Mkango wamapiri - mphaka uwu uli ndi mayina ambiri kuposa nyama ina iliyonse. Koma zilizonse zomwe mungatchule, ndi mphaka yemweyo, Puma concolor, woimira wamkulu kwambiri wamitundu yonse ya mphaka. Chifukwa chiyani ali ndi mayina ambiri? Makamaka chifukwa ili ndi malo okhalamo, ndipo anthu ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana amalitchula mwanjira yawo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mkango wam'mapiri
Mkango wamapiri ndi mphaka wamkulu, wokongola komanso wa banja la mphalapala. Amatchedwanso cougars, panther, ndi cougars. Ngakhale mikango yamphiri ndi amphaka akulu, saikidwa m'gulu la "amphaka akulu". M'malo mwake, ndi amodzi amphaka akulu kwambiri mgulu la "mphaka wawung'ono", ngakhale ena atha kufanana ndi kambuku.
Video: Mkango Wamphiri
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zowonekera kwambiri kuti mphaka wamkuluyu komanso wamphamvu sanasankhidwe kuti ndi m'modzi mwa amphaka "akulu" padziko lapansi chifukwa mkango wamapiri sungathe kulira. Miyendo yakumbuyo yamphamvu ya mikango yamapiri ndi yolimba kwambiri kotero kuti sikuti imangowalola kugunda nyama yawo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ali otetezeka, komanso imatha kulumpha mtunda wautali.
Imodzi mwamasamba odziwika kwambiri a cougar ndi Florida Panther, yomwe ndi yaying'ono kwambiri pamitundu ya cougar komanso yosowa kwambiri. Pokhulupirira kuti watsala pang'ono kutha, nyama yomwe ili pangozi ili ndi ubweya wofiira kwambiri pabweya kumbuyo kwake komanso malo akuda pakati.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Dzinalo la sayansi Puma concolor ndi losokoneza pang'ono chifukwa silolondola kwenikweni. Concolor amatanthauza "mtundu umodzi", koma izi sizowona kwathunthu: mikango yaying'ono yamapiri imakhala ndi utoto umodzi, ndipo akulu amakhala ndi mithunzi yosakanikirana, yokhala ndi mthunzi wonse kuyambira imvi mpaka dzimbiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mkango wamapiri umawonekera
Mikango yam'mapiri ili ndi mitundu yofananira yamphaka zoweta, kokha pamlingo wokulirapo. Ali ndi matupi owonda komanso mitu yozungulira yokhala ndi makutu owongoka. Amakhala pakati pa 1.5-2.7 m kuyambira mutu mpaka mchira. Pomwe amuna amatha kulemera mpaka makilogalamu 68, akazi amalemera pang'ono, mpaka kufika makilogalamu pafupifupi 45.
Mikango yamapiri yamangidwa bwino, ili ndi miyendo ikuluikulu ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndi yayikulu komanso yolimba kuposa miyendo yakutsogolo, kuwapatsa mphamvu yolumpha. Mikango yamapiri imatha kudumpha mita 5.5 kuchokera pansi kupita pamitengo, ndipo imatha kulumpha 6.1 mita kukwera kapena kutsika phiri, womwe ndi kutalika kwa nyumba zambiri zosanjikiza ziwiri. Mikango yamapiri imathanso kuthamanga ndipo imakhala ndi msana wofanana ndi cheetah womwe umawathandiza kuyendetsa zopinga ndikusintha njira mwachangu.
Chovala cha mkango chakumtunda ndi chofiirira mpaka kufiira pang'ono ndi mbali zowala kumunsi kwake. Mchira uli ndi malo akuda kumapeto. Mphuno ndi chifuwa ndi zoyera, ndizolemba zakuda kumaso, makutu ndi nsonga ya mchira. Ana amphaka a mkango ali ndi mawanga akuda mpaka atakwanitsa miyezi 6.
Mwachilengedwe komanso nyengo, mithunzi ya bulauni kuyambira imvi mpaka bulauni yofiirira, ndipo ma cougars ena akuda adanenedwa. Mitundu yamitundu pankhope imasiyananso. Pansi pake pali opepuka kuposa pamwamba. Mchira wautali nthawi zambiri umakhala wakuda ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi nthaka mkango wakumapiri ukamayenda.
Nsagwada zakumunsi ndizochepa, zakuya komanso zamphamvu. Mano a Carnassial ndi akulu komanso ataliatali. Ma canine ndiolemera komanso othina. Ma incisors ndi ochepa komanso owongoka. Mikango yam'mapiri imakhala ndi malo ena ocheperako mbali iliyonse ya nsagwada, mosiyana ndi mphaka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mapazi a mikango yam'mapiri amasiya zala zinayi kuphazi lakumaso ndi zala zinayi kumbuyo. Zikhadabo zobwezeretsanso sizikuwonetsedwa pazithunzi.
