Nkhono ya Achatina ndi amodzi mwamatenda akuluakulu padziko lapansi. Mumakhala mayiko okhala ndi nyengo zotentha. Ku Russia, amakonda kusunga nkhono izi ngati ziweto, chifukwa nkhonozi ndizodzichepetsa kwambiri ndipo kuzisamalira sizimabweretsa mavuto kwa eni ake. M'dziko lathu, nkhonozi sizikhala kuthengo chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: nkhono Achatina
Achatina kapena gastropod mollusk, omwe ali m'gulu la nkhono zam'mapapo, zomwe zimayang'ana maso a phesi, banja la Achatna. Ma gastropods oyamba amakhala mdziko lathu lapansi kuyambira pachiyambi cha nyengo ya Cretaceous ya nthawi ya Mesozoic. Zakale zakale kwambiri za gastropod molluscs pafupifupi zaka 99 miliyoni. Makolo a gastropods anali ammonite mollusks akale omwe adalipo kuyambira ku Devonia mpaka nthawi ya Cretaceous ya nthawi ya Mesozoic.
Kanema: nkhono Achatina
Aamoni anali osiyana kwambiri ndi nkhono zamakono. Nkhono zakale zinali zodyera ndipo zimawoneka ngati molluscs amakono a Nautilus pompilius. Molluscs amenewa ankasambira momasuka m'madzi ndipo anali akuluakulu kukula kwake. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mtundu wa Achatina fulica udafotokozedwa ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku France Baron André Etienne Ferussac mu 1821.
Achatina ndi gulu lonse la nkhono zapansi, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu monga:
- achatina reticulata;
- achatina Craveni;
- achatina Glutinosa;
- achatina immaculata;
- achatina Panthera;
- achatina Tincta;
Achatina ndi nkhono zazikulu zokhala ndi chipolopolo chachitali cha 8-15 cm, komabe, pali zitsanzo ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri momwe chipolopolocho chimakhala choposa masentimita 25. Nkhono zimakhala ndi chipolopolo chovomerezeka, chopindika mobwerera mobwerera. Pafupipafupi pali pafupifupi 8 potembenukira pa chipolopolocho. Mtundu wa nkhonoyi umatha kukhala wosiyana ndikudalira chomwe nkhonoyo ikudya. Kwenikweni, mtundu wa Achatina umayang'aniridwa ndi matani achikasu ndi abulauni. Chipolopolocho nthawi zambiri chimapakidwa ndi mikwingwirima yachikaso komanso yofiirira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhono ya Achatina imawonekera
Achatina ndimatumbo akulu apadziko lapansi. Kukula kwa chipolopolo cha munthu wamkulu kumayambira 10 mpaka 25 cm. Nkhonoyo imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 250-300. Pazifukwa zabwino, kulemera kwa nkhonoyo kumatha kufika magalamu 400. Thupi ndi pulasitiki, mpaka 16 masentimita m'litali, yokutidwa kwathunthu ndi mtundu wa makwinya abwino. Kapangidwe ka nkhonoyi imagawika magawo awiri ogwira ntchito: cephalopodia - mutu ndi mwendo wa mollusk ndi visceropallia (thunthu).
Mutu wa mollusk ndi waukulu kwambiri, womwe uli patsogolo pa thupi. Pamutu pali nyanga zazing'ono, zibangili za ubongo, maso ndi pakamwa. Maso a nkhono ili kumapeto kwa mahema. Samawona nkhono bwino. Amatha kusiyanitsa mawonekedwe azinthu pamtunda wa 1 cm kuchokera m'maso. Ikhoza kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuwala. Sakonda kuwala kowala kwambiri. Dzuwa likamenya nkhonoyo, nkhonozo zimayamba kubisala. M'mimbamo m'kamwa bwino. Mkati mwake muli lilime lokhala ndi minga. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake, nkhono imatha kugwira chakudya mosavuta ndi lilime lake.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nkhono zamtundu uwu zili ndi mano pafupifupi 25,000. Mano ndi olimba, opangidwa ndi chitin. Mothandizidwa ndi mano ake, nkhonoyi imagaya chakudya cholimba.
