Shaki wamkulu wamaso - nsomba yolusa yomwe imakhala mozama mamita mazana angapo: imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamikhalidwe yotsika pang'ono komanso kutentha pang'ono. Ndiwotchuka chifukwa cha mchira wake wautali, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito posaka ngati chikwapu kapena nyundo, powakantha kwa omwe adachitidwa nkhanza ndikuwadabwitsa. Sizowopsa kwa anthu, koma anthu ndi owopsa chifukwa - chifukwa cha kusodza, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kukugwa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Shaki yamaso akulu
Mitunduyi inafotokozedwa ndi R.T. Lowe mu 1840 ndipo adatchedwa Alopias superciliosus. Pambuyo pake, mafotokozedwe a Low adasinthidwa kangapo limodzi ndi malowa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti dzina lasayansi lidasinthanso. Koma sizachilendo pamene malongosoledwe oyamba adakhala olondola kwambiri, ndipo patatha zaka zana dzina loyambirira lidabwezeretsedwanso.
Alopias amatanthauzira kuchokera ku Greek ngati "nkhandwe", wapamwamba kuchokera ku Latin "over", ndipo ciliosus amatanthauza "nsidze". Fox - chifukwa kuyambira kale nsombazi zamtunduwu zimawerengedwa kuti ndizochenjera, ndipo gawo lachiwiri la dzinali lidapezeka chifukwa cha chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino - zotsekemera pamwambapa. Chiyambi cha mitunduyi chimabweretsa ku zinthu zakale kwambiri: woyamba mwa makolo achinsomba adasambira m'nyanja ngakhale munthawi ya Silurian. Inali nthawi imeneyo nsomba zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, ngakhale sizikudziwika kuti ndi ndani mwa iwo amene adabweretsa nsombazi.
Kanema: Shaki yamaso akulu
Shaki weniweni woyamba amapezeka nthawi ya Triassic ndipo amakula msanga. Kapangidwe kake kakusintha pang'onopang'ono, kuwerengera kwa ma vertebrae kumachitika, chifukwa chake amakhala olimba, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mwachangu komanso mosunthika, komanso, amatha kukhala okhazikika kwambiri.
Ubongo wawo umakula - malo am'malingaliro amawonekera, chifukwa chake kununkhira kwa nsombazi kumakhala kopambana, kotero kuti amayamba kumva magazi ngakhale atakhala makilomita makumi kuchokera pagwero; mafupa a nsagwada akukonzedwa, ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wotseguka pakamwa. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono pa Mesozoic, amayamba kukhala monga sharki omwe amakhala padziko lapansi pano. Koma chidwi chomaliza chomaliza pakusintha kwawo ndikutha kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Mesozoic, pambuyo pake amakhala akatswiri osagawanika amadzi am'nyanja.
Munthawi yonseyi, nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi zakale zomwe zidalipo kale zidapitilizabe kubweretsa mitundu yatsopano yazomera chifukwa cha kusintha kwachilengedwe. Ndipo nsombazi zazikuluzikulu zidakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zazing'ono: zidawonekera ku Middle Miocene, izi zidachitika zaka 12-16 miliyoni zapitazo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, zotsalira zazambiri zamtunduwu zapezeka, zisanakhaleko, oimira nsomba za pelagic shark zomwe zimayandikana kwambiri zimawonekera kale - zimachokera kwa kholo limodzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ndi shaki yayikulu yamaso yotani yomwe imawoneka
Kutalika, achikulire amakula mpaka 3.5-4, chojambula chachikulu kwambiri chafika pa 4.9 m. Kulemera makilogalamu 140-200. Thupi lawo limakhala lopotera, mphuno yake ndi yakuthwa. Pakamwa ndi kochepa, kokhota, pali mano ambiri, pafupifupi mizere khumi ndi iwiri pansi ndi pamwamba: kuchuluka kwawo kumatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira 19 mpaka 24. Mano omwewo ndi akuthwa komanso akulu.
