Khoswe wa bamboo Ndi mbewa yosinthidwa kuti ikhale pansi. Ili ndi gulu lotchuka kwambiri la banja ndipo lili ndi mamembala atatu. Mitundu yaubweya imatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa mitunduyi. Makoswewa ndi ofanana ndi maulendo obisika pansi pa nthaka ndipo amafanana ndi zokolori zazikulu. Makoswe a bamboo samasungidwa kawirikawiri ngati ziweto, ngakhale nyamazi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe oyambirira komanso osazolowereka.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Khoswe Wa Bamboo
Makoswe owona amakhulupirira kuti adachokera ku Asia. Amawonekera koyamba kumapeto kwa Paleocene komanso ku Eocene yoyambirira ku Asia ndi North America, pafupifupi zaka 54 miliyoni zapitazo. Nyama zoyambirira izi zinachokera ku makolo onga makoswe otchedwa Anagalida, pomwe gulu la Lagomorpha la lagomorphs nawonso linatsika.
Kanema: Khoswe Wa Bamboo
Muridae ndi banja lakale lomwe linabereka makoswe amakono, mbewa zapakhomo, ma hamster, ma voles ndi ma gerbils, omwe adawonekera koyamba kumapeto kwa Eocene (pafupifupi zaka 34 miliyoni zapitazo). Mitundu yamakono yofanana ndi mbewa idasinthika ku Miocene (zaka 23.8-5 miliyoni zapitazo) ndipo idapangidwa nthawi ya Pliocene (zaka 5.3-1.8 miliyoni zapitazo).
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19 ku Ulaya, makoswe anagwidwa ndikudya nthawi ya njala. Ogwira makoswe adalembedwa kuti athetse makoswe ndikugwira anthu amoyo kuti atenge nawo gawo pankhondo zamakoswe, mipikisano yamakoswe ndi kukhazikitsa maenje amakoswe. Ogwira makoswe nawonso adagwira ndikusunga makoswe amtchire m khola. Munthawi imeneyi, makoswe achialubino omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe adasankhidwa pazitosi za makoswe ogwidwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo osiyana. Ng'ombe zakutchire za albino zachilengedwe zidalembedwa koyamba ku Europe mu 1553.
Mitundu yambiri yamakoswe idayamba kuwonekera m'banja la Muridae kuyambira 3.5 mpaka 5-6 mil. zaka zapitazo. Anachokera ku Mediterranean, Middle East, India, China, Japan, ndi Southeast Asia (kuphatikiza Philippines, New Guinea, ndi Australia). Chiyambireni, mtundu wamakoswe udakumana ndimitundu iwiri yamatsenga, imodzi pafupifupi 2.7 mil. zaka zapitazo, ndipo ina idayamba pafupifupi zaka 1.2 miliyoni zapitazo ndipo itha kupitilirabe lero.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi mbewa za nsungwi zimawoneka bwanji
Kutalika kwa mbewa ya nsungwi kumachokera pa masentimita 16.25 mpaka 45.72, mchira kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 6-7, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 210 mpaka 340. Amatchulidwa kuti mbewa ya nsungwi. Nyama zili ndi makutu ndi maso ang'onoang'ono, ndipo zimafanana kwambiri ndi woponya poker waku America, kupatula zikwama zamasaya zomwe zikusowa. Khoswe wa nsungwi amakhala ndi ubweya wokulirapo komanso wofewa pamutu ndi thupi, koma ubweya wochepa pamchira pake.
Mtundu wa nyamayi umayambira sinamoni yofiira ndi mabokosi mpaka phulusa laimvi ndi imvi kumtunda ndipo m'malo mwake imakhala yotumbululuka komanso yopyapyala. Anthu ena ali ndi mzere woyera pamwamba pamutu ndi mzere wocheperako kuchokera pachibwano mpaka pakhosi. Makutu ang'onoang'ono a nyama amabisika kwathunthu muubweya, ndipo khosi silitchulidwa. Miyendo ndi yaifupi.
Cannomys badius ndi nyama yolimba, yapakatikati yokhala ndi miyendo yayifupi, yamphamvu. Ali ndi zikhadabo zokumba zazitali komanso zamphamvu komanso mapadi osalala pamapazi a mapazi awo. Khosweyo ali ndi zotsekemera zazikulu ndi zokongoletsa zokhala ndi zisoti zazikulu ndi mizu. Chipilala cha zygomatic ndichachikulu kwambiri ndipo thupi ndilolimba komanso lolemera. Makoswe achikazi nsungwi ali ndi mawere awiri komanso awiri amimba am'mimba.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Magawo a chromosomes omwe ali mgawo lalikulu la mbewa za nsungwi amafika 50, m'mitundu ing'onoing'ono ya makoswe amakhala ofanana ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi. Ichi ndiye mitundu yofunikira kwambiri yamakoswe.