Mwendo wa nkhonoyo ndi wolimba, wokhala ndi khwinya lalikulu lokha, mothandizidwa ndi nkhonozo kuyenda mozungulira komanso mozungulira. Zotupitsa za nkhonoyi zimatulutsa ntchofu yapadera yomwe imathandizira kutsetsereka ndikumamatira bwino kumtunda. Chikwama chamkati chimatetezedwa ndi chipolopolo cholimba. Nkhonozi zimapangidwa ndi ziwalo zosavuta: mtima, mapapo ndi impso imodzi. Mtima uli ndi atrium yakumanzere ndipo ma ventricle azunguliridwa ndi pericardium. Magaziwo ndiwonekeratu. Nkhonoyi imapuma mpweya kudzera m'mapapu ndi khungu.
Chigoba cha nkhonoyi ndi cholimba komanso cholimba. Chiwerengero cha kutembenuka chikufanana ndi zaka za mollusk. Mtundu wa chipolopolo cha mollusks wa subspecies womwewo ukhoza kukhala wosiyana kwambiri. Mtundu wa chipolopolocho umadalira zakudya za nkhonoyo komanso momwe akukhalira. Nthawi yayitali yam'madzi otchire kutchire ndi zaka 11; ali mu ukapolo, nyama izi zimatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Achatina, monga nkhono zina zambiri, amatha kusintha. Ndiye kuti, nkhono imatha kubweza gawo lomwe latayika.
Kodi nkhono Achatina amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhono ya Achatina kunyumba
Africa amaonedwa kuti ndi malo Achatina. Poyamba, nkhono zinkangokhala nyengo yotentha komanso yamvula ku Africa, koma popita nthawi, chifukwa cha anthu, nkhonozi zimafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Akhatin pano amakhala ku Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia. M'zaka za zana la 19, nkhono zidayamba ku India ndi Republic of Mauritius. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, nkhonozi zidabwera pachilumba cha Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, nkhonozi zidakambidwa ku California, Hawaii, Ireland, New Guinea, ndi Tahiti.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nkhono za Achatina ndi nkhono zanzeru, amatha kukumbukira zomwe zidawachitikira pa ola lomaliza, kumbukirani komwe kunali chakudya. Amasiyanitsa bwino pakati pa zokonda ndipo amakonda zokonda. Nkhono zapakhomo zimatha kuzindikira mwini wake.
Ndiponso kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, nkhono izi zidapezeka ku Caribbean. Amakonda malo okhala ndi nyengo yotentha komanso yachinyezi kuti azikhala. Imagwira pakagwa mvula kutentha kwa mpweya kuyambira 10 mpaka 30 ° C. Kutentha kwambiri, imagwa ndi daze, ndikuphimba pakhomo la chipolopolocho ndi ntchofu. Kutentha kotsika kuchokera pa 8 mpaka 3 ° C, imatha. Nkhonozi ndizodzichepetsa kuzinthu zakunja, ndipo zimatha kudziwa moyo pafupifupi chilichonse. Achatin amapezeka m'nkhalango, paki, zigwa zamtsinje ndi minda.
Itha kukhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba yomwe munthu amakhala kuti ndi mtundu wowononga. Kulowetsa ma molluscs kumayiko ambiri ndikoletsedwa. Ku America, kulowetsa kwa Akhatin kumalangidwa ndikumangidwa. Zovulaza ulimi.
Tsopano inu mukudziwa momwe kusunga nkhono Achatina kunyumba. Tiyeni tiwone momwe tingadyetsere gastropod mollusk.
Kodi kudya nkhono Achatina?
