Bream Ndi chikho chosiririka kwa asodzi onse, zimatengera kunyada, m'malo amasewera ndi malonda. Kukula kwakukulu kwa anthu komanso mwayi wogwira bream chaka chonse zimapangitsa kusodza kukhala kosangalatsa kwambiri. Ngati mkati mwa dzikolo nsomba zamtunduwu zimatchedwa bream, ndiye kuti kumadera akumwera kwa Russia amadziwika kuti keels kapena chebaks. Bream nyama imasiyanitsidwa ndi kufewa kwake, kulawa kosakhwima, kuchuluka kwa mafuta zidulo ndipo kumakhala malo oyenera kuphika.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bream
Bream ndi mtundu umodzi wokha, woimira yekhayo wa mtundu wapadera wa bream kuchokera kubanja lalikulu la carp. Bream ndi ya nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray, zotsalira zakale zomwe zimakhala nthawi yachitatu ya Paleozoic, ndipo izi ndi zaka 400 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kanema: Bream
Ngakhale mtunduwo ndi wapadera, ichthyologists amati ndi mitundu 16 ya nsomba, koma pali mitundu itatu yokha yazamoyo yomwe idakalipo mpaka pano:
- bream wamba;
- Danube;
- Kum'maŵa.
Onse amasiyana wina ndi mzake kukula kwake kokha. Ngakhale kuti bream ndi nyama yabwino kwa asodzi onse, ambiri a iwo amalakwitsa bream wachichepere kukhala mtundu wina wa nsomba ndipo adaupatsa dzina - wopusa. Izi ndichifukwa choti achinyamata amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana pang'ono ndi achikulire. Mu ichthyology, palibe mawu otchedwa woweta. Nthawi zambiri, asodzi osadziwa zambiri amasokoneza bream yaying'ono ndi siliva, yomwe imakhalanso ya banja la carp ndipo imangokhala ndi zosiyana pang'ono zakunja ndi woweta.
Chosangalatsa: Anthu ena amaganiza kuti bream ndi mafupa kwambiri ndipo ali ndi nyama youma, koma izi zimangogwira nyama zazing'ono, ndipo nyama yayikulu imawonedwa ngati mafuta ngati beluga ndipo imatha kukhala ndi 9% yamafuta athanzi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi bream amawoneka bwanji
Magulu onse atatu amtundu wa bream ali ndi thupi lokulungika kwambiri m'mbali mwake, gawo lalikulu ndikuti kutalika kwake ndikofanana ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kutalika kwake. Masikelo ofikira pakati pakati pa thupi komanso ang'onoang'ono m'chigawo cha mutu ndi mchira. Mamba mulibe pakati pa mapiko amchiuno ndi anal, komanso pamzere wapakati wamkati wamkati. Mimbulu yam'mbali ndiyokwera, koma yayifupi, yopanda munga, yomwe ili pamwambapa pakati pa zipsepse za kumatako ndi m'chiuno. Kumapeto kwa kumatako kumakhala ndi kuwala kwakukulu, komwe kulibe ochepera khumi ndi awiri.
Mwa achikulire omwe ali ndi bream wamba, kumbuyo kumakhala kotuwa kapena kofiirira, mbalizo kumakhala kofiirira, ndipo pamimba pamakhala chikasu. Zipsepsezo ndizimvi ndi malire amdima. Mutu wa bream ndi wawung'ono, kamwa ndi chubu chaching'ono chomwe chimatha kupitilizidwa. Akuluakulu, mano am'mimbamo amapangidwa mu mzere umodzi, zidutswa zisanu mbali iliyonse ya mkamwa. Bream wazaka khumi amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 70-80 cm, kwinaku akulemera makilogalamu 5-6.
Achinyamata amasiyana kwambiri ndi achikulire:
- ali ndi matupi ang'onoang'ono;
- mtundu wa siliva wowala;
- thupi lawo limakulitsidwa.
Mitundu ina ya bream imatha kukhala yakuda kwathunthu, mwachitsanzo, Black Amur bream, yomwe ili ndi malo ochepa - mtsinje wa Amur. Ndi mtundu wawung'ono kwambiri ndipo moyo wake sukumvedwa bwino.
Chosangalatsa: Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa anawo kuchokera ku bream yasiliva ndi utoto wa zipsepse - ndi otuwa mu bream yaying'ono komanso ofiira mu bream ya siliva.
