Nsomba zam'madzi Ndi cholengedwa chodabwitsa chomwe chimatha kusambira mothamanga kwambiri pamtunda wawutali, chimadzibisa nthawi yomweyo, kusakaniza nyama zake ndi inki yakuda ndikusangalatsa nyama yake ndikuwonetseratu kopatsa chidwi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapanga 95% ya nyama zonse, ndipo ma cephalopods amadziwika kuti ndi anzeru kwambiri kuposa nyama zonse zopanda mafupa padziko lapansi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Cuttlefish
Cuttlefish ndi ma molluscs omwe, pamodzi ndi squid, nautilus ndi octopus, amapanga gulu lotchedwa cephalopods, lomwe limatanthauza mutu ndi phazi. Mitundu yonse yamtunduwu imakhala ndi zomata pamutu pake. Masiku ano cuttlefish idawonekera m'nthawi ya Miocene (pafupifupi zaka 21 miliyoni zapitazo) ndipo idachokera kwa kholo lofanana ndi belemnite.
Kanema: Cuttlefish
Mbalame zotchedwa cuttlefish zili m'gulu la nkhono zomwe zimakhala ndi chigoba chamkati chotchedwa skeletal plate. Nsombazi zimapangidwa ndi calcium carbonate ndipo zimathandiza kwambiri kuti nkhonozi ziziyenda bwino; imagawidwa m'zipinda zing'onozing'ono momwe cuttlefish imatha kudzaza kapena kutulutsa mpweya kutengera zosowa zawo.
Nsombazi zimatha kutalika masentimita 45, ngakhale zidalembedwa masentimita 60. Chovala chawo (gawo lalikulu la thupi pamwamba pamaso) chimakhala ndi chigoba, ziwalo zoberekera komanso ziwalo zogaya. Zipsepse ziwiri zathyathyathya zimakhala zazitali kuvala zovala zawo zonse, ndikupanga mafunde akusambira.
Chosangalatsa: Pali mitundu zana ya nsomba za cuttlefish padziko lapansi. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ndi nsomba zazikuluzikulu zaku Australia (Sepia apama), zomwe zimatha kutalika mpaka mita imodzi ndikulemera makilogalamu 10. Chaching'ono kwambiri ndi Spirula spirula, chomwe chimaposa 45 mm kutalika. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yaku Britain ndi cuttlefish wamba (Sepia officinalis), yomwe imatha kutalika mpaka 45 cm.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe cuttlefish imawonekera
Ubongo wa cuttlefish ndi waukulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nyama zina zopanda mafupa (nyama zopanda mafupa), zomwe zimalola cuttlefish kuphunzira ndikukumbukira. Ngakhale amakhala akhungu, samatha kuwona bwino ndipo amatha kusintha mtundu, mawonekedwe ndi mayendedwe awo mwachangu kuti adziyese kapena kubisala.
Mutu wawo uli kumapeto kwa chovala chawo, ali ndi maso akulu awiri m'mbali ndi nsagwada zakuthwa ngati pakamwa pakati pa mikono yawo. Amakhala ndi miyendo eyiti komanso ma tenti awiri ataliatali oti agwire nyama zomwe zitha kukokedwa mthupi lonse. Akuluakulu amatha kudziwika ndi mizere yoyera yomwe imachokera kumunsi kwa mikono itatu yoyaka.
Chosangalatsa: Mbalame zotchedwa Cuttlefish zimapanga inki ikamawona ngati zikuwopseza. Inki iyi idagwiritsidwapo ntchito ndi ojambula komanso olemba (sepia).
Nsombazi zimadutsa m'madzi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "jet engine". Mbalame zotchedwa Cuttlefish zili ndi zipsepse zikuyenda mbali zawo. Ndi zipsepse zawo zosadumphira, cuttlefish imatha kuuluka, kukwawa, ndi kusambira. Amathanso kuyendetsedwa ndi "jet engine" yomwe ikhoza kukhala njira yabwino yopulumutsira. Izi zimatheka pochepetsa thupi ndikufinya msanga madzi kuchokera m'matupi awo kudzera mu siphon yooneka ngati ndodo yomwe imawakankhira kumbuyo.
Chosangalatsa: Mbalame zotchedwa Cuttlefish ndizosintha mitundu mwaluso. Kuyambira pobadwa, nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono zimatha kuwonetsa mitundu yosachepera khumi ndi itatu ya thupi.
Maso a cuttlefish ndi ena mwa nyama zotsogola kwambiri. Asayansi apanga kuti maso awo amakula bwino asanabadwe ndipo amayamba kuwona malo awo akadali dzira.
