Bwato la Chipwitikizi - chilombo chakupha kwambiri panyanja, chomwe chimawoneka ngati nsomba, koma kwenikweni ndi siphonophore. Munthu aliyense ndi gulu lamoyo laling'ono, losiyana, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi ntchito yapadera yolumikizana kwambiri kotero kuti siyingakhale yamoyo yokha. Chifukwa chake, gulu lalikulu limakhala ndi choyandama chomwe chimagwira nyanjayo pamwamba panyanja, mndandanda wazitali zazitali zokutidwa ndimaselo obaya, gawo logaya chakudya, ndi njira yosavuta yoberekera.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bwato la Chipwitikizi
Dzinalo "Bwato la Chipwitikizi" limachokera pakufanana kwa chinyama ndi mtundu wa Chipwitikizi poyenda kwathunthu. Bwato la Chipwitikizi ndimadzi am'madzi a banja la Physaliidae omwe amapezeka kunyanja ya Atlantic, Indian ndi Pacific. Zoyeserera zake zazitali zimayambitsa kuluma koopsa komwe kuli koopsa komanso kolimba kupha nsomba kapena (kawirikawiri) anthu.
Ngakhale mawonedwe ake, bwato lachiPortugal silinyama zenizeni, koma siphonophore, yomwe siimodzi yamoyo (jellyfish yeniyeni ndi zamoyo zina), koma chamoyo chamakoloni chimakhala ndi nyama zomwe zimatchedwa zooids kapena tizilombo tomwe timamangiriridwa pachilichonse kwa wina ndi mzake komanso kuphatikiza thupi mwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti sangathe kukhala mosadalira wina ndi mnzake. Ali pachibwenzi chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimafuna kuti chamoyo chilichonse chigwire ntchito limodzi ndikugwira ntchito ngati nyama ina.
Kanema: Bwato la Chipwitikizi
Siphonophore imayamba ngati dzira la umuna. Koma ikakula, imayamba "kukula" m'magulu ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tomwe timatchedwa ma polyps kapena zooid, sitha kukhala ndi moyo pawokha, chifukwa chake amalumikizana ndi unyolo wokhala ndi zotsekera. Ayenera kugwira ntchito limodzi ngati gawo limodzi lochitira zinthu monga kuyenda komanso chakudya.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngakhale kuti bwato la Chipwitikizi likuwonekera bwino, kuyandama kwake nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwamtundu wabuluu, pinki ndi / kapena chibakuwa. Magombe omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya American Gulf amakweza mbendera zofiirira kuti alendo adziwe ngati magulu amabwato aku Portugal (kapena zolengedwa zina zam'madzi zowopsa) zili mfulu.
Sitima ya Chipwitikizi ya Indian and Pacific Ocean ndi mitundu yofanana, imawoneka chimodzimodzi ndipo ili m'nyanja zonse za Indian ndi Pacific.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe bwato la Chipwitikizi limawonekera
Monga siphonophore wachikoloni, bwatolo la Chipwitikizi limapangidwa ndi mitundu itatu ya jellyfish ndi mitundu inayi ya ma polypoids.
Medusoids ndi awa:
- ziphuphu;
- syphosomal nectophores;
- ziphuphu zamakono za syphosomal.
Polyptoids ndi awa:
- ma gastrozoid aulere;
- gastrozooids ndi tentacles;
- gonosopoids;
- gonozoid.
Cormidia pansi pa pneumoaphores, mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi sewero odzaza ndi mpweya. Pneumatophore imayamba kuchokera mundanda, mosiyana ndi ma polyp ena. Nyama iyi ndiyofanana, yokhala ndi zomata kumapeto. Ndi yotambalala komanso yamtundu wabuluu, wofiirira, pinki kapena lilac, imatha kutalika kwa 9 mpaka 30 cm mpaka 15 cm pamwamba pamadzi.