Kodi bream amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bream ku Russia
Mtundu uwu wa nsomba umakhala mwaunyinji mumitsinje, m'nyanja, m'madamu okhala ndi mchenga kapena matope. Malo awo okhala mwachilengedwe amakwirira mabeseni a Black, Caspian, Azov, Baltic, Aral, Barents ndi White sea.
M'mphepete mwa mitsinje yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imadutsa munyanjayi, pali mtundu wina wamankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amalowa m'madzi amitsinje kuti abereke. M'mitsinje yamapiri ataliatali, nyanja za Caucasus, sichipezeka, komanso m'maiko akumwera a CIS. Bream ndi nsomba wamba ku North, Central Europe, North Asia, North America.
Bream amakonda kukhala m'matupi amadzi momwe mulibe zochepa kapena mulibe. Amakonda kupezeka kunyanja, maenje akuya. Akuluakulu samakonda kuyandikira gombe, amakhala patali kwambiri kuchokera pagombe. Achinyamata amakonda madzi am'mbali mwa nyanja, komwe amabisala m'nkhalango zowirira. Mabere amabisala m'maenje akuya, ndipo mitundu ina imatuluka m'mitsinje kupita munyanja.
Chosangalatsa: Kusodza bream kumatheka chaka chonse, nthawi yokhayo ndiyo nthawi yobala. Amagwidwa m'madzi nthawi yotentha komanso kuchokera ku ayezi m'nyengo yozizira. Zhor imayamba koyambirira kwa Juni ndipo imatha mpaka pakati pa chilimwe, kenako imayambiranso pofika Seputembara. Pakati pa zhora, bream amaluma nthawi iliyonse masana.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsomba za bream zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi bream amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: bream ya nsomba
Bream amatha kudyetsa molunjika kuchokera pansi pamadzi chifukwa chakapangidwe kakamwa kake. Akuluakulu amaphulitsa matope kapena mchenga posaka chakudya, ndipo munthawi yochepa, masukulu akuluakulu a bream amatha kuyeretsa madera akuluakulu. Kusuntha kwa bream panthawi yodyetsa kumatulutsa ma thovu ambiri okwera pamwamba kuchokera pansi.
Popeza nsombayi ili ndi mano ofooka a pharyngeal, zakudya zake zachizolowezi zimakhala ndi: zipolopolo, ndere, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, ma virus a magazi, nkhono ndi mphutsi za mitundu ina ya nsomba. Pakudyetsa, bream amayamwa madzi limodzi ndi chakudya, chomwe chimasungidwa mothandizidwa ndi timitengo tina tating'ono. Njira yodyetsera yapaderayi idalola woimira banja la cyprinid kuti akhale nyama yodziwika bwino m'malo awo achilengedwe ndikufinya kwambiri bream ya siliva, roach ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya nsomba zamtsinje.
M'nyengo yozizira, makamaka theka lachiwiri, bream samatha kugwira ntchito, amadya pang'ono komanso moperewera. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mpweya komanso kutentha kwa madzi, komanso kusungunuka kwa mipweya yambiri pansi pa ayezi, yomwe imasungunuka pang'ono m'madzi.
Chosangalatsa: bream wamkulu yemwe wakhala zaka 10-15 atha kulemera makilogalamu 8 ndi kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 75 sentimita. M'madzi ofunda, kukula kukukulira kwambiri kuposa kwamadzi ozizira. Zinawonedwa kuti anthu omwe amakhala m'mitsinje samalemera kwambiri.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bream m'madzi
Bream ndi nsomba zomwe zimasonkhana m'magulu akulu. Pamtsogolo pa gulu nthawi zonse pamakhala akulu akulu omwe amayang'anira mayendedwe awo. M'nyengo yotentha, nsomba zimapezeka m'malo okhala ndi mafunde ofooka kapena madzi osayenda ndipo zimadyetsa pafupifupi nthawi zonse. Popeza bream ndi nyama yamanyazi komanso yosamala, masana imakhala yakuya, pomwe usiku anthu ambiri amapita kukafunafuna chakudya, ndipo ino ndi nthawi yomwe imawerengedwa kuti ndiyabwino kwambiri posodza
Amakhala m'nyengo yozizira komanso yozizira kwambiri m'maenje "achisanu", ndipo ayezi akangoyamba kusungunuka, bream amapita kumalo awo odyetserako ziweto. Mabere nthawi zonse amakhala m'malo awo ozizira mwadongosolo. Anthu onse akuluakulu amakhala m'malo ozama kwambiri, pomwe ang'onoang'ono amakhala apamwamba ndipo nthawi yomweyo nsomba zimawoneka kuti zikukula.