Chizindikiro chodziwikiratu cha nkhandwe: nkhono zawo zam'madzi ndizokwera kwambiri. Kutalika kwake kumatha kukhala pafupifupi kofanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi lonse la nsomba, chifukwa chake kuchepa uku poyerekeza ndi nsomba zina kumawonekera nthawi yomweyo, ndipo sikugwira ntchito kusokoneza oimira mitundu iyi ndi aliyense.
Komanso, monga dzina lawo limatanthawuzira, amadziwika chifukwa chakuti ali ndi maso akulu - m'mimba mwake amatha kufika masentimita 10, omwe mokhudzana ndi kukula kwa mutu ndi wamkulu kuposa a shark ena. Chifukwa cha maso akulu oterewa, nsombazi zimawona bwino mumdima, komwe zimakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri.
Ndizodziwikanso kuti maso ndi otalika kwambiri, chifukwa chomwe nsombazi zimatha kuyang'ana molunjika osatembenuka. Pa khungu la nsomba iyi, masikelo amitundu iwiri amasinthana: yayikulu ndi yaying'ono. Mtundu wake ukhoza kukhala wofiirira ndi mthunzi wolimba wa lilac kapena wofiirira kwambiri. Amasungidwa pokhapokha pa moyo, shark wakufa amatembenukira imvi msanga.
Kodi nkhandwe wamkulu wamaso amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Fox shark ku Turkey
Imakonda madzi otentha, koma imapezekanso m'malo otentha.
Pali magawo anayi ofunikira:
- kumadzulo kwa Atlantic - kuchokera kugombe la United States, Bahamas, Cuba ndi Haiti, m'mbali mwa gombe la South America mpaka kumwera kwa Brazil;
- kum'mawa kwa Atlantic - pafupi ndi zilumba, ndikupitilira Africa mpaka ku Angola;
- kumadzulo kwa Indian Ocean - pafupi ndi South Africa ndi Mozambique mpaka Somalia kumpoto;
- Pacific Ocean - kuchokera ku Korea m'mbali mwa gombe la Asia kupita ku Australia, komanso zilumba zina ku Oceania. Amapezeka ngakhale kum'mawa, pafupi ndi zilumba za Galapagos ndi California.
Monga tawonera kuchokera kudera logawira, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi gombe ndipo amatha kufika pafupi kwambiri ndi gombe. Koma izi sizitanthauza kuti amakhala pafupi ndi nthaka, m'malo mwake, zambiri zimadziwika za anthuwa, koma amapezekanso kunyanja yotseguka.
Kutentha kwamadzi kwa nsombazi kumakhala pakati pa 7-14 ° C, koma nthawi zina amasambira mpaka kuya - mpaka 500-700 m, komwe madzi amakhala ozizira - 2-5 ° C, ndipo amatha kukhala pamenepo kwa nthawi yayitali. Sali omangika kwambiri kumalo okhalamo ndipo amatha kusamuka, koma pamaulendo awo amayenda mtunda wautali kwambiri: nthawi zambiri amakhala mazana angapo makilomita, nthawi zina 1000 - 1500 km.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chifukwa cha mitsempha yoyenda mozungulira, yotchedwa rete mirabile, nsombazi zimatha kupirira kusinthasintha kwakukulu pamadzi otentha: dontho la 14-16 ° C ndilabwino kwa iwo.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhono zazikuluzikulu zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi shaki wamaso akulu amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Shaki yamaso akulu a Red Book
Mumndandanda wazowimira zamtundu uwu:
- nsomba ya makerele;
- hake;
- sikwidi;
- nkhanu.
Amakonda kwambiri mackerel - ofufuza adazindikira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mbalame za mackerel ndi nsombazi. Mbalame ya mackerel ikamachepa m'mbali ina ya nyanja, mungayembekezere kuti anthu a shaki yamaso akulu pafupi adzatsika pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi.
Ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, nthawi zambiri amatsata masukulu a tuna kwa nthawi yayitali, kuwamenya kamodzi patsiku kapena awiri - chifukwa chake safunikira kufunafuna nyama, chifukwa masukuluwa ndi akulu kwambiri, ndipo nsombazi zazikuluzikulu zimatha kuzidya zokha kwa miyezi ingapo, pomwe sukulu zambiri zimakhala amapulumuka mofanana.