Kapangidwe ka chigaza kamafanana ndi moyo wanyama wapansi panthaka. Mawonekedwe ake ndi opanikizika, mosabisa mozungulira. Zygomatic arches zimafotokozedwa momveka bwino ndipo zimasokera mbali. Cecum muli khola lofanana ndiuzimu.
Kodi khoswe wamatabwa amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Khoswe wa bamboo m'chilengedwe
Malo okhala mitundu iyi amachokera kum'mawa kwa Nepal (2000 mita pamwamba pa nyanja), kudutsa kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa India, Bhutan, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Bangladesh, Myanmar, kumwera kwa China, kumpoto chakumadzulo. Vietnam, Thailand ndi Cambodia. Mitundu ya mbewa ya bamboo imalembedwa mpaka pafupifupi 4000 m pamwambapa pa nyanja, ndipo mafunde ena amangokhala okwera, ndipo kutalika kwake sikukhazikika nthawi zonse.
Malo okhala mbewa za nsungwi:
- Nepal;
- Cambodia;
- Zaire;
- Vietnam;
- India;
- Uganda;
- Ethiopia;
- Laos;
- Thailand;
- Somalia;
- Chilumba cha Mallakku;
- Myanmar;
- Kenya;
- Tanzania.
Kupezeka kosafotokozedwa bwino:
- Bangladesh;
- Butane.
Mitunduyi yalembedwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira nkhalango ya nsungwi mpaka nthaka yolimapo komanso malo ena okhala anthu, ngakhale kulibe m'minda ya mpunga. Ku South Asia, imapezeka m'nkhalango zamapiri komanso m'nkhalango zowirira za msungwi m'nkhalango zazing'ono, ndipo nthawi zina zimapezeka kumtunda. Ndi mitundu yanthawi yayitali yokhala ndi ana amodzi kapena awiri mwana aliyense. Amakhalanso m'malo amchenga ndi zitsamba zobiriwira. Makoswe a bamboo amakumba maenje obisika apansi panthaka ngati ma tunnel ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali m'mayenje.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe khoswe wa nsungwi amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi khoswe wa nsungwi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bamboo Rat
Makoswe a bamboo amagwira ntchito makamaka m'mawa kapena madzulo, nyama zikawoneka padziko lapansi kufunafuna chakudya. Amadyetsa m'malo osiyanasiyana obisala, makamaka nsungwi, komanso mbewu ndi zipatso. Chomwe chimadya kwambiri ndi nsungwi, chomwe ndi dzina la nyama yobisalayi. Amakumba bwino kwambiri. Zakudya zawo sizimangokhala ndi nsungwi, amadyetsanso zitsamba, mphukira zazing'ono zazitsamba ndi mizu ina, ndipo amadya mbewu ndi zipatso.
Masana, nyamazo zimakhala mopuma mosabisa, ndipo usiku zimadzuka pamwamba kuti zidye mlengalenga mwa zomera.
Monga:
- mbewu zimamera;
- masamba onse;
- zipatso zakugwa;
- mbewu zosiyanasiyana.
Mosiyana ndi mbewa zina, zomwe zimangobisala mumphako, makoswe a nsungwi amapeza chakudya msanga, ndikuwonjezera kutalika kwa maenje awo m'malo omwe pali udzu wandiweyani. Akamaliza kumenyetsa chomeracho, chinyama chimatseka ngalandeyo kuchokera mkati ndi kork yochokera pansi. Katswiriyu pankhani yazakudya amapatsa mwayi chakudya chodalirika komanso chosasinthasintha, kupewa mpikisano.
