Mavu a m'nyanja Ndi nsomba zam'madzi zotentha zotchuka chifukwa cha poizoni. Ili ndi magawo awiri amakulidwe - kuyandama kwaulere (nsomba zamadzi) komanso zomata (polyp). Ili ndi maso ovuta komanso matenthedwe ataliatali kwambiri, okhala ndi maselo othawirapo poyizoni. Osamba osasamala amamugwira chaka chilichonse, ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazinyama zoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Wasp Sea
Mavu apamadzi, kapena Chironex fleckeri m'Chilatini, ndi a m'kalasi la Cubozoa. Chodziwika bwino cha bokosi la jellyfish ndi dome lalikulu pamtanda, momwe amadziwikanso kuti "mabokosi", ndi ziwalo zowoneka bwino. Dzina la sayansi la mtundu "Chironex" limatanthawuza kumasulira momasuka kuti "dzanja lakupha", ndipo mtundu wa epithet "fleckeri" umaperekedwa polemekeza katswiri wazaku Australia wa Hugo Flecker, yemwe adapeza jellyfish iyi pamalo pomwe mwana wamwamuna wazaka 5 amwalira mu 1955.
Wasayansiyo adatsogolera opulumutsawo ndikulamula kuti azungulira malo omwe mwanayo adamira ndi maukonde. Zamoyo zonse zomwe zidalipo zidagwidwa, kuphatikiza nsomba zosadziwika. Anatumiza kwa katswiri wazachilengedwe wakomweko Ronald Southcott, yemwe anafotokoza za zamoyozi.
Kanema: Mavu Anyanja
Kwa nthawi yayitali mtundu uwu umadziwika kuti ndi umodzi wokha pamtunduwu, koma mu 2009 adafotokozedwa mavu aku Yamagushi (Chironex yamaguchii), omwe adapha anthu angapo pagombe la Japan, ndipo mu 2017 ku Gulf of Thailand pagombe la Thailand - mavu apamadzi a Mfumukazi Indrasaksaji (Chironex indrasaksajiae).
M'mawu osinthika, bokosi la jellyfish ndi gulu laling'ono komanso lodziwika bwino, lomwe makolo awo ndi oimira nsomba za scyphoid. Ngakhale zipsera za scyphoid zakale zimapezeka m'malo am'madzi akale kwambiri (zaka zopitilira 500 miliyoni zapitazo), chizindikiro chodalirika cha oimira ma boll ndi cha nthawi ya Carboniferous (pafupifupi zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo).
Zosangalatsa: Mitundu yambiri ya 4,000 ya jellyfish ili ndi ma cell oluma ndipo imatha kupatsira anthu, kuyambitsa kupweteka kapena kusapeza bwino. Ndi ma jellyfish okha, omwe ali ndi mitundu pafupifupi 50, omwe amatha kupha mpaka kufa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mavu akunyanja amawonekera
Kawirikawiri msinkhu wamkulu, wamkati wa nyama iyi umakopa chidwi, chomwe ndi chowopsa. Mavu apamadzi ndi omwe amakhala membala wamkulu m'banjamo. Choyera chowoneka ngati belu chokhala ndi utoto wamagalasi abuluu mwa anthu ambiri chimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 16 - 24 cm, koma chimatha kufikira masentimita 35. Kulemera kumafikira 2 kg. Madzi, mzikiti ndi pafupifupi wosaoneka, amene amapereka kusaka bwino ndi chitetezo kwa adani pa nthawi yomweyo. Monga ma jellyfish onse, mavu amayenda mothinana, kutchinjiriza m'mbali mwa nyanjayo ndikukankhira madzi mmenemo. Ngati iyenera kuzungulira, imafupikitsa denga mbali imodzi yokha.
Zolimba kwambiri zimafotokoza za m'mimba mwa mawonekedwe a duwa lokhala ndi masamba anayi ndi mitsempha 8 ya tiziwalo zoberekera tomwe timapachikidwa pansi pa dome ngati timagulu tating'onoting'ono ta mphesa timanyezimira pang'ono. Pakati pawo pali kutalika, ngati thunthu la njovu. Pali pakamwa pamapeto pake. Pamakona a dome pali mahema, osonkhanitsidwa m'magulu a zidutswa 15.
Pakati pa kayendedwe kake, nsomba zam'madzi zimagwiritsa ntchito mahema kuti zisasokoneze, ndipo sizipitirira masentimita 15 ndi makulidwe a 5 mm. Pobisalira kusaka, imawasungunula ngati ulusi woonda wa ulusi wa mita 3 wowonekera wokutidwa ndi ma cell ambirimbiri oluma. Pansi pamisasa pali magulu anayi a ziwalo zomverera, kuphatikiza maso: maso anayi osavuta ndi maso awiri ophatikizika, ofanana ndendende ndi maso a nyama.