Chithunzi: Nkhono Yaikulu Achatina
Ma Ahetiya ndi ma mollusc odyetsa omwe amadyetsa masamba obiriwira, masamba ndi zipatso.
Zakudya za nkhono za Achatina zimaphatikizapo:
- nzimbe;
- masamba a mitengo;
- mbali zowola za zomera;
- zipatso zoyipa;
- masamba a mitengo yazipatso;
- masamba a mphesa, letesi;
- chovala;
- dandelions;
- chomera;
- lucene;
- lunguzi;
- zipatso (monga mapeyala, mphesa, chinanazi, mango, yamatcheri, apricots, mapeyala, maapulo);
- masamba (kaloti, kabichi, zukini, beets, dzungu, saladi);
- makungwa a mitengo ndi zitsamba.
Kunyumba, nkhono zimadyetsedwa masamba (broccoli, kaloti, letesi, kabichi, nkhaka, belu tsabola). Zipatso maapulo, mapeyala, mango, mapeyala, nthochi, mphesa. Mavwende. Mafuta ochepa a oatmeal, chimanga, fupa, ndi mtedza wa nthaka amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zakudya zowonjezera. Kukula bwino ndikukula kwa chipolopolocho, Achatina akuyenera kupatsidwa zowonjezera zowonjezera mchere - choko, nkhono yamiyala yoyera kapena miyala.
Zinthu izi zimayenera kuperekedwa pang'ono pokha pomwe zidawazidwa pachakudya chachikulu. Wamkulu Achatina kuthana ndi chakudya chotafuna. Nkhono zazing'ono zimatha kudyetsedwa ndi zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, koma mbatata zosenda siziyenera kuperekedwa chifukwa makanda amangobanika. Kuphatikiza pa chakudya, ziweto ziyenera kukhala ndi madzi nthawi zonse.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Achatina ndi zolengedwa zolimba, atha kukhala osadya kwa masiku angapo, ndipo sizidzawapweteka. Kumtchire, pamene Achatino sangapeze chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo amangopita kutulo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: African nkhono Achatina
Nkhono ndi zolengedwa zotekeseka kwambiri zomwe zimabweretsa bata. Kumtchire, amakhala okha, kapena amapanga awiriwo ndikukhala limodzi m'dera limodzi. Sangakhale mawonekedwe amtundu wa ng'ombe kwa nthawi yayitali, kudzikundikira kwakukulu kwa akulu kumabweretsa nkhawa. Chifukwa chake, pakuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kuchuluka kwakukula kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, kutha kwa kusamuka kwa Achatina kungayambike.
Achatina amakhala otakata mvula ndi usiku. Masana, agulugufe amenewa amabisala pokhapokha kukakhala chinyezi panja. Pamasiku otentha, nkhono zimabisala kuseri kwa miyala, pakati pa mizu ya mitengo komanso m'nkhalango zamatchire kuchokera padzuwa. Nthawi zambiri amabowola panthaka kuti asatenthe. Nkhono zazing'ono zimatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali ndipo sizimangiriridwa kumalo opumira. Okalamba amakhala osamala kwambiri ndipo popuma amadzipangira malo ena oti apumule ndikudzifunira chakudya pafupi ndi malowa, kuyesera kuti asachokeko pamtunda wopitilira 5 mita. Kuti musunthe pang'onopang'ono mumphindi imodzi, Achatina amakwawa pafupifupi 1-2 cm.