Kuphatikiza apo, makoswe amatha kubisala munjira zakuya. Makoswe a bamboo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'minda ya tiyi ndikumanga maenje ndi ngalande m'malo amenewa, kuwononga mbewu izi ndikuwapweteketsa osasinthika. Makoswewa amadziwika kuti ndi odyetsa kwambiri, amatha kudya zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Usiku, mungamve kung'ung'udza kwa makoswe a nsungwi akuyesera kudzaza m'mimba mwawo ndi mphukira zowutsa mudyo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Khoswe wamphako mdzenje
Khoswe wa nsungwi amakumba bwino nthaka ndi zala zake ndi zipilala, ndikukonza njira zovuta kuyenda, zomwe zimawongolera nthawi zonse mwa kuzipangitsa ndi kuzitalikitsa. Mosiyana ndi mbewa zansungwi zaku China, mtundu wonsewo umakoka osati kumadera audzu, koma ku nkhalango za nsungwi zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pazakudya zawo. Madzulo, mbewa za nsungwi zimachoka pogona kuti zizidya msipu. Ali m'ndende, ntchito idafika m'mawa kwambiri kapena madzulo, ndipo amagona masana.
Nyama izi zimabowola m'malo audzu, nkhalango ndi minda. Kukumba kumachitika osati ndi miyendo yawo yamphamvu yokha, komanso mothandizidwa ndi zida zawo zazikulu. Munthu m'modzi amatha kupanga mabowo angapo, koma amakhala m'modzi yekha. Ngalande zomangidwa ndizosavuta ndipo zimaphatikizapo chipinda chosungira zinthu zingapo. Mayendedwe apansi panthaka nthawi zambiri amakhala akuya kwambiri. Makilomita opitilira makumi asanu amasunthidwa mobisa kugwera pa munthu m'modzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Makoswe ang'onoang'ono a nsungwi amayenda pang'onopang'ono akakhala pamwamba pa nthaka ndipo amanenedwa kuti ndiopanda mantha adani awo akamabwera.
Kukumba ma labyrinth ngati awa ndikofunikira kuti mbewa ipeze chakudya ndikupanga pogona lodalirika. Amasuntha nthaka yomwe idakumbidwa ndi ziwalo zawo zakutsogolo pansi pamimba, pomwe ndi ziwalo zawo zammbuyo amaziponyera kumbuyo. Mizu imaluma ndi mano awo. Mukakumba, mulu wadothi umapangidwa, womwe khoswe wa nsungwi amasuntha ndi mphuno yake ndi zipilala mumtsinjewo. Makoswewa amabisa malo awo m'nkhalango zazitali komanso zowirira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Khoswe wamwana msungwi
Khoswe wa nsungwi amatha kubereka chaka chonse, koma kamodzi pachaka, kupitirira ziwiriziwiri ngati zololeza. Kuswana kumapiri m'nyengo yamvula. Mkazi amatenga kuchokera kwa 1 mpaka 5 wakhanda wakhanda komanso wamaliseche. Amakula ndikulemera mofulumira kwambiri. Mimba imakhala pafupifupi milungu isanu ndi umodzi kapena isanu ndi iwiri. Makoswe achichepere amatha kubereka patatha miyezi 5-8 atabadwa. Ana obadwa kumene, monga makoswe ena ambiri, samatsegula maso mpaka masiku 15.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Achinyamata amakhalabe opanda tsitsi nthawi yayitali. Kuyamwitsa ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa amayi kumachitika pakatha masabata 3-4.
Popeza kuti anyani amphongo amatsata ndi mkazi mmodzi kenako kupita kwina, samathandizira kwambiri posamalira makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Ndowe zazing'ono zimakhalabe zopanda chithandizo kwa milungu iwiri, mpaka ubweya wawo utayamba kukula, maso awo atseguka, ndipo amakhala otakataka ndikusuntha kwambiri. Kuyamwitsa kumatsagana ndi zoyeserera za mayi. Mpaka atakula msinkhu, makoswe a nsungwi amakhalabe m'chisa cha amayi awo.
Kukula msinkhu mwa amuna kumachitika koyambirira kuposa momwe amapatsidwa mwayi woti agone nawo. Izi zimachitika chifukwa choti pali mpikisano wambiri wopezeka kwa mkazi ku estrus ndikuti anthu ochepa omwe ali ndi udindo wovuta ndi ovuta kukopa chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Zazikazi zimapanga chisa ndi nsanza kumtunda kwa ngalande, momwe timagalu tating'onoting'ono tosawoneka ndi makoswe timabadwira.
Adani achilengedwe a khoswe wa nsungwi
Chithunzi: Kodi mbewa za nsungwi zimawoneka bwanji
Odya makoswe odyera odziwika amasiyana kutengera komwe amakhala. Chimodzi mwazomwe zingasinthidwe motsutsana ndi zolusa ndizosintha kwamitundu mumtunduwu komanso moyo wakusiku. Umboni wina umawonetsa kuti utoto umalumikizidwa ndi malo amtunduwu chifukwa chake kuthekera kosakhalabe otchuka mderalo.