Zakudya za anthu ena, mackerel kapena tuna amapanga zoposa theka - komabe, amadyanso nsomba zina. Pakati pawo pali zoluka zonse za pelagic ndi zapansi - nsombazi zimasaka pansi penipeni, pomwe zimakhala, komanso pafupi kwambiri.
Nthawi zambiri amasaka awiriawiri kapena pagulu laling'ono la anthu 3-6. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muzisaka moyenera kwambiri, chifukwa osaka angapo nthawi yomweyo amabweretsa chisokonezo chochuluka ndipo salola kuti ozunzidwa azindikire msanga komwe ayenera kusambira, chifukwa chake amatha kugwira nyama zambiri.
Apa ndipomwe michira yayitali imayenda bwino: ndi nsombazi zimagunda sukulu ya nsomba ndikukakamiza nyamayo kuti isochere kwambiri. Pochita izi kuchokera mbali zingapo nthawi imodzi, amapeza gulu loyandikira kwambiri, ndipo omwe awazunza amadabwitsidwa ndikumenyedwa kwa mchira wawo ndikusiya kuyesera kuthawa. Pambuyo pake, nsombazi zimangosambira m'gulu limodzi ndikuyamba kudya nsomba.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi m'madzi
Samakonda madzi ofunda, chifukwa chake amatha tsikulo pansi pa thermocline - madzi osanjikiza, pomwe kutentha kwake kumatsika kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri imakhala pamtunda wakuya 250-400 m, pomwe nsombazi zimasambira m'madzi ndi kutentha kwa 5-12 ° C ndikumva bwino munthawi zoterezi, ndipo kuwunika kochepa sikuwasokoneza.
Ndipo usiku, kukayamba kuzizira, amapitako - iyi ndi imodzi mwamitundu yosowa kwambiri ya asodzi, yomwe imadziwika ndikosamuka tsiku lililonse. Mumdima, amatha kuwoneka ngakhale pamtunda pomwepo pamadzi, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amasambira pakuya mamita 50-100. Ndi nthawi yomwe amasaka, ndipo masana amapuma kwenikweni.
Zachidziwikire, ngati nyama ikumana nayo masana, amathanso kukhala ndi chotukuka, koma achangu kwambiri usiku, ndipanthawi ino kuti amakhala nyama zolusa zopanda chifundo, zokhoza kugwedeza mwadzidzidzi kufunafuna nyama komanso kutembenukira kosayembekezereka. Amathanso kutuluka m'madzi ngati akusaka pafupi. Ndi nthawi ngati yomwe nsombazi zimatha kugwidwa pachikopa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimamamatira kumchira wake, womwe umagunda nyambo, kuyesera kuiwinditsa. Monga nsomba zina zambiri, chidwi chamaso akulu ndichabwino kwambiri ndipo chimadya nsomba zochuluka kwambiri.
Dyera lilinso ndi iye: ngati m'mimba mwake mwadzaza kale, ndipo pali nsomba zambiri zodabwitsika zomwe zikusambira pafupi, amatha kuzitulutsa kuti apitilize kudya. Palinso milandu yodziwika yolimbana ndi nyama pakati pa nsombazi ndi nsomba zina zamtundu wina: nthawi zambiri amakhala wamagazi ndipo amatha ndi kuvulala koopsa kwa m'modzi wotsutsa, kapena onse awiri.
Ngakhale ali ndiukali, sizowopsa kwa anthu. Kuukira kwa omwe akuyimira mitundu iyi pa anthu sikunalembetsedwe. Amakonda kusambira ngati munthu akuyesera kuti ayandikire, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kulingalira momwe munthu angavutikire ndi mano ake. Koma poganiza izi ndizotheka, chifukwa mano awo ndi akulu komanso akuthwa, kotero kuti amatha kuluma chiwalo.