Ichthyologists amakhulupirira kuti bungwe lapadera la nyengo yozizira silinasankhidwe mwangozi. Ndi makonzedwe awa, njira zamafuta m'thupi la nsomba ndizochepera kuposa nthawi yachisanu yokha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu ndi nyonga zimapulumutsidwa.
Zikuwoneka kuti mitundu yokhayokha ya bream, yomwe imasamukira kumadzi ena kukasamba kapena kudyetsa, imatha kukhala zaka 30. Mawonekedwe oberekera amakhala ndi mayendedwe amoyo omwe amafupika kawiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Bream m'madzi
Kutengera nyengo, bream amatha kukhwima munthawi zosiyanasiyana. M'madera ofunda ali ndi zaka 3-5, m'madzi ozizira, kutha msinkhu kumachitika zaka 6-9. Nyengo imakhudzanso nthawi yomwe kubereka kumayambira: mkatikati mwa dzikolo, kubereketsa kwa bream kumayamba koyambirira kwa Meyi, nthawi zina mu Juni, kumwera kwa Epulo, komanso kumpoto kokha mwa Julayi.
Ndi kuyamba kwa nthawi yofunika, amuna amasintha mtundu wawo kukhala wakuda, ndipo pamitu pawo pamakhala ma tubercles, ofanana ndi njerewere zazing'ono. Gulu la bream limagawika m'magulu osiyana kutengera zaka. Gulu lonselo silimapita kokaswana nthawi imodzi, koma mmagulu limodzi. Iliyonse imabala masiku 3 mpaka 5, kutengera nyengo. Pazifukwa zoberekera, malo amadzi osaya omwe ali ndi masamba ambiri amasankhidwa. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira kubereka komwe kumabereka - misana yawo yayitali, yayitali nthawi zambiri imawonekera pamwamba pamadzi. Mosasamala malo okhala bream ndi nyengo, kubereka kumatha pafupifupi mwezi.
Wamkulu m'modzi amatha kuikira mazira mpaka 150,000 nthawi imodzi. Mkazi amamatira mikanda ndi chikasu chachikasu ku ndere, ndipo zomwe sizingalumikizidwe zimayandama pamwamba ndikudya nsomba. Pambuyo masiku 6-8, mphutsi zimawonekera, ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi mwachangu amawonekera. Ngati kutentha kutsika pansi pamadigiri 10, ndiye kuti mazira amafa kwambiri.
Poyamba, mwachangu amasambira ndi ana amitundu ina ya nsomba, ndipo kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena nthawi yophukira amalowa m'masukulu akulu. Nthawi zonse amakhala akusaka chakudya ndipo amakula mpaka masentimita khumi m'miyezi ingapo. Adzakhalabe m'malo oberekera mpaka masika, ndipo akamaliza ntchito yofunika, akulu amapita kuzama ndipo, atadwala, amayambiranso kudyetsa.
Adani achilengedwe a bream
Chithunzi: bream ya nsomba
Mwachangu cha bream ali ndi mwayi wabwino wopulumuka koyambirira kwa moyo wawo poyerekeza ndi mitundu ya mitundu ina ya nsomba, chifukwa amadziwika ndi kukula kwakukulu komanso kuchuluka kwakukula. Ndi mchaka choyamba kapena ziwiri pambuyo pobadwa pomwe achinyamata amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndipo amatha kudyedwa ndi zilombo zambiri, monga mapiki. Pofika zaka zitatu, sawopsezedwa, koma nsomba zazikuluzikulu kapena anthu akuluakulu okhala pansi amatha kulimbana bwino ndi bream wamkulu.
Kuphatikiza pa nsomba zina zolusa, mtundu wapaderawu uli pachiwopsezo ndi mitundu ina ya tiziromboti, tomwe timakhala pamitunduyi. Amalowa m'madzi limodzi ndi ndowe za mbalame zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimadya nsomba, kenako pamodzi ndi chakudya chomwe amapezeka mkati mwa bream. Kukula m'matumbo mwa nsomba, majeremusi amatha kupha ngakhale achikulire olimba.
