Chovala chachipewa - mbalame yomwe imadziwika ndi anthu akumatauni komanso akumidzi. Imasiyana ndi makungubwi akuda amtundu wake, koma amafanana ndi magpie. Monga akhwangwala onse, mbalame zamtunduwu ndizanzeru modabwitsa ndipo zimazolowera anthu msanga.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Khwangwala Wokhazikika
Khwangwala wobisalira ndi mtundu wosiyana wa mtundu wa khwangwala ndi banja la corvid. Nthawi zina iye, limodzi ndi khwangwala wakuda, amadziwika kuti ndi gulu la akhwangwala. Monga mtundu, akhwangwala amakhala osiyanasiyana ndipo amaphatikizapo mitundu 120.
Izi zikuphatikiza:
- akhwangwala onse omwe amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi;
- ziphuphu;
- jays;
- kukshi;
- rook.
Zakale zoyambirira zomwe zidapezeka kuti zikufanana ndi ma corvids zidapezeka ku Eastern Europe. Amabwerera ku Middle Miocene - zaka pafupifupi 17 miliyoni zapitazo. Ma Corvids adapangidwa koyamba ku Australasia, koma posakhalitsa, pokhala mbalame zosamukasamuka, adabalalika padziko lonse lapansi, atha kusintha moyo wawo mosiyanasiyana.
Kanema: Khwangwala Wokhazikika
Asayansi amatsutsana za kusamalidwa kwa mbalame za m'banja. Malire pakati pa mitundu yofananira asowa bwino, motero akatswiri ena amati payenera kukhala mitundu yambiri, ina yocheperako. Zina mwazinthu zochokera ku kusanthula kwa DNA zimaphatikizaponso mbalame za paradiso ndi mphutsi ku corvids.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, agalu ndi akhwangwala sizomwe zimagwirizana.
Charles Darwin, womanga zamoyo molingana ndi gulu lanzeru, adaika ma corvids mgulu la mbalame zomwe zidasintha kwambiri. Corvids amawonetsa kutha kuphunzira kwambiri, amadziwa kulumikizana pakati pa gulu lankhosa, ali ndi luntha kwambiri, ndipo mitundu ina imatha kuyankhula, kufotokozera zolankhula za anthu kapena kutsanzira mawu ena omwe amakumbukira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi khwangwala wovekedwa ngati chovala chake amawoneka bwanji
Khwangwala wokhala ndi zodula amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ochepa azakugonana - amuna amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi, koma gawo ili silimawonekera popanda kulingalira mwatsatanetsatane. Amuna amatha kulemera kuchokera pa magalamu 465 mpaka 740, chachikazi - pafupifupi magalamu 368-670. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala kofanana kwa amuna ndi akazi - pafupifupi masentimita 29-35.5. Mapiko ake nawonso samasiyana kutengera jenda - 87-102 cm.
Akhwangwala okhala ndi milomo amakhala ndi milomo yayikulu yakuda, pafupifupi 31.4-33 mm kutalika. Ili ndi mawonekedwe ataliatali ndipo imaloza pang'ono kumapeto. Mlomo ndi wandiweyani, wokhoza kupirira kumenyedwa kwa zipatso zolimba ndi khungwa la mitengo. Nsonga yake imapindidwa pang'ono kuti igwire zipatso kapena mtedza. Mchira wa khwangwala wokhotakhota ndi wamfupi, pafupifupi masentimita 16 mpaka 19. Pamodzi ndi mapikowo, amapanga thupi loyenda bwino. Khwangwala amatha kufalitsa nthenga zake za mchira nthawi yokonzekera ndege ndikamatera, ndipo mchira umathandizanso kwambiri chilankhulo chamanja cha mbalamezi.