Bwato la Chipwitikizi limadzaza mpweya wake mpaka 14% ya carbon monoxide. Chotsalira ndi nayitrogeni, oxygen ndi argon. Mpweya woipa umapezekanso pamlingo wotsatira. Bwato la Chipwitikizi lili ndi siphon. Pakachitika chiopsezo chapadziko lapansi, chimatha kutsitsidwa, kulola kuti nyanjayo imire m'madzi kwakanthawi.
Mitundu ina itatu ya polyps imadziwika kuti dactylozoid (chitetezo), gonozooid (kubereka), ndi gastrozooid (kudyetsa). Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono awa m'magulumagulu. Dactylzooids imapanga ma tentament omwe amakhala a 10 m kutalika koma amatha kufikira 30 m.Tentension yayitali "nsomba" mosalekeza m'madzi, ndipo chihema chilichonse chimakhala ndi ma nematocyst oluma, ozaza, owola, ndikupha wamkulu kapena nyamayi nyamayi ndi nsomba.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Magulu akulu amabwato aku Portugal, nthawi zina opitilira 1,000, amatha kutsitsa nsomba. Maselo opangidwa ndi contractile omwe amachititsa kuti thupi liziyenda bwino limakoka wodwalayo kuti azigwira ntchito m'matumbo am'mimba - ma gastrozoids, omwe amayandikira ndikugaya chakudya, kutulutsa ma enzyme omwe amawononga mapuloteni, chakudya ndi mafuta, ndi ma gonozooid ndi omwe amachititsa kuti aberekane.
Tsopano mukudziwa kuti bwato la Chipwitikizi ndi loopsa bwanji kwa anthu. Tiyeni tiwone komwe kumakhala nsomba zam'madzi zoopsa.
Kodi bwato la Chipwitikizi limakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bwato la Chipwitikizi kunyanja
Bwato la Chipwitikizi limakhala pamwamba panyanja. Chikhodzodzo chake, chibayo chodzazidwa ndi mpweya, chimatsalira kumtunda, pomwe nyama yonseyo imira m'madzi. Mabwato aku Portugal amayenda molingana ndi mphepo, pano komanso mafunde. Ngakhale amapezeka kwambiri m'nyanja zotentha ndi madera otentha, amapezeka kumpoto monga ku Bay of Fundy, Cape Breton ndi Hebrides.
Bwato la Chipwitikizi limayandama pamwamba panyanja yam'malo otentha. Nthawi zambiri, maderawa amakhala m'madzi otentha komanso otentha monga Florida Keys ndi Atlantic Coast, Gulf Stream, Gulf of Mexico, Indian Ocean, Nyanja ya Caribbean, ndi madera ena ofunda a Atlantic ndi Pacific Ocean. Amadziwika kwambiri m'madzi ofunda a Nyanja ya Sargasso.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mphepo yamphamvu imatha kuyendetsa mabwato achi Portuguese m'mbali kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nthawi zambiri, kusaka bwato limodzi la Apwitikizi kumatsatiridwa ndi ena ambiri oyandikana nawo. Amatha kuluma pagombe, ndipo kupeza bwato la Chipwitikizi pagombe kumatha kuyambitsa kutseka.
Bwato la Chipwitikizi silimawoneka palokha nthawi zonse. Magulu ankhondo opitilira 1000 akuwonedwa. Pamene akuyenda mozungulira mphepo yamkuntho ndi mafunde am'nyanja, munthu amatha kudziwiratu komwe zidzawonekere komanso nthawi yomwe zolengedwa zambiri zimawonekera. Mwachitsanzo, nyengo yaku Portugal yoyenda panyanja ku Gulf Coast imayamba m'nyengo yozizira.