Magazi a Cuttlefish ali ndi mthunzi wabuluu wobiriwira chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito puloteni ya hemocyanin kunyamula mpweya m'malo mwa puloteni wofiira wa hemoglobin womwe umapezeka munyama. Magazi amapopedwa ndi mitima itatu yosiyana, iwiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera magazi m'mitsinje ya cuttlefish, ndipo gawo lachitatu limagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera magazi mthupi lonse.
Kodi cuttlefish amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Cuttlefish m'madzi
Mbalame za Cuttlefish ndi zamoyo zam'madzi zokha ndipo zimapezeka m'malo ambiri am'madzi kuchokera kunyanja zosaya mpaka kuzama kwambiri komanso kuzizira mpaka kunyanja zam'malo otentha. Mbalame zotchedwa Cuttlefish nthawi zambiri zimakhala nthawi yozizira m'madzi akuya ndikusunthira kumadzi osaya m'mphepete mwa chilimwe ndi chilimwe kuti ziswane.
Common cuttlefish amapezeka ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, North ndi Baltic, ngakhale amakhulupirira kuti anthuwo amapezeka kumwera komwe kumapezeka ku South Africa. Amapezeka m'malo akuya kwambiri (pakati pa mafunde otsika ndi m'mphepete mwa mashelufu am'makontinenti, mpaka 100 fathoms kapena 200 m).
Mitundu ina ya cuttlefish yomwe imapezeka ku British Isles ndi iyi:
- Common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) - ofala kwambiri pagombe la South ndi South-West England ndi Wales. Nsombazi zimatha kuwoneka m'madzi osaya nthawi yachisanu ndi yotentha;
- kaso cuttlefish (Sepia elegans) - Amapezeka kumtunda kum'mwera kwa Briteni. Nsombazi ndizocheperako kuposa nsomba zodziwika bwino, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi pinki komanso kansalu kakang'ono kumapeto kwake;
- pinki cuttlefish (Sepia orbigniana) - nsomba yosowa kwambiri m'madzi aku Britain, yofanana ndi nsomba zokongola, koma sizimapezeka kumwera kwa Britain;
- nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono (Sepiola atlantica) - zimawoneka ngati nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono. Mitunduyi imapezeka kwambiri pagombe lakumwera ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa England.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsomba zam'madzi zimakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe mollusk uyu amadya.
Kodi cuttlefish imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Sea cuttlefish
Mbalame zotchedwa Cuttlefish ndizodya nyama, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amasaka chakudya chawo. Amakhalanso, komabe, nyama ya nyama, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amasakidwa ndi zolengedwa zazikulu.
Nsombazi zimakonda kudzibisa. Makina awo osintha mitundu ambiri amawalola kuti azigwirizana bwino ndi mbiri yawo. Zimathandizanso kuti azizembera nyama zawo mobwerezabwereza, kenako ndikuwombera zotchinga (zomwe zimakhala ndi zotumphukira ngati nsonga zawo) liwiro la mphezi kuti zigwire. Amagwiritsa ntchito makapu oyamwa a matenti awo kuti agwire nyama yawo pomwe amaibweza kukamwa kwawo. Nsombazi zimadya makamaka nkhanu ndi nsomba zazing'ono.
Mbalame yotchedwa cuttlefish imakhala pansi kwambiri yomwe nthawi zambiri imabisalira nyama zing'onozing'ono monga nkhanu, nkhanu, nsomba ndi molluscs ang'onoang'ono. Pomwepo nsomba zodula zimazemba nyama yake. Nthawi zambiri mayendedwe pang'onopang'ono amapita limodzi ndi chiwonetsero chochepa pakhungu lake, chifukwa mikwingwirima yamitundu imatuluka mthupi, kupangitsa wozunzidwayo kuzizira modabwitsidwa ndi kusilira. Kenako imafutukula miyendo yake isanu ndi itatu ndikutulutsa tenti yoyera yayitali iwiri yomwe imagwira nyamayo ndikuyikankhira mulomo wake wolimba. Ndiwowopsa kotero kuti osambira osiyanasiyana amasangalatsidwa nthawi zambiri amawonera, ndiyeno amalankhula mosalekeza zakumira m'madzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsombazi m'nyanja
Mbalame zotchedwa Cuttlefish ndizodzibisa, zomwe zimatha kuchoka pakuwonekera kwathunthu mpaka kuwonekera kwathunthu ndikubwereranso pafupifupi masekondi awiri. Atha kugwiritsa ntchito chinyengo ichi kuti agwirizane ndi chilengedwe chilichonse, ndipo amatha kubisala bwino ndi mbiri yokumba. Cuttlefish ndiye mafumu owona obisika pakati pa cephalopods. Koma sangathe kupotoza matupi awo, monga octopus, koma amangowapangitsa kukhala owoneka bwino.