Gawo losasunthika la kapisozi, kapena polyp, limawoneka ngati thovu laling'ono lamamilimita angapo kukula kwake. Ngati tipitiliza kufananizira, ndiye kuti khosi la kuwira ndiye kamwa ya polyp, ndipo mkatikati mwa mimba ndi m'mimba mwake. Corolla yazithunzi khumi ikuzungulira pakamwa kuyendetsa nyama zazing'ono pamenepo.
Zosangalatsa: Sizikudziwika momwe mavu amawonera dziko lakunja, koma amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu. Zomwe zidapezeka poyesa, mavu amawona mitundu yoyera ndi yofiira, ndipo ofiyira amawopsa. Kuyika maukonde ofiira m'mbali mwa magombe kungakhale njira yodzitetezera. Pakadali pano, kuthekera kwa mavu kusiyanitsa zamoyo ndi zosakhala zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo: opulumutsa pa magombe amavala zovala zolimba zopangidwa ndi nayiloni kapena lycra.
Kodi mavu akukhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mavu aku Australia
Nyama zowonongekazo zimakhala m'madzi am'mbali mwa nyanja kuchokera kumpoto kwa Australia (kuchokera ku Gladstone kum'mawa mpaka ku Exmouth kumadzulo), New Guinea ndi zilumba za Indonesia, zikufalikira kumpoto kumalire a Vietnam ndi Philippines.
Nthawi zambiri nkhonozi sizisambira m'madzi ndipo zimakonda nyanja, ngakhale zimakhala zosaya - m'madzi osanjikiza mpaka 5 mita kuya osati pafupi ndi gombe. Amasankha malo okhala ndi malo oyera, nthawi zambiri amchenga ndipo amapewa ndere momwe zida zawo zosodza zingakodwere.
Malo oterewa ndiwokopa osambira, oyendetsa mafunde komanso osambira, zomwe zimayambitsa kugundana ndi kuwonongeka mbali zonse. Pokhapokha mkuntho pomwe jellyfish imachoka pagombe kupita m'malo akuya komanso odekha kuti asagwidwe ndi mafunde.
Kuti aberekane, mavu apanyanja amalowa m'malo ophulika mitsinje komanso malo okhala ndi nkhalango zamitengo ya mangrove. Pano amakhala moyo wawo wonse, akumadziphatika kumiyala yamadzi. Koma atafika pagululi, mavu achichepere amathamangiranso kunyanja.
Chosangalatsa: Pamphepete mwa nyanja ya Western Australia, mavu apanyanja apezeka posachedwa pamtunda wa 50 m pagombe la m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ankagwira pansi pomwe mafunde anali atafooka kwambiri.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mavu akukhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi zimadya.
Kodi mavu akudya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Udzu wa m'nyanja ya Jellyfish
Tizilombo timene timadya plankton. Wodya nyama wamkulu, ngakhale atha kupha anthu, sawadya. Imadyetsa zolengedwa zazing'ono kwambiri zomwe zimayandama m'madzi.
Ndi:
- nkhanu - maziko a zakudya;
- ma crustaceans ena monga amphipods;
- polychaetes (zotsekemera);
- nsomba zazing'ono.
Maselo obaya ndi odzaza ndi ululu, okwanira kupha anthu 60 m'mphindi zochepa chabe. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, mavu ndiwo adapha anthu osachepera 63 ku Australia pakati pa 1884 ndi 1996. Palinso ozunzidwa ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo amodzi osangalatsa a 1991 - 2004. ya 225 kugundana, 8% idatha kuchipatala, mu 5% ya milandu antivenin imafunikira. Panali vuto limodzi lokhalo lakupha - mwana wazaka zitatu adamwalira. Mwambiri, ana amakhala ndi vuto la jellyfish chifukwa chochepa thupi.
Koma ambiri, zotsatira za msonkhanowu zimangokhala zowawa zokha: 26% ya omwe akuzunzidwa adamva zowawa zopweteka, enawo - ochepa. Omwe akukhudzidwawo amayerekezera izi ndi kugwira chitsulo chofiyira. Kupwetekako ndikopumula, kugunda kwa mtima kumayamba ndipo kumamuvuta munthuyo kwamasiku angapo, limodzi ndi kusanza. Khungu limatsalira pakhungu ngati kuti lidayaka.