Kodi bwato la Chipwitikizi limadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bwato la Medusa Portuguese
Bwato la Chipwitikizi ndi chilombo. Pogwiritsa ntchito mahema okhala ndi poizoni, imagwira ndikulemetsa nyama, "kuyiyendetsa" pamapuloteni am'mimba. Amadyetsa makamaka zamoyo zazing'ono zam'madzi monga plankton ndi nsomba. Bwato la Chipwitikizi limadyetsa makamaka nsomba zazing'ono (nsomba zazing'ono) ndi nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono, komanso amadya shrimp, crustaceans ndi nyama zina zazing'ono ku plankton. Pafupifupi 70-90% mwa nsomba zake ndi nsomba.
Mabwato aku Portugal alibe ma liwiro othamanga kapena odabwitsa kuti awukire nyama yawo, chifukwa mayendedwe awo amachepetsedwa kwambiri ndi mphepo ndi mafunde. Ayenera kudalira zida zina kuti apulumuke. Mahema, kapena ma dactylozooids, ndi njira zazikulu m'boti laku Portugal logwirira nyama yake ndipo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito poteteza. Imagwira ndikudya nsomba zazikulu monga nsomba zouluka ndi nsomba za makerele, ngakhale nsomba zamtunduwu nthawi zambiri zimatha kuthawa.
Chakudya cha bwato la Chipwitikizi chimakumbidwa m'mimba mwake (gastrozoids), chomwe chili pansi pamunsi pa float. Gastrozoids amakumba nyama, amatulutsa michere yomwe imaphwanya mapuloteni, chakudya ndi mafuta. Bwato lirilonse la Chipwitikizi limakhala ndi ma gastrozoid angapo okhala ndi pakamwa mosiyana. Chakudya chitagayidwa, zotsalira zilizonse zosagayidwa zimatulutsidwa kukamwa. Chakudya chochokera ku chakudya chosungunuka chimalowetsedwa mthupi ndipo chimazungulira kudzera m'mitundu yambiri ya njuchi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bwato loopsa la Chipwitikizi
Mitunduyi komanso bwato laling'ono laku Indo-Pacific Portuguese (Physalia utriculus) ndizomwe zimapha anthu pafupifupi 10,000 ku Australia chilimwe chilichonse, ndipo zina zimapezeka pagombe la South ndi Western Australia. Vuto limodzi lodziwitsa kulumidwa ndikuti mahema osokedwa amatha kuyenda m'madzi kwa masiku ambiri, ndipo wosambira sangakhale ndi lingaliro laling'ono loti walumidwa ndi bwato la Chipwitikizi kapena cholengedwa china choyipa kwambiri.
Mabwato ang'onoang'ono a ku Portugal amakhala ndi zipatala, zomwe zimatulutsa mphamvu ya puloteni yotchedwa neurotoxin yomwe imatha kufooketsa nsomba zazing'ono. Mwa anthu, kulumidwa kwambiri kumayambitsa zipsera zofiira ndi kutupa komanso kupweteka pang'ono. Zizindikiro zakomweko zimatha masiku awiri kapena atatu. Zoyipa za aliyense payekha komanso zitsanzo zakufa (kuphatikiza zomwe zidatsukidwa pagombe) zitha kuwotcha mopweteka. Ngati zizindikiro zikupitirirabe kapena kukulirakulira, muyenera kukaonana ndi dokotala nthawi yomweyo.
Zizindikiro zanthawi zonse sizichulukanso, koma zimakhala zovuta. Izi zitha kuphatikizira malaise wamba, kusanza, malungo, kupumula kwa mtima (tachycardia), kupuma pang'ono, komanso kukokana kwam'mimba m'mimba ndi kumbuyo. Zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha poyizoni wa bwato la Chipwitikizi zimatha kukhudza mtima komanso kupuma, chifukwa chake anthu osiyanasiyana amayenera kupita kuchipatala kuti akawunikenso.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Bwato lowopsa ku Portugal
Bwato la Chipwitikizi ndilopanda ziwalo zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Munthu aliyense ali ndi ma gonozooid (ziwalo zoberekera kapena ziwalo zoberekera za nyama, chachimuna kapena chachikazi). Gonozoid iliyonse imakhala ndi gonophores, omwe amakhala ochepa kuposa matumba okhala ndi thumba losunga mazira kapena ma testes.