Kuphatikiza apo, makoswe a nsungwi nthawi zambiri amakhala ankhanza kwa nzika zawo ndipo amatetezedwa mwamphamvu ndi chilichonse chomwe angathe. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti omwe adagwidwa ndi C. badius amakhala ndi ziwopsezo zowonetsa kuti akufuna kudziteteza. Makoswe a bamboo amayimirira ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ndikuwonetsa zida zawo zamphamvu.
Odya kwambiri makoswe a nsungwi ndi omwe amadziwika kwambiri masiku ano:
- agalu (Canidae);
- zikopa zazikulu (Strigiformes);
- chibwenzi (Felidae);
- abuluzi (Lacertilia);
- njoka (Njoka);
- mimbulu (Canis);
- nkhandwe (Vulpes);
- anthu (Homo Sapiens).
Kummwera kwa China, Laos ndi Myanmar, anthu amadya makoswe a nsungwi. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu amawononganso makoswe ambiri aku Norway ngati tizirombo. Akhozanso kusakidwa ndi zinyama zilizonse zodya nyama, mbalame ndi zokwawa zomwe zimakhala mdera limodzi.
Mitundu ina yamakoswe imawerengedwa ngati tizirombo tambiri ta mammalia nthawi zonse. Iwo apha anthu ambiri kuposa nkhondo iliyonse m'mbiri. Amakhulupirira kuti matenda omwe amayambitsidwa ndi makoswe apha anthu ambiri mzaka 1000 zapitazi kuposa nkhondo zonse ndi kusintha komwe kumenyedwapo. Amadyetsa nsabwe ndi nthata zomwe zimakhala ndi mliri wa bubonic, typhus, trichinosis, tularemia, jaundice wopatsirana, ndi matenda ena ambiri owopsa.
Makoswe amachititsanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa katundu, kuphatikizapo mbewu, kuwonongeka ndi kuipitsidwa kwa chosungira anthu chakudya, komanso kuwonongeka kwa mkati ndi kunja kwa nyumba. Akuti makoswe amawononga madola mabiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse. Komabe, mavuto obwera chifukwa cha makoswe a nsungwi ndi ochepa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Khoswe Wa Bamboo
Kuchuluka kwa malo okhala makoswe ndi anthu opitilira awiri ndi theka pa kilomita imodzi. Mitunduyi idatchulidwa kuti Yosawopsa Kutha chifukwa chakufalikira kwawo ndipo ikuyembekezeka kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Zimapezeka m'malo angapo otetezedwa, zimalolera kusintha kwa malo okhala ndipo sizingayime mwachangu kuti ziyenerere kuphatikizidwa m'magulu owopsa. Nyamazi amakhulupirira kuti zili m'malo otetezedwa ku India ndi Nepal.
Ku India ndi choncho:
- Malo Oyendetsera Nyama Yam'madzi a Dumpa;
- malo osungira zachilengedwe Mizoram.
Ku Nepal kuli:
- Royal Chitwan National Park, (Central Nepal);
- Malo Odyera a Makalu Barun, (Eastern Nepal).
Mitunduyi yaphatikizidwa mu Mndandanda V (wotchedwa kachilombo) wa Wildlife Conservation Act of India kuyambira 1972. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka amafunikira pakugawana, kuchuluka, zachilengedwe ndi kuwopseza kwa taxa wodziwika uyu. Kafukufuku wowonjezera wa taxonomic akuwonetsa kuti taxon iyi itha kupangidwa ndi mitundu ingapo, yomwe kuunikiranso kwa Red List kuyenera.
Nthawi zambiri, khoswe wa nsungwi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwamphamvu m'malo ena popanga chakudya, makamaka, anthu ena amatha kuchepetsedwa chifukwa chakukolola kwambiri. Amachotsedwanso ngati tizilombo tofa nato m'minda yama rabara m'malo ena (monga Myanmar), komwe imapezeka m'mitengo yoposa 600 ya nyama pa hekitala. Ku South Asia, akuwopsezedwa kwanuko ndi kutaya malo okhala, moto wamnkhalango ndi makoswe a nsungwi kuti agwiritse ntchito zachilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/14/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 14.08.2019 pa 21:22