Zosangalatsa: Mankhwala omwe amateteza ku mavu a mavu akadakonzedwa. Pakadali pano, zatheka kupangira chinthu chomwe chimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa maselo ndikuwonekera kwa khungu pakhungu. Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa pasanathe mphindi 15 mutagundidwa ndi nsomba zam'madzi. Matenda a mtima, obwera chifukwa cha poyizoni, amakhalabe vuto. Kuchiza ndi viniga kumalimbikitsidwanso ngati chithandizo choyamba, chomwe chimalepheretsa maselo obaya ndi kupewa poyizoni wina. Kuchokera kuzithandizo zowerengeka zotchedwa mkodzo, boric acid, mandimu, kirimu cha steroid, mowa, ayezi ndi papaya. Pambuyo pokonza, ndikofunikira kuyeretsa zotsalira za jellyfish pakhungu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mavu owopsa a m'nyanja
Mavu apamadzi, monga bokosi lina la jellyfish, samakonda kuwonetsa ochita kafukufuku momwe amakhalira. Akawona opatuka, amabisala mwachangu pafupifupi 6 m / min. Koma tidakwanitsa kudziwa kena kake za iwo. Amakhulupirira kuti amakhala otanganidwa tsiku lonse, ngakhale ndizosatheka kumvetsetsa ngati oledzeretsa akugona kapena ayi. Masana amakhala pansi, koma osati mozama, ndipo madzulo amadzuka pamwamba. Sambani pa liwiro la 0.1 - 0.5 m / min. kapena kuyembekezera nyama yonyamula, ikufalitsa mahema okhala ndi maselo mamiliyoni ambiri oluma. Pali mtundu wina womwe mavu amatha kusaka mwakhama, kuthamangitsa nyama.
Munthu wamoyo akangokhudza khungu lamphamvu la khungu lobaya, mankhwala amayamba, kupsinjika kwa selo kumadzuka ndipo mkati mwa ma microsecond kumatuluka ulusi wonyezimira ndi wosanjikiza womwe umakhala mwa wovulalayo. Poizoni amatuluka m'chipindacho motsatira ulusiwo. Imfa imachitika mphindi 1 - 5, kutengera kukula ndi gawo la poizoni. Pambuyo popha wovulalayo, jellyfish imatembenukira mozondoka ndikukankhira nyama yake mchipindacho ndi mahema ake.
Kusuntha kwa mavu apanyengo sikunaphunzire. Zimadziwika kuti ku Darwin (kumadzulo kwa gombe lakumpoto) nyengo ya jellyfish imatha pafupifupi chaka chimodzi: kuyambira koyambirira kwa Ogasiti mpaka kumapeto kwa Juni chaka chamawa, komanso ku Cairns - Townsville dera (kum'mawa kwa gombe) - kuyambira Novembala mpaka Juni. Kumene amakhala nthawi yonse sikudziwika. Komanso mnzake wokhazikika - irukandji jellyfish (Carukia barnesi), yemwenso ndi wowopsa kwambiri komanso wosawoneka, koma chifukwa chochepa.
Chosangalatsa: Kusuntha kwa jellyfish kumayendetsedwa ndi masomphenya. Gawo lina la maso ake ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mawonekedwe amaso oyamwitsa: ali ndi mandala, cornea, retina, diaphragm. Diso lotere limawona zinthu zazikulu bwino, koma izi zimakonzedwa kuti ngati jellyfish ilibe ubongo? Zinapezeka kuti chidziwitsochi chimafalikira kudzera m'mitsempha yam'mlengalenga ndikuwongolera mwachindunji kuyendetsa galimoto. Zimangokhala kuti tipeze momwe nsomba zam'madzi zimapangira chisankho: kumenya kapena kuthawa?
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mavu a M'nyanja ku Thailand
Ngakhale gawo lalikulu la bokosi la jellyfish pamoyo wamunthu, moyo wawo udafotokozedwa bwino mu 1971 ndi wasayansi waku Germany B. Werner. Zinapezeka kuti ndizofanana ndi magulu ena ambiri a nsomba.
Imasintha magawo motsatana:
- dzira;
- mphutsi - mapulani;
- polyp - amangokhala;
- jellyfish ndi gawo lalikulu loyenda.
Akuluakulu amasunga madzi osaya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikusambira kumalo awo osungira - mitsinje yamchere yamchere ndi malo okhala ndi mangroves. Apa, amuna ndi akazi amatulutsa umuna ndi mazira m'madzi, motsatana, kusiya njira ya umuna mwangozi. Komabe, alibe chochita, chifukwa amwalira posachedwa.