Mabwato aku Chipwitikizi ndi dioecious. Mphutsi zawo mwina zimakula msanga pang'ono kukhala mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono oyandama. Zimaganiziridwa kuti ubwamuna wa bwato la Chipwitikizi umachitika m'madzi otseguka, chifukwa magemu ochokera ku gonozooids amalowa m'madzi. Izi zitha kuchitika pomwe ma gonozoid iwowo agawika ndikusiya gululo.
Kutulutsidwa kwa gonozooids kumatha kukhala kuyankha kwamankhwala komwe kumachitika magulu a anthu ali komweko. Kuchulukitsitsa kofunikira kumafunikira kuti umuna ukhale wabwino. Feteleza imatha kuchitika pafupi ndi pamwamba. Kuswana kwambiri kumachitika kugwa, ndikupanga ana ambiri omwe amawoneka nthawi yachisanu ndi masika. Sizikudziwika chomwe chimayambitsa izi, koma mwina zimayambira kunyanja ya Atlantic.
Gonophore iliyonse imakhala ndi khutu lapakatikati mwa maselo am'magazi amtundu wambiri omwe amalekanitsa ma coelenterates ndi gawo la majeremusi. Chophimba cha khungu lililonse cha majeremusi ndi kansalu kakang'ono ka ectodermal. Magonophores akangotuluka, kachigawo ka majeremusi kamakhala ndi kapu yamaselo pamwamba pa khutu la endodermal. Pamene ma gonophores amakula, majeremusi amayamba kukhala osanjikiza okuta impso.
Spermatogonia imapanga gawo lokulirapo, pomwe oogonia imapanga gulu loyipa m'maselo angapo, koma mulingo umodzi wokha. Muli zinthu zochepa kwambiri za cytoplasmic m'maselowa, kupatula nthawi zina magawano akachitika. Oogonia imayamba kukula pafupifupi kukula kwa spermatogonia, koma imakula kwambiri. Oogonia yonse, mwachiwonekere, imapangidwa koyambirira kwa chitukuko cha ziphuphu kusanachitike kukula.
Adani achilengedwe azombo zaku Portugal
Chithunzi: Momwe bwato la Chipwitikizi limawonekera
Bwato la Chipwitikizi lili ndi zolusa zochepa zokha. Chitsanzo ndi kamba wina yemwe amadya ngalawa ya ku Portugal monga mbali ya chakudya chake. Khungu la kamba, kuphatikiza lilime ndi pakhosi, ndilolimba kwambiri kuti lingalimidwe kuti lilowe mkati.
Slug yam'nyanja yabuluu, Glaucus atlanticus, amaphunzira kudyetsa bwato lachi Portuguese, monganso nkhono zofiirira, Jantina Jantina. Chakudya choyambirira cha moonfish chimakhala ndi jellyfish, komanso chimagwiritsanso ntchito mabwato achi Portuguese. Bulangete la octopus silitha ndi poizoni wa bwato laku Portugal; Achinyamata amanyamula zombo zosweka m'mabwato aku Portugal, mwina chifukwa chokwiyitsa komanso / kapena zodzitchinjiriza.
Nkhanu ya Pacific mchenga, Emerita pacifica, amadziwika kuti alanda zombo zaku Portugal zomwe zimayenda m'madzi osaya. Ngakhale kuti nyamazi zimayesera kukokera mumchenga, nthawi zambiri sitimayo imatha kuwombana ndi mafunde ndikufika pagombe. Pambuyo pake, nkhanu zambiri zimasonkhana mozungulira bwato lachi Portuguese. Umboni wowonera kuti nkhanu zimadya mabwato aku Portugal zatsimikizika pofufuza zomwe zili m'matumbo. Umboni wowoneka bwino wamatenda abuluu komanso umboni wocheperako wazombo zamatchiyiti zaku Portugal zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ndizopangira nkhanu zamchenga. Khansa izi sizikuwoneka kuti zimakhudzidwa ndimaselo obaya.