Kodi mkango wamapiri umakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: American Mountain Lion
Mkango wam'mapiri umakhulupirira kuti ndi imodzi mwamagulu osinthika kwambiri, chifukwa amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana. Komabe, ndikukula kwa malo okhala ndikuchotsa malo olimapo, mkango wamapiri umakankhidwira kudera laling'ono lakale, ndikubwerera kudera lamapiri lomwe lili kutali kwambiri ndi anthu. Pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yamikango yamapiri, yogawidwa m'malo monga:
- South ndi Central America;
- Mexico;
- Western ndi North America;
- Florida.
Mikango yam'mapiri imakonda kuyenda m'malo omwe sangaoneke, monga mapiri amiyala kapena nkhalango zakuda. Nthawi zambiri samalimbana ndi anthu pokhapokha atawona kuti ali m'mbali kapena kuwopsezedwa. Ambiri mwa mikango yamapiri amapezeka kumadzulo kwa Canada, koma awonekeranso kumwera kwa Ontario, Quebec ndi New Brunswick. Mikango yam'mapiri ndiyofunikira ngati nyama zoyambitsa nyama zomwe zimakhalamo. Amathandizira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri osatulutsidwa.
Ngakhale mikango yam'mapiri yomwe imawukira anthu ndi yosowa kwambiri, yawonjezeka mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Monga momwe zimaphera ziweto zambiri, mkango wakumapiri womwe umagunda munthu nthawi zambiri umakhala nyama yanjala yomwe imayendetsedwa m'malo okhala ndi amuna olamulira kwambiri.
Koma ndikulowa kwa anthu kudera lamikango yamapiri komwe kumapangitsa kuti pakhale malo okhala mkango wamapiri. Anthu ambiri akamapuma ndikukhala kumadera akumidzi, mpamene mwayi wokumana ndi nyama zobisika izi. Komabe, mosamala, anthu ndi mikango yamapiri imatha kukhalapo.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene mkango wamapiri umakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe mphaka wamtchireyu akudya.
Kodi mkango wamapiri umadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mkango wamapiri kuchokera ku Red Book
Mikango yam'mapiri imasaka malo akulu, ndipo zimatha kutenga m'modzi wamtunduwu mlungu umodzi kuti ayendeyende nyumba yonse. Mikango yam'mapiri imadya nyama zosiyanasiyana kutengera komwe amakhala. Kwenikweni, mkango wamapiri ungadye nyama iliyonse yomwe ingagwire, ngakhale yayikulu ngati mphamba.
Chakudya chawo chitha kukhala:
- mbawala;
- nkhumba;
- magalasi;
- ziphuphu;
- armadillos;
- hares;
- mapuloteni.
Mikango yam'mapiri imakonda kusaka agwape, ngakhale imadyanso nyama zing'onozing'ono monga mphalapala, nungu, ndi nkhandwe. Nthawi zambiri amasaka usiku kapena nthawi yamdima yakutuluka ndi kulowa kwa dzuwa. Amphakawa amagwiritsa ntchito msanganizo wobisalira ndi mphamvu posaka. Mkango wamapiri umathamangitsa nyama yake kudutsa tchire ndi mitengo komanso pamwamba pa miyala asanadumphe mwamphamvu kumsana kwa wolakwiridwayo ndikuluma khosi. Msana wa cougar wosinthika umasinthidwa ndi njirayi yakupha.
Zimadziwika kuti nyama yayikulu ikafa, mkango wamapiri umakutira ndi tchire ndikubwerera kukadya masiku angapo. Amathandizira zakudya zawo ndi tizilombo tambiri ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Zakudya zapachaka zimakhala pakati pa 860 mpaka 1300 makilogalamu azakudya zazikulu, pafupifupi 48 ungulates mkango wamphiri pachaka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mikango yam'mapiri imakhala ndi maso akuthwa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imapeza nyama yomwe imayang'anitsitsa poyang'ana ikusuntha. Amphakawa amasaka kwambiri madzulo kapena m'mawa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mkango wam'mapiri m'nyengo yozizira
Mikango yam'mapiri ndi nyama zakutchire, ndipo gawo limadalira mtunda, zomera komanso kuchuluka kwa nyama. Mikango yam'mapiri imapewa madera okhala anthu. Madera azimayi nthawi zambiri amakhala theka la magawo amwamuna.
Mikango yam'mapiri imagwira ntchito kwambiri m'mawa ndi madzulo. Mikango yam'mapiri imadya nyama zomwe zimawabisalira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amadalira kuchenjera komanso chinthu chodabwitsa kuti agwire nyama zawo - makamaka mphalapala ndi mphalapala, nthawi zina nkhuku kapena mphamba, ndipo nthawi zina mitundu yaying'ono ngati ma raccoon. akalulu, beavers, kapena mbewa.