Mtundu, akhwangwala otuwa amafanana kwambiri ndi magpies wamba. Thupi la khwangwala ndi lotuwa kapena loyera, ndipo mutu, chifuwa, m'mphepete mwa mapiko ndi mchira wokutidwa ndi nthenga zakuda. Maso ake ndi akuda-malasha, ang'ono, kuphatikiza mitundu ndi nthenga. Akhwangwala ali ndi mutu wawung'ono komanso mimba yayikulu. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala osakhala mbalame zoyenda kwambiri zomwe zimauluka. Koma ali ndi miyendo yakuda yamphamvu yakuda. Zala zakumanja zimafalikira ndikutalika, kulola akhwangwala kuyenda, kuthamanga ndi kudumpha pansi komanso panthambi za mitengo. Chala chilichonse chili ndi zikhadabo zakuda zazitali zomwe zimathandizanso akhwangwala kugwira chakudya.
Kodi khwangwala wotsekedwa amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Khwangwala Wosungidwa ku Russia
Khwangwala wokhala ndi hood ndi mtundu wamba wa mbalame. Amakhala ku Central ndi Eastern Europe komanso m'maiko ena aku Asia. Nthawi zambiri, akhwangwala otere amapezeka ku Western Siberia, koma kum'mawa kwa mbalamezi kulibeko - akhwangwala akuda okha ndi omwe amakhala kumeneko.
Khwangwala wobisalira afalikira kudera la Europe ku Russia. Amakhala kumalire a mzinda komanso kunkhalango. Khwangwala wokhala ndi zodzikongoletsera amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse ndipo amakhala osawoneka bwino. Ndi ma steppes okha ndi tundra omwe amapewa, pomwe kulibe mitengo, chifukwa chake kulibe komwe angamangire chisa.
Akhwangwala amapewa kutentha kwambiri. M'mikhalidwe imeneyi, mbalame sizingapeze chakudya chawo, chifukwa chake akhwangwala akumpoto amatsogola. Koma akhwangwala atavala nsalu atawuluka mtunda wautali, ndipo, pofika nyengo yozizira, amangowuluka kupita kumadera ena akumwera, kubwerera kumalo awo wamba nthawi yachilimwe.
Khwangwala yemwe amakhala m'malo otentha samauluka konse. M'nyengo yozizira, akhwangwala atavala nsalu atha kukhala m'mizinda ndi m'midzi. Amasankha malo pansi pa madenga pafupi ndi kutentha ndi kutentha pakati paulendo wapaulendo wambiri wapaulendo. Zisa zimamangidwa m'nyumba komanso m'mitengo.
Khwangwala wobisalira amakhala bwino ndi achibale apakati - rooks ndi jackdaws. Pamodzi amatha kupezeka m'mapaki amzindawu, pansi pamadenga, komanso m'malo obisika. M'nyengo yozizira, akhwangwala nthawi zambiri amapita kumalo azinyalala kukadyetsa.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe khwangwala wotsekedwa amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi khwangwala wakuda amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Khwangwala Wosungidwa Ndi Mbalame
Khwangwala wokhala ndi zodula zitha kutchedwa mbalame zopatsa chidwi, ngakhale matumbo awo amasinthidwa kuti azigaya zakudya zazomera.
Zakudya zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku zimakhala ndi zotsatirazi:
- mbewu, mtedza;
- zipatso zosiyanasiyana ndi mizu;
- masamba, zipatso zomwe zingakokedwe kuchokera kuminda;
- makoswe ang'onoang'ono - mbewa, makoswe a ana, zikopa. Nthawi zambiri, timadontho-timadontho;
- kafadala ndi mphutsi, ntchentche;
- mazira a mbalame zina - akhwangwala otuwa amawononga zisa za anthu ena mofunitsitsa;
- zovunda - samazengereza kudya nyama zakufa kapena kudya nyama zolusa zina;
- zinyalala - akhwangwala otsekedwa m'matawuni nthawi zambiri amafunafuna zitini.