Chosangalatsa: M'Chingerezi, nkhandwe zimatchedwa thresher shark, ndiye kuti, "thresher shark". Dzinali limachokera ku njira yawo yosaka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Maso akulu a nkhandwe
Amakhala okha, amasonkhanitsa kokha nthawi yonse yosaka, komanso panthawi yobereka. Zitha kuchitika munthawi iliyonse. Pakukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo, mazirawo amayamba kudya yolk, ndipo yolk itatha, amayamba kudya mazira osakwanira. Mazira ena samadyedwa, mosiyana ndi nsomba zina zambiri.
Sizikudziwika kuti nthawi yayitali bwanji amatenga bere, koma nsombazi ndizosavomerezeka, ndiye kuti mwachangu amabadwa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo alipo ochepa - 2-4. Chifukwa cha mazira ochepa, nsombazi zazikulu zimabereka pang'onopang'ono, koma palinso zina mwa izi - kutalika kwa nsombazi zomwe sizinabadwe kale kumakhala kochititsa chidwi, ndi masentimita 130-140.
Chifukwa cha ichi, ana akhanda amatha kudzisamalira nthawi yomweyo, ndipo sawopa adani ambiri omwe amazunza nsombazi m'masiku oyamba kapena masabata amoyo. Kunja, amafanana kwambiri ndi munthu wamkulu, kupatula kuti mutu umawoneka wokulirapo poyerekeza ndi thupi, ndipo maso ake amawonekera kwambiri kuposa nsomba zazikulu za mtundu uwu.
Shaki zazikuluzikulu zimabadwa kale zili ndi sikelo zolimba zomwe zitha kutetezera - chifukwa chake, oviduct mwa akazi imakutidwa ndi minofu yamkati kuchokera mkati, kuitchinjiriza kuti isawonongeke m'mbali mwa mamba awa. Kuphatikiza pa shaki zochepa zomwe zimabadwa nthawi imodzi, palinso vuto lina lalikulu pakubereka kwawo: amuna amakula msinkhu pofika zaka 10, ndipo akazi zaka zingapo pambuyo pake. Poganizira kuti amangokhala zaka 15-20, izi zachedwa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri akazi amakhala ndi nthawi yobereka katatu.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhandwe zazikuluzikulu
Chithunzi: Shaki yamaso akulu
Akuluakulu ali ndi adani ochepa, koma pali: choyambirira, ndi nsomba za mitundu ina, zikuluzikulu. Nthawi zambiri amaukira "abale" ndikuwapha, monga nsomba ina iliyonse, chifukwa kwa iwonso ndi nyama yomweyo. Shark wamaso akulu amatha kuthawa ambiri mwa iwo chifukwa chothamanga kwambiri komanso kuyendetsa bwino, koma osati kwa onse.
Osachepera, pokhala pafupi ndi nsombazi, ayenera kukhala tcheru. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa amitundu amtunduwu: amathanso kumenyana. Izi sizimachitika kawirikawiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimangokhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu: wamkulu akhoza kuyesa kudya mwana.
Anangumi opha ndiowopsa kwa iwo: polimbana ndi zolusa zamphamvu izi, shark wamaso akulu alibe mwayi, chotsalira ndikubwerera, osawona namgumi wopha. Shaki ya buluu ndiwopikisana nawo wokhawo wamaso akulu, motero sakhazikika pafupi.
Zoyatsira nyali zam'nyanja sizikhala pachiwopsezo kwa munthu wamkulu, koma zimatha kugonjetsa chimodzi chomwe chikukula, ndipo chimamenya ngakhale chimodzimodzi. Akalumidwa, amalowetsa michere m'magazi yomwe imalepheretsa kuti iundike, kotero kuti wovulalayo ayambe kufooka chifukwa chakutaya magazi, ndikukhala kosavuta. Kuphatikiza pa adani akulu, shark wamaso akulu ndi tiziromboti monga tapeworms kapena ma copepod amawasokoneza.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Ndi shaki yayikulu yamaso yotani yomwe imawoneka
M'zaka zonse za zana la 20, kuchepa kwa anthu kudadziwika, chifukwa chake mitunduyo idaphatikizidwa mu Red Book ngati osatetezeka. Awa ndiye madigiri otsika kwambiri osungira zamoyo, ndipo zikutanthauza kuti padakali pano nsombazi zazikulu zochepa padziko lapansi, koma ngati simukuchitapo kanthu, azicheperachepera.