Amakhala m'malo akulu omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ovunda kapena ozungulira. Dera lowopsa komanso kuchuluka kwake zimadalira kuchuluka kwa nyama, zomera ndi mtunda. Ngati pangakhale kuchepa kwa zokolola mdera linalake, kukula kwa magawo amtundu uliwonse kumakhala kokulirapo. Alibe mapanga osatha, koma amapezeka m'mapanga, pakati pamiyala yamiyala ndiudzu wandiweyani. Mikango yamapiri imakonda kusamukira kumapiri nthawi yozizira, makamaka posaka nyama.
Mikango yam'mapiri ndi amphaka amphongo omwe amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kutsitsa kwawo, kulira, kuwomba, ndi kufuula. Popeza ali ndi miyendo ikuluikulu yakumbuyo mu banja la amphaka, mikango yamapiri imatha kudumpha kwambiri - mpaka mamita 5.4. Kudumpha kopingasa kumatha kuwerengedwa kuchokera pa 6 mpaka 12 mita. Ndi amphaka othamanga kwambiri komanso okwera kukwera ndipo amatha kusambira.
Mikango yam'mapiri makamaka imadalira pakuwona, kununkhiza komanso kumva. Amagwiritsa ntchito kulira pang'ono, kulira, kuwomba ndi kulira m'malo osiyanasiyana. Phokoso, malikhweru amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyitana amayi. Kukhudza ndikofunikira pamgwirizano wapakati pa mayi ndi mwana. Kulembera kununkhira ndikofunikira potengera magawo ndi thanzi la uchembere.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mkango wamapiri mwachilengedwe
Mkango wakumapiri kuthengo sungakwerane kufikira utakhazikika. Mikango yamapiri imayamba kubala pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Mofanana ndi mbalame zina zambiri zamphongo, ana a mkango wamapiri amabadwa akhungu komanso osowa chochita kwa milungu iwiri yoyambirira yamoyo, mpaka maso awo abuluu atatseguka.
Ana amachotsedwa kwa amayi awo miyezi 2-3. Mikango yamapiri yomwe yangobadwa kumene ili ndi mawanga omwe amawathandiza kuti azisakanikirana ndi udzu komanso kuwala kwa dzuwa. Maso awo amasinthanso kuchoka kubuluu kukhala chikasu akafika miyezi 16.
Pofika miyezi 18, amphaka achichepere amasiya amayi awo kuti azidzisamalira. Mayi amawadyetsa kwa miyezi itatu, koma amayamba kudya nyama pafupifupi milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Pakatha miyezi 6, mawanga awo amayamba kuzimiririka ndipo amaphunzitsidwa kusaka. Ana amakhala ndi amayi awo kwa miyezi 12-18.
Ana a mikango yakumapiri ndi oopsa kwambiri kuposa ana ndi ana amphaka ena ambiri - sangawonongeke kuyambira pobadwa, ndipo zoyesayesa zonse zokhala paubwenzi ndi mkango wamapiri zimawoneka ngati zalephera. Mikango yam'mapiri ndi nyama zamtchire mwanjira yachilendo, ndipo sizikuwoneka ngati zoweta zoweta zilizonse.
Mikango yam'mapiri imaswana chaka chonse, koma nthawi yoswana nthawi zambiri imachitika pakati pa Disembala mpaka Marichi. Mikango yaikazi yamphiri imabereka zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Kumtchire, mkango wamapiri umatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 10. Ali mu ukapolo akhoza kukhala zaka 21.
Adani achilengedwe a mikango yamapiri
Chithunzi: Mountain Lion ku America
Nthawi zambiri, mkango wakumapiri ulibe adani achilengedwe ndipo uli pamwamba pachakudya. Komabe, nthawi zina amapikisana ndi nyama zina zolusa monga zimbalangondo ndi mimbulu kufuna chakudya. Mimbulu imawopseza mikango yam'mapiri, mwachindunji kapena m'njira zina. Mimbulu sikudya ana amphaka omwe amaphedwa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti amapha kuti athetse mpikisano. Ndipo ngakhale mimbulu sinaphe mikango yayikulu yamapiri, ikuwoneka kuti imawathamangitsa nthawi iliyonse.
Choopseza chachikulu kwa mkango wamapiri ndikusowa malo. Pamene anthu amafufuza mozama malo ake, osati kungopeza nyumba komanso ziweto, komanso zosangalatsa, mikango yamapiri imalimbana kuti ipange malo okwanira osakira popanda kuwononga anthu. Ndipamene mdani ameneyu amakhala nyama yosaka nyama, chitetezo cha ziweto komanso chitetezo cha ziweto, ndipo nthawi zina ana.