Ma Cephalopods amakhala ndi chinsinsi chobisalira, makamaka chifukwa cha ma chromatophores - matumba ofiira, achikasu kapena abulauni pakhungu, owoneka (kapena osawoneka) ndi minofu kuzungulira mozungulira. Minofu imeneyi imayang'aniridwa ndi ma neuron m'malo opangira maubongo, ndichifukwa chake amatha kuphatikiza msanga ndi kumbuyo. Njira ina yobisalira ndi mawonekedwe osinthika a khungu la cuttlefish, lomwe lili ndi ma papillae - timinofu tating'onoting'ono tomwe titha kusintha nkhope yanyama kukhala yosalala mpaka yolimba. Izi ndizothandiza, mwachitsanzo, ngati mukufuna kubisala pafupi ndi thanthwe lotetezedwa ndi zipolopolo.
Gawo lomaliza la mapangidwe a cuttlefish amabisidwa ndi ma leukophores ndi iridophores, makamaka ma mbale owala, omwe amakhala pansi pa ma chromatophores. Ma Leucophores amawonetsa kuwala kwamitundumitundu, kotero amatha kuwonetsa kuwala kulikonse komwe kulipo - mwachitsanzo, kuwala koyera m'madzi osaya ndi kuwala kwa buluu mwakuya. Ma Iridophores amaphatikiza mapulateleti a mapuloteni otchedwa reflexin ndi zigawo za cytoplasm, ndikupanga mawonekedwe owoneka ngati mapiko a gulugufe. Ma Iridophores a mitundu ina, monga nsomba ndi zokwawa zina, amatulutsa mawonekedwe osokonekera omwe amawunikira kwamtambo wabuluu ndi wobiriwira. Mbalame zotchedwa Cuttlefish zimatha kuyatsa kapena kutseka mawunikidwe awa m'masekondi kapena mphindi pang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito mipata yazitali kuti musankhe utoto.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalame zotchedwa Cuttlefish siziwona mitundu, koma zimatha kuwona kuwala, komwe kumatha kuthandizira kuzindikira kusiyanitsa ndikuzindikira mitundu ndi mitundu yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito posakanikirana ndi malo awo. Ophunzira a cuttlefish ndiwopangidwa ndi W ndipo amathandizira kuwongolera kukula kwa kuwala kolowera m'diso. Pofuna kuyang'ana chinthu, nsombazi zimasintha mawonekedwe ake, osati mawonekedwe a diso, monga momwe timachitira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Cub cuttlefish
Kuswana kwamasamba a cuttlefish kumachitika chaka chonse, ndikumangirira kotsika mu Marichi ndi Juni. Cuttlefish ndi dioecious, ndiye kuti, ali ndi amuna ndi akazi osiyana. Amuna amatumiza umuna kwa akazi kudzera mu hectocotylized tentacle (chiwonetsero chosinthidwa kuti mukwere).
Male cuttlefish iwonetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana panthawi ya chibwenzi. Awiriwo amalimbitsa matupi awo maso ndi maso kuti chachimuna chisunthire chikwama cha umuna chosindikizidwa kuthumba lomwe lili pakamwa pa mkazi. Mkaziyo amathamangira kumalo abata, komwe amatenga mazira m'mimbamo ndikuwasamutsa kudzera mu umuna, ndikuuphatikiza. Pankhani yamapaketi angapo a umuna, imodzi kumbuyo kwa mzere, mwachitsanzo omaliza, amapambana.
Pambuyo pa umuna, wamwamuna amayang'anira wamkazi mpaka atayikira mazira akuda amphesa akuda, omwe amalumikizana ndi kukonza ndere kapena zinthu zina. Mazirawo nthawi zambiri amafalikira m'matumba okutidwa ndi sepia, chojambulira chomwe chimagwira ntchito yolumikizana komanso kutseka chilengedwe chawo. Mbalame yotchedwa Cuttlefish imatha kuikira mazira pafupifupi 200, makamaka pafupi ndi akazi ena. Pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri kapena inayi, ana amatuluka ngati makolo awo.
Mbalame zotchedwa Cuttlefish zili ndi mazira akulu, 6-9 mm m'mimba mwake, omwe amasungidwa mu oviduct, omwe amawayika m'matope pansi pa nyanja. Mazirawo amavekedwa ndi inki, yomwe imawathandiza kusakanikirana bwino ndi zakumbuyo. Achinyamata ali ndi yolk yopatsa thanzi yomwe imawathandiza mpaka atha kudzipezera chakudya. Mosiyana ndi azibale awo a squid ndi octopus, cuttlefish yasintha kale kwambiri ndipo siyimabadwa. Nthawi yomweyo amayamba kuyesa kusaka nyama zazing'ono ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zonse zachilengedwe.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngakhale zili ndi njira zambiri zodzitetezera komanso zida zowukira komanso nzeru zawo, cuttlefish siyikhala nthawi yayitali. Amakhala kulikonse pakati pa miyezi 18 ndi 24, ndipo akazi amafa atangobereka kumene.