Kumtchire, ndikubwera kwa zovuta mmoyo wa moyo, Achatin amabowola pansi, amatseka mpandawo ndi kanema wapadera womata wopangidwa ndi ntchofu ndi hibernate. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti kutsekemera, makamaka ndi njira yotetezera, nkhono sichifuna kugona, imachita izi kuti idikire nyengo zosavomerezeka. Nkhono zapakhomo zimatha kubisala m'malo ovuta. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri pamene nkhono ilibe chakudya chokwanira, kapena chakudya chake chimakhala choperewera, pamene mpweya mu terrarium wauma kwambiri, ngati chiweto chikuzizira kapena chikupanikizika.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kutha nthawi yayitali sikokwanira ma molluscs. Mukagona, nkhonoyo imachepa kwambiri, kuwonjezera apo, ikamagona nthawi yayitali pakhomo lolowera ku chipolopolocho, kuwonjezera pa kanema woyamba womwe nkhonoyi imatseka chipolopolo chake, makanema omwewo a ntchofu amapangidwa. Ndipo nkhono ikamagona nthawi yayitali, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuidzutsa. Kudzuka nkhono utagona ndikokwanira kungoigwira pansi pamadzi otentha ndipo patapita nthawi nkhonoyo imadzuka ndikutuluka mnyumba mwake. Mukadzuka, ipatseni nkhono mikhalidwe yabwino komanso zakudya zabwino.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nkhono yayikulu Achatina
Kakhalidwe ka nkhono sikumangidwa. Nthawi zambiri Achatin amakhala okha, nthawi zina amatha kukhala mdera limodzi ndi banja. Nkhono sizimanga mabanja ndipo sizisamala za ana awo. Achatina - hermaphrodites, munthu aliyense akhoza kugwira ntchito wamkazi ndi wamwamuna. Zinthu zikafika poipa, nkhono zimatha kudzipangira umuna, koma izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri.
Anthu okonzeka kukwatirana akuyenda mozungulira, akukweza matupi awo patsogolo, nthawi zina amasiya, ngati kuti akufuna china chake. Nkhono ziwiri zikakumana, zimayamba kulumikizana, kumamvana ndi mahema, ndikukwawa mozungulira. Kuvina koteroko kumatha mpaka maola awiri, nkhonozo zikagwa limodzi, kumamatirana.
Ngati nkhonoyi ndi yofanana, umuna umachitika mu nkhono zonse ziwiri. Ngati nkhono imodzi ndi yayikulu kuposa inayo, ndiye kuti nkhono yayikulu imakhala ngati yachikazi, popeza pamafunika mphamvu zambiri pakukula kwa mazira. Nkhono ndi zazing'ono kukula, ngakhale achikulire nthawi zonse amakhala amuna, akulu akulu amakhala akazi.
Ikakwerana, nkhonoyi imatha kusunga umuna kwa zaka zingapo, kenako imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mazira okhwima kumene. M'ngalande imodzi, m'modzi amayikira mazira pafupifupi 200; pansi pazabwino, kukula kwa clutch kumatha kuwonjezeredwa mpaka mazira 300. M'chaka chimodzi, munthu m'modzi amatha kupanga zomangira 6 zotere. Mimba mu nkhono kumatenga masiku 7 mpaka 14. Mzimayi amapanga clutch pansi. Nkhonoyi ikaikira mazira, imaiwala za iwo.
Mazirawo ndi ang'onoang'ono, pafupifupi 5mm kutalika, otalikirana pang'ono. Pambuyo pa masabata 2-3, nkhono zazing'ono zimaswa m'mazira. Nkhono zazing'ono zimakula msanga kwa zaka ziwiri zoyambirira, pambuyo pake kukula kwa nkhono kumachepetsa kwambiri. Achinyamata amakula msinkhu ali ndi miyezi 7-14, kutengera mawonekedwe amunthu aliyense, komanso momwe amakhalira.
Natural adani a nkhono Achatina
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhono ya Achatina imawonekera
M'malo okhalamo, nkhono za Achatina zimakhala ndi adani ambiri kuthengo, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa nkhonozi kumayendetsedwa.
Adani akuluakulu a nkhono zakutchire ndi awa:
- abuluzi akulu;
- achule;
- timadontho-timadontho;
- mbewa, makoswe ndi makoswe ena;
- mbalame zazikulu zodya nyama monga mphamba, ziombankhanga, akhwangwala, mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe ndi zina zambiri;
- nkhono genoxis.