Zinyama zina zoyendetsa sitima zaku Portugal ndi nudibranchs za banja la plankton Glaucidae. Pambuyo pomeza mabwato achi Portuguese, ma nudibranch amatenga ma nematocyst ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito m matupi awo kuti aziteteze. Amakonda maatocysts amabwato aku Portugal kuposa omwe amawazunza. Izi zidanenedwa ku Australia ndi Japan. Chifukwa chake, bwato la Chipwitikizi ndilofunikira kwa nudibranchs osati kokha ngati chakudya, komanso zida zoteteza.
Nsomba yaying'ono, Nomeus gronovii (nsomba yankhondo kapena kuweta nsomba), siyikhala ndi poizoni wam'maselo oluma ndipo imatha kukhala pakati pa bwato lachi Portuguese. Zikuwoneka kuti zimapewa zopumira zazikulu, koma zimadyetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala pansi pa mpweya. Mabwato achi Portuguese amapezekanso ndi nsomba zina zambiri zam'madzi. Nsombazi zonse zimapindula ndi malo ogona omwe amaperekedwa ndi mbola zoluma, ndipo kwa bwato la Chipwitikizi, kupezeka kwa mitunduyi kumatha kukopa nsomba zina kuti zidye.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Bwato la Chipwitikizi
Pali zombo za Portugal pafupifupi 2,000,000. Chifukwa cha kusodza kwa anthu komanso kuchotsedwa kwa zilombo zambiri, anthu adaloledwa kukula. Bwato la Chipwitikizi limayandama ndikukhala pamwamba panyanja chifukwa cha chikwama chodzaza ndi mpweya. Alibe njira yodziyendera, choncho amagwiritsa ntchito mafunde achilengedwe kuyenda.
Mu 2010, kuphulika kwa mabwato aku Portugal kudachitika ku Mediterranean Basin, zomwe zidakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa, kuphatikizaponso anthu oyamba kufa ndi kuluma kwa nyama m'derali. Ngakhale kuti zombo zaku Portugal zidachita chidwi ndi zochitika zachuma m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso kufunikira kwa ntchito zokopa alendo kudera la Mediterranean (zomwe zimawerengera 15% ya zokopa alendo padziko lonse lapansi), sipanakhale mgwirizano wamasayansi pazifukwa zomwe zachitika.
Mabwato aku Portugal amatha kutengera ntchito yausodzi. Kukolola nsomba kumatha kukhudzidwa ndikudyetsa mphutsi, makamaka m'malo omwe ali ndi nsomba zazikulu monga Gulf of Mexico. Ngati pali kuwonjezeka kwa bwato la Chipwitikizi, kuchuluka kwa nsomba zamatenda kumatha kuchepetsedwa. Nsombazi zikagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono pang'ono, sizingakule kukhala chakudya cha anthu.
Mabwato aku Portugal amapindulitsa chuma. Amadyedwa ndi nsomba zina ndi nyama zazinyama zamtengo wapatali zamalonda.Kuphatikiza apo, atha kutenga gawo lofunikira lachilengedwe lomwe silinafufuzidwebe komanso lomwe limapangitsa kuti zachilengedwe zizikhala bwino.
Bwato la Chipwitikizi Ndi imodzi mwamasamba odziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha kutuluka kwamphamvu kwa chilimwe komanso mphepo yakumpoto chakum'mawa, magombe ambiri kunyanja yakum'mawa, makamaka akumpoto, agundidwa ndi magulu azinyama zotere. Munthu aliyense amakhala ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono otchedwa zooid omwe amalumikizana chifukwa sangathe kukhala okha.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 10.10.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:11