Ndiye zonse zimachitika monga zikuyembekezeredwa, mphutsi yowonekera (pulula) imatuluka m'mazira oberekera, omwe, ndikudina ndi cilia, amasambira kupita kumtunda wolimba kwambiri ndikulumikiza pakamwa kutseguka. Malo okhalamo akhoza kukhala miyala, zipolopolo, zipolopolo za crustacean. Dengalo limakhala polyp - kanyama kakang'ono kokhala ngati khunyu 1 - 2 mm kutalika ndi mahema awiri. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timadyetsa plankton, zomwe zimabweretsa zatsopano.
Pambuyo pake imakula, imapeza pafupifupi mahema 10 komanso imaberekanso, koma pogawa - kuphuka. Tinthu tina tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga m'munsi mwake ngati timitengo ta mtengo, tisiyanike ndikukwawa kwakanthawi pofunafuna malo oti muphatikize. Kugawana zokwanira, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timasandulika nsomba zam'madzi, kuthyola mwendo ndikuyandama munyanja, ndikumaliza kukula kwa mavu apamadzi.
Adani achilengedwe a mavu apanyanja
Chithunzi: Momwe mavu akunyanja amawonekera
Ziribe kanthu momwe mukuwonekera, nsomba iyi ili ndi mdani m'modzi - kamba wam'nyanja. Akamba mwanjira inayake samva za poizoni wake.
Chodabwitsa pa biology ya mavu ndi mphamvu ya poizoni wake. Chifukwa chiyani, wina amadabwa, kodi cholengedwa ichi chimatha kupha zamoyo zomwe sizingadye? Amakhulupirira kuti poizoni wamphamvu komanso wothamanga kwambiri amalipira kufooka kwa thupi longa ngati jellyfish.
Ngakhale shrimp imatha kuwononga mzikiti wake ikayamba kumenyedwa. Chifukwa chake, poyizoni ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti wovutikayo asatengeke msanga. Mwina anthu amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi poizoni wa mavu kuposa nkhanu ndi nsomba, ndichifukwa chake zimawakhudza kwambiri.
Kapangidwe kake ka mavu apamadzi sikadafotokozeredwe bwino. Zapezeka kuti zili ndi mapuloteni angapo omwe amawononga maselo amthupi, kutaya magazi kwambiri komanso kupweteka. Mwa iwo pali ma neuro- ndi ma cardiotoxin omwe amayambitsa ziwalo za kupuma komanso kumangidwa kwamtima. Imfa imachitika chifukwa chodwala matenda amtima kapena kumira kwa wovulalayo yemwe watha kusuntha. Mlingo wopha kwambiri ndi 0.04 mg / kg, poyizoni wamphamvu kwambiri wodziwika mu nsomba zam'madzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mavu owopsa am'madzi
Palibe amene anawerenga mavu angati padziko lapansi. Msinkhu wawo ndi waufupi, kuzungulira kwakanthawi kumakhala kovuta, pomwe amaberekana m'njira zonse zomwe zilipo. Ndizosatheka kuzilemba, ndizovuta ngakhale kuziwona m'madzi. Kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero, limodzi ndi zoletsa kusamba komanso mitu yankhani yokhudza kuwukira kwa jellyfish yakupha, zimachitika chifukwa choti m'badwo wotsatira wafika pa unamwali ndipo wagwetsedwa pakamwa pamitsinje kuti akwaniritse ntchito yawo.
Kuchepa kwamanambala kumachitika atamwalira nsomba zodwalitsa. Chinthu chimodzi chitha kunenedwa: sizingatheke kuwongolera mabokosi owopsa, ndikuwawononganso.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: mavu amakhala owopsa kwa nyama zakufa ndi msinkhu, zikafika kutalika kwa masentimita 8-10. Asayansi amati izi ndizosintha pakudya. Achinyamata amagwira nsomba zam'madzi, pomwe zazikuluzikulu zimasamukira ku nsomba. Poizoni wambiri amafunika kuti agwire zinyama zovuta.
Izi zimachitika kuti anthu nawonso amakhala ozunzidwa ndi chilengedwe. Zimakhala zowopsa mukamva za nyama zakupha zakupha za m'maiko akunja. Izi sizongokhala nsomba zam'madzi zokha, komanso octopus wokhala ndi buluu, nsomba zamwala, kondomu mollusc, nyerere zamoto mavu apamadzi... Udzudzu wathu ndi wosiyana. Ngakhale zili choncho, mamiliyoni ambiri amabwera kudzaona madera otentha, kuwopseza kutha kwawo. Kodi mungatani? Ingoyang'anani zotsutsana.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.10.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 08/29/2019 pa 20:02