Komabe, musaiwale kuti m'maiko ambiri, makamaka komwe kulandila nkhonozi ndikoletsedwa, chifukwa chakukula kwa nkhono ndi mawonekedwe a nyama, nkhono sizingakhale ndi adani. Pachifukwa ichi, kubereka kosalamulirika kwa nkhonozi kumatha kukhala tsoka lenileni, chifukwa zimachulukitsa mwachangu ndikukhala m'malo akulu. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhono zimadya masamba onse omwe amakumana nawo akamapita.
Achatina amatetezedwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya ma helminths, omwe ndi osasangalatsa kwambiri omwe ndi ma hookworms ndi ziwombankhanga. Nyongolotsi izi zimatha kukhala pachikopa cha nkhono, komanso pathupi la nkhono. Mollusk yemwe ali ndi tiziromboti amakhala owopsa, ndipo ngati sangachotsedwe, nkhono imatha kufa.
Kuphatikiza apo, nkhono zimatha kupatsira nyama zina komanso anthu matenda opatsirana.
Komanso Achatina amadwala matenda a fungal nthawi ya hypothermia, amatha kudwala chimfine, koma nthawi zambiri pamikhalidwe yosavomerezeka nkhono zimabisala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nkhono za Achatina
Kuteteza mtundu wa Achatina ndikofala, ndiye kuti, palibe chomwe chimaopseza mitunduyo. Chiwerengero cha mitunduyi ndi yochulukirapo, nkhono zimamva bwino m'malo awo achilengedwe, zimaberekana bwino komanso mwachangu kwambiri ndikudzaza madera atsopano. Mitunduyi imakhala yovuta kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mitunduyo imatha kusintha msanga zachilengedwe, ndikuwononga zachilengedwe zomwe sizingafanane ndi mitundu iyi.
M'mayiko ambiri, lamulo loletsa kugula kwa Achatina, kupatula kuyambitsa kwa nkhonozi kuzachilengedwe zomwe sizachilendo kwa iwo. Achatina ndi tizirombo toyambitsa matenda; nkhono zimadya mbewu, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba m'minda. Kukhalapo kwa Achatin mu chilengedwe cha achilendo kwa iwo ambiri kungakhale tsoka lalikulu paulimi wamderali.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, m'dziko lathu, zolengedwa izi zimakonda kusunga ziweto. Kupatula apo, nkhono ndizodzichepetsera, zimakhala bata ndipo anthu ambiri amakonda kuwona nyama izi. Nthawi zambiri nkhono zimakwezedwa ndipo ana amagawidwa kwaulere. Komabe, musaiwale kuti palibe vuto ngati mungotaya mazira a nkhono, chifukwa Achatina amatha kuthyola ndikukhazikika m'dera latsopano.
M'dziko lathu, Achatins nthawi zambiri samakhala kuthengo, chifukwa chake kusamalitsa ziweto sikuletsedwa. Ku United States, kulowetsa nkhono mdziko muno kumalangidwa chifukwa chokhala m'ndende zaka 5, ndipo nkhono zomwe zimaitanitsidwa zimawonongedwa. Zimaletsedwanso kulowetsa nkhono kudera la mayiko ena ambiri komwe kumakhala kwaokha.
Nkhono ya Achatina cholengedwa chodabwitsa. Nkhono ndizosinthika, zimapulumuka mosavuta ku zoyipa zakunja. Amazolowera mwachangu ndikudzaza magawo atsopano. Iwo ali oyenera ambiri monga ziweto, chifukwa ngakhale mwana akhoza kusamalira Achatina. Zovulaza za nkhono ndizoti ndizonyamula tiziromboti tomwe titha kutenga kachilomboka. Chifukwa chake, posankha kukhala ndi chiweto chotere, muyenera kulingalira kangapo ngati kuli koyenera kuchita kapena ayi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/13/2019
Idasinthidwa: 14.08.2019 pa 23:47