Mavuto amtunduwu makamaka chifukwa chakuzindikira kusodza: chifukwa cha kubala kocheperako, ngakhale kugwira nsomba zochulukirapo kumakhala kovulaza kwambiri anthu okhala ndi nsombazi zazikulu. Ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito posodza malonda, ndipo amachitanso ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zosodza pamasewera.
Zofunika kwambiri ndizo zipsepse zawo zopangira msuzi, mafuta a chiwindi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mavitamini, ndi zikopa zawo. Nyama siyofunika kwambiri, chifukwa ndiyofewa kwambiri, imawoneka ngati phala, ndipo kukoma kwake kumakhala bwino kwambiri. Komabe, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito: imathiridwa mchere, youma, ndikusuta.
Nsombazi zimagwidwa mwakhama ku Taiwan, Cuba, USA, Brazil, Mexico, Japan ndi mayiko ena ambiri. Nthawi zambiri amakumana nawo ngati nsomba zam'madzi, ndipo asodzi omwe agwire mitundu yosiyana kwambiri samakonda kwenikweni, chifukwa nthawi zina amang'amba maukonde awo.
Chifukwa cha izi, komanso chifukwa chakuti zipsepse ndizofunika koposa zonse, mchitidwe wankhanza udafalikira pomwe shaki wamaso akulu adagwidwa ngati kugwira nsomba zidadulidwa, ndipo mtembo udaponyedwa munyanja - zachidziwikire, adamwalira. Tsopano zatsala pang'ono kuthetsedwa, ngakhale m'malo ena izi zikuchitikabe.
Kuteteza nsombazi za nkhandwe zazikulu
Chithunzi: Shaki yamaso akulu a Red Book
Pakadali pano, njira zotetezera mtunduwu ndizosakwanira. Izi ndichifukwa choti ili pamndandanda wa omwe ali pachiwopsezo, ndipo amatetezedwa makamaka pamitundu yotsalira pambuyo pa mitundu ya ziwopsezo zomwe ndizowopsa, komanso chifukwa choti okhala kunyanja ndizovuta kwambiri kuziteteza ku umbanda.
Mwazina, pali vuto la kusamuka kwa nsombazi: ngati m'madzi a dziko lina amatetezedwa mwanjira inayake, ndiye m'madzi a lina, palibe chitetezo kwa iwo chomwe chingaperekedwe konse. Komabe, popita nthawi, mndandanda wamayiko omwe akutenga njira zotetezera mtundu uwu ukukula.
Ku United States, nsomba ndizochepa ndipo ndizoletsedwa kudula zipsepse - mtembo wonse wa nsomba yomwe imagwidwa uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kuzimasula ngati zidagwidwa ngati zodula kuposa kutsatira lamuloli. M'mayiko aku Europe aku Europe, pali zoletsa maukonde obowolera ndi zida zina zowedza zomwe zimawononga kwambiri nsombazi ndi maso akulu.
Zosangalatsa: Monga shaki zina zambiri, nkhandwe zazikuluzikulu zimatha kukhala opanda chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali. Wodya nyama uyu sangadandaule za chakudya kwa milungu ingapo kapena miyezi. Mimba imatuluka mwachangu, koma pambuyo pake thupi limasinthana ndi gwero lina la mphamvu - mafuta ochokera pachiwindi. Chiwindi chomwecho ndi chachikulu kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu zochuluka modabwitsa zimatulutsidwa m'mafuta ake.
Izi zikukula pang'onopang'ono ndikubereka pang'ono shaki wamkulu wamaso sichitha kupirira kukakamizidwa ndi anthu: ngakhale kusodza kwa nsomba sikugwira ntchito kwenikweni, kuchuluka kwake kukugwa chaka ndi chaka. Chifukwa chake, akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti ateteze, apo ayi mitunduyi idzatsala pang'ono kutha m'zaka makumi angapo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11/06/2019
Idasinthidwa: 03.09.2019 pa 22:21