Nsomba zimadwala makamaka m'miyezi yachilimwe, pomwe madzi m'madamu amasangalatsidwa ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa. Saliteters ndi matenda a mafangasi a mitsempha - bronchimicosis ndi owopsa. Odwala, ofooka amasiya kudya mwachizolowezi ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala nyama yolandirira madontho - ziphuphu, ma piki akulu. Ngakhale kuvulala komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi tiziromboti, sikukhudza kwenikweni kuchuluka kwa nthumwi ya banja la carp.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nthawi zambiri bream
Chiwerengero chonse cha bream chimatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera kuchuluka kwakubala bwino. Mkhalidwe waukulu pakubala ndi kusefukira kwamadzi. Posachedwa, kuchepa kwa malo obzala zachilengedwe kwawonedwa, zomwe sizingakhudze kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mitundu iyi.
Koma chifukwa cha kubereka kwakukulu komanso kukula mwachangu kwa nyama zazing'ono, adani ochepa m'malo awo achilengedwe, anthu wamba omwe akuyimira mtundu wa bream, palibe chomwe chikuwopseza pakadali pano ndipo mkhalidwe wake ndiwokhazikika. Ndi bream wakuda wakuda yekha, yemwe adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia, ndiye ali pachiwopsezo.
Nsomba za bream tsopano ndizochepa. Zimachitika kokha mchaka cha masika ndi nthawi yophukira. Malamulo omwe alipo kale opha nsomba amapereka mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito moyenera anthu wamba ambiri. Pofuna kusunga nsomba zomwe zakhala zikugulitsidwa, asodzi apadera apangidwa, njira zikutengedwa kuti apulumutse bream wachichepere kuchokera kumasamba ang'onoang'ono atatha kulumikizana ndi mitsinje yayikulu. Pogwiritsa ntchito bwino, malo osambira oyandama amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Chosangalatsa: Bream ndi nsomba yamtendere ndipo nthawi zina imatha kuwonetsa zizolowezi zowononga, poyankha makapu ndi zokopa, kotero kuwedza ndi ndodo yopota sikubweretsa zotsatira nthawi zonse.
Kuteteza kwa bream
Chithunzi: Kodi bream amawoneka bwanji
Ngati tsogolo la bream wamba silikudetsa nkhaŵa pakati pa akatswiri, ndiye kuti bream wakuda wa Amur watsala pang'ono kutha ndipo akuphatikizidwa mu Red Book of Russia. M'dera la dziko lathu, limakhala ochepa okha mumtsinje wa Amur. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwake sikudziwika, koma mukasodza nsomba zamtundu wina, ndizosowa kwambiri. Amadziwika kuti bream amakhala okhwima pakadutsa zaka 7-8 ndipo amakhala zaka pafupifupi 10.
Zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa carp wakuda:
- kusodza kwakukulu m'malo opangira zida zambiri zomwe zili mgawo la China ku Amur;
- zovuta pobzala chifukwa chamadzi ochepa mumtsinje wa Amur.
Kuyambira zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu zapitazo, kusodza nyama zamtunduwu kunaletsedwa mdera la Russia; ndizotetezedwa m'malo angapo achilengedwe. Kuti mubwezeretse kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndikofunikira kubereka m'malo opangira, kusungunula ma genome.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngati pagawo ladziko lathu carp wakuda ndi nyama yomwe ili pangozi yokhala ndi malo ochepa, ku China ndi chinthu chowedza. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu, wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali ngati "nsomba zoweta": nyama zazing'ono zochokera kumasamba achilengedwe zimasunthira m'madziwe kapena m'madziwe, komwe amakwezedwa bwino mpaka kukula kofunikira.
Bream Ndiwotchuka osati pakati pa asodzi okha, komanso pakati pa ma gourmets - okonda nsomba, popeza nyama yake ndi yowutsa mudyo, yosakhwima komanso yolemera kwambiri ndi mafuta athanzi. Ngati mungafune, bream imatha kumenyedwera dziwe lanu, kupatsa banja lanu zinthu zopindulitsa nthawi zonse.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/11/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 17:59
