawo kupita nawo kumalo ena otetezeka.
Grouse ndi mayi wabwino, wodzipereka kuteteza ana ku chisanu ndi kuukira kwa adani. Patatha sabata, achichepere akuyesera kuwuluka, ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi ndi theka, moyo wodziyimira pawokha umayamba.
Kugwa, nthawi yobwereza mobwerezabwereza imadza, koma osati yogwira ngati masika. Pali ngakhale nyengo zodziwika bwino m'nyengo yozizira ku Mongolia, koma ndichinthu chapadera mwachilengedwe. Mwachilengedwe, pafupifupi moyo wa grouse ali ndi zaka 11-13.
Kujambula ndi chisa chakuda chakuda ndi mazira
Kusaka kwakuda kwakuda
Black grouse kusaka - classic, wodziwika kwanthawi yayitali, wokhala ndi njira zitatu zazikulu:
- mothandizidwa ndi kanyumba;
- kuchokera pakuyandikira;
- kuchokera pakhomo.
Nyumbazi zimamangidwa chifukwa cha tchire ndi nthambi zomwe zikukula kutali ndi malowa. Kusaka kumafuna kukhala kwakanthawi m'kanyumba ndi kupirira kwakukulu, kuti asawopsyeze mbalame kutali ndi komwe zimakhalako.
Black grouse kuchokera kufikako ogwidwa akungotuluka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena ali okha. Ntchito ya mlenjeyo ndikuyandikira kwambiri nthawi yomwe amayimba. Ngati pali mbalame zambiri, ndiye kuti mayesowo sangapambane kuwopsyeza grouse yakuda yonse... Chifukwa chake, njirayi imachitika kwa osungulumwa.
Kusaka kofananako kuchokera pakhomo kumayandikira kuyandikira ndi kavalo kapena bwato kupita pagombe, lomwe lasankhidwa pakadali pano. Black grouse kusaka m'dzinja Nthawi zambiri amachitidwa ndi agalu, ndipo nthawi yozizira - ndi mbalame zodzaza. Choyika chakuda chakuda imagwira ntchito ngati chinyengo kwa abale omwe awona membala wa ziweto zawo panthambi.
Okonda zachilengedwe ambiri amadziwa za grouse yakuda, mawonekedwe ake, kuyesetsa osati kokha kusaka ndi maphikidwe ophikira grouse, komanso kuteteza mbalame yokongola komanso yogwira ntchito m'nkhalango yaku Russia.