Adani achilengedwe a cuttlefish
Chithunzi: Octopus cuttlefish
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa cuttlefish, amasakidwa ndi zilombo zambiri zam'madzi.
Zowononga zazikulu za cuttlefish nthawi zambiri zimakhala:
- Shaki;
- angler;
- nsomba zamipeni;
- nsomba zina zam'madzi.
Ma dolphin amalimbana ndi ma cephalopods awa, koma amangodya mitu yawo yokha. Anthu amaopseza nsomba za cuttlefish powasaka. Njira yawo yoyamba yodzitetezera iyenera kuti ikuyesa kupeŵa kuzunzidwa ndi zolusa pogwiritsa ntchito kubisala kwawo kodabwitsa, komwe kumatha kuwapangitsa kuti aziwoneka ngati miyala yamiyala, miyala, kapena kunyanja nthawi yomweyo. Mofanana ndi mchimwene wake, squid, cuttlefish imatha kuponya inki m'madzi, ndikuphimba nyama yomwe ikufuna kukhala nayo mumdima wakuda wakuda.
Ofufuza akhala akudziwa kale kuti cuttlefish imatha kuchitapo kanthu kuwunika ndi zina zomwe zimakhudzidwa mkati mwa dzira. Ngakhale asanasweke, mazira amatha kuwona zoopsa ndikusintha kupuma kwawo poyankha. Cephalopod wosabadwa amachita chilichonse m'mimba kuti asazindikirane ndi nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo - kuphatikizapo kupuma. Sikuti khalidweli ndi lokongola kwambiri, komanso ndiumboni woyamba kuti nyama zopanda mafupa zitha kuphunzira m'mimba, monga anthu ndi zinyama zina.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe cuttlefish imawonekera
Molluscs awa sanaphatikizidwe pamndandanda wazinthu zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo palibe zambiri pakukula kwa anthu. Komabe, asodzi ogulitsa ku South Australia amatenga matani 71 nthawi yokolola kuti anthu azidya komanso nyambo. Chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kubala kamodzi kokha m'moyo wonse, chiwopsezo chakusodza mopitirira muyeso chikuwonekera. Pakadali pano palibe njira zothanirana ndi nsomba za cuttlefish, koma pakufunika kuwonjezera nsomba zazikuluzikulu pamitengo yomwe ili pangozi.
Chosangalatsa: Pali mitundu 120 yodziwika ya cuttlefish yomwe imapezeka padziko lonse lapansi, kuyambira kukula kwake kuyambira masentimita 15 mpaka ku cuttlefish yayikulu yaku Australia, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yayitali theka la mita (osaphatikizaponso mahema awo) ndipo imalemera makilogalamu 10.
Mu 2014, kafukufuku wowerengera anthu ku Point Lawley adalemba kuwonjezeka koyamba kwa cuttlefish m'zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi - 57,317 poyerekeza ndi 13,492 mu 2013. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa 2018 zikuwonetsa kuti kuyerekezera kwapachaka kwa kuchuluka kwa nsomba zazikuluzikulu zaku Australia zakula kuchokera ku 124,992 mu 2017 mpaka 150,408 mu 2018.
Anthu ambiri amafuna kusunga cuttlefish ngati ziweto. Izi ndizosavuta kuchita ku UK ndi Europe, chifukwa mitundu ya cuttlefish monga Sepia officinalis, "European cuttlefish" imapezeka kuno. Ku US, komabe, kulibe mitundu yachilengedwe, ndipo mitundu yomwe imatumizidwa kwambiri imachokera ku Bali, yotchedwa Sepia bandensis, yomwe ndiulendo wosauka ndipo nthawi zambiri imafika ngati munthu wamkulu yemwe angangotsala ndi milungu ingapo kuti akhale ndi moyo. Iwo sali ovomerezeka ngati ziweto.
Nsomba zam'madzi ndi imodzi mwa ma molluscs osangalatsa kwambiri. Nthawi zina amatchedwa chameleons am'nyanja chifukwa chakutha kwawo kusintha msanga mtundu wa khungu mwakufuna kwawo. Nsombazi zimakhala ndi zida zokwanira zosaka. Nkhanu kapena nsombazo zikafika, nsomba yotchedwa cuttlefish imangoyang'ana kumeneku ndi kuwombera timisomali kuti tigwire nyama yake. Monga banja lawo la octopus, cuttlefish imabisala kwa adani ndi kubisa ndi mitambo ya inki.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/12/2019
Idasinthidwa: 09.09.2019 pa 12:32