Chochititsa kwambiri kufa kwa mikango yam'mapiri ndikusaka, komwe kumapangitsa pafupifupi theka la anthu akufa. Nyengo yoyamba yosaka mikango yam'mapiri idakhazikitsidwa mu 2005 ngati "nyengo yoyesera" ndipo nyengo ino ikupitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chothanirana ndi mikango yam'mapiri pamlingo woyenera.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe mkango wamapiri umawonekera
Pakadali pano, mikango yamapiri imapezeka kwambiri kumadzulo kwa 100 ° West longitude (pafupifupi kuchokera kumzinda wa Texas kupita ku Saskatchewan), kupatula kumwera kwa Texas. Zambiri ku Central ndi South America zikusowa, ngakhale akukhulupirira kuti malo abwino kwambiri a mikango yamapiri amakhala kumeneko.
Ngakhale kulibe kuyerekezera kwenikweni kwa kuchuluka kwa mikango yamapiri padziko lapansi, akuti pali anthu pafupifupi 30,000 ku America West. Zocheperako zimatha kuyambira pa mkango wamapiri 1-7 pa 100 km2, ndi amuna onyamula akazi angapo mnyumba mwawo.
Masiku ano, ziweto zoyera zapezeka m'malo ambiri omwe kale anali ma cougar, ndipo nyama zingapo zawonekeranso kumadera akum'mawa monga Missouri ndi Arkansas. Akatswiri ena a sayansi ya zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti amphaka akuluakuluwa amatha kumalongosola zambiri ku Midwest ndi East - ngati anthu angawalole. M'madera ambiri akumadzulo kwa US ndi zigawo za Canada, anthu amawerengedwa kuti ndi olimba mtima mokwanira kuloleza kusaka masewera.
Mikango yam'mapiri amadziwika kuti ili pangozi. Kuchuluka kwa mikango yakumapiri yomwe ili ndi zisa zochepera 50,000 ndipo ikupitilira kuchepa. Alibe ziwopsezo zapadera kuchokera kwa nyama kupatula anthu, ngakhale amalumikizana ndi ziweto zina zazikulu monga chimbalangondo chofiirira ndi nkhandwe imvi, zomwe amamenyera nyama. Mikango yamphiri ndi nyamazi zikachulukira, nyamazi zimakulira nyama zambiri, ndipo mkango wam'mapiri udzagwira nyama zing'onozing'ono.
Mlonda wamkango wamapiri
Chithunzi: Mkango wamapiri kuchokera ku Red Book
Kuteteza mikango yam'mapiri kumatengera kusungidwa kwa malo okhala ambiri. Mkango wakumapiri nthawi zambiri umafuna malo owirikiza nthawi 13 kuposa chimbalangondo chakuda, kapena nthawi 40 kuposa nsomba. Posunga nyama zakutchire zokwanira kuti zithandizire mikango yam'mapiri, mitundu yambiri yazomera ndi nyama zomwe zimapindulanso.
Mphamvu ndi kubisala kwa mkango wam'mapiri zakhala gawo labwino kwambiri la nyama zamtchire motero katsamba kameneka kapeza malo otsogola pantchito yosamalira ndi kuchira. Mwachitsanzo, njira zokhalamo zakonzedwa pakati pa madera akuluakulu achilengedwe kuti zithandizire nyama zolusa zazikulu ngati mkango wamanyanga. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mikango yobalalika m'mapiri imatha kupeza ndikugwiritsa ntchito makonde okhalamo, ndipo kuwunikira wailesi za nyama zazikuluzikuluzi kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira malo oyenera otetezera ngati makonde.
Cougar yakum'mawa, subspecies ya mkango wamapiri, adalengezedwa mwalamulo ndi US Wildlife Service ku 2011, ngakhale anthu ochokera kumadzulo atsimikiziridwa kuti ayenda mpaka kugombe lakummawa. Ma panther aku Florida, magulu ena a mikango yam'mapiri aku US, adatchulidwa kuti ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Ochepera kuposa 160 panther ku Florida amakhalabe kuthengo.
Kuyambira 1996, kusaka mikango yamapiri kwaletsedwa ku Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica ndi malo ena ambiri. Nthawi zambiri amasakidwa m'matumba agalu mpaka nyamayo "yathandizidwa". Mlenjeyo akafika pamalopo, amaponyera mphaka pamtengo chapafupi.
Mkango wamapiri Ndi mphaka wakuthengo wamkulu kwambiri komanso wamphamvu kwambiri. Ngakhale amakula komanso kupezeka m'malo ambiri akumadzulo kwa kontinentiyo, amphakawa samawonedwa kawirikawiri ndi anthu. M'malo mwake, ndi "amanyazi", zolengedwa zosungulumwa zomwe zimakhala moyo wawo wonse zili zokha. Mikango yam'mapiri imafuna madera akuluakulu kuti azitetezere ku mikango ina yamapiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02.11.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:02