Khwangwala ali ndi luso lodabwitsa losaka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Amakonda makamaka mphutsi za Meyi kachilomboka: pofika m'minda momwe kafadala ambiri amaberekera, samayamba kukumba pansi, kufunafuna chakudya. Iwo “amamva” kumene kuli kachilomboka ndipo amazitulutsa mwakachetechete ndi milomo yawo, ndipo nthawi zina amadzithandiza. Amatha kukwirira milomo yawo pansi mpaka masentimita 10.
A khwangwala ali pamalo otayira zinyalala, amang'amba matumba apulasitiki ndikutulutsa chakudya chomwe amakonda. Sachita changu kuti azidya pomwepo, koma zimauluka, atanyamula chidutswa pakamwa kapena pamiyendo kuti azidya pachisa.
Chosangalatsa: Alenje amalankhula zakanthawi pomwe gulu la akhwangwala otuwa m'nkhalango adayendetsa mahatchiwo, ndikuwakhadzula pamutu.
Khwangwala wokhala ndi mitengo nthawi zina amatha kusaka mbalame zazing'ono. Zodabwitsazi zimachitika makamaka nthawi yozizira, munthawi ya njala - akhwangwala amalimbana ndi mpheta, mawere ndi ma swifts. Nthawi zina amatha kumenyana ndi agologolo ndi chipmunks. Khwangwala wokhala ndi mitengo yokhazikika m'mphepete mwa nyanja amatha kulimbana ndi nsomba zomwe zapezeka.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Khwangwala wokhazikika atathawa
Khwangwala ndi mbalame zobwera nthawi zonse. Kutacha m'mawa amwazikana pofunafuna chakudya. Gulu silikhala ndi gawo linalake, chifukwa chake pofunafuna chakudya, akhwangwala amatha kuuluka patali kwambiri. Koma madzulo, mbalame zonse zimasonkhananso pamalo omwe anthu amapangira zisa. Mbalame zimapumulanso pakati pa kusaka chakudya. Mbalamezo zikadya, zimabwerera limodzi kuti zipumule. Ndi zolengedwa zokhala pagulu kwambiri zomwe zimangokhala mogwirizana.
Ofufuzawo adazindikira kuti asanagone, mbalame zimasonkhana, koma sizigona, koma zimangolankhulana. Asayansi afika pozindikira kuti akhwangwala atavala nsalu amakonda kusinthana malingaliro - amamvetsetsa kuti ndi gulu lankhosa ndipo amadzizindikira kuti ndi gulu. Chifukwa chake, "kulumikizana" uku ndi gawo lamwambo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Zatsimikiziranso kuti akhwangwala atavala nsalu amatha kumva chisoni ndi imfa ya wachibale. Akazindikira kuti imodzi mwa ziweto zawo yamwalira, akhwangwala azungulira thupi kwa nthawi yayitali, amatsika ndikulira. Mwambowu ndi wofanana ndi "kulira maliro" - akhwangwala amazindikira imfa ya wachibale, amadziwa bwino za moyo. Umenewu ndi umboni winanso wosonyeza kuti mbalamezi zili ndi nzeru zosaneneka.
Ankhwangwala amayenda pang’onopang’ono, ngakhale amatha kuthamanga ndi kudumpha mofulumira. Amachita chidwi komanso kusewera, ndichifukwa chake anthu ena asungunula akhwangwala ngati ziweto zawo. Ankhwangwa amakonda kukwera pamwamba ndikutsika pansi mwachangu kwambiri. Amagwiritsanso ntchito nthambi ndi mawaya, amadumphira dala ndi slate, zitini ndi zinthu zina "zaphokoso".
Ankhwangwala amawonetsanso anzeru momwe amapezera chakudya. Ngati khwangwala sangathe kuthyola mtedzawo, adzagwiritsa ntchito zida - miyala yomwe amayeserera kupeza zipatso zokoma. Asayansi adachita zoyeserera pomwe zidawululidwa kuti akhwangwala amatha kuwerengera. M'chipinda momwe akhwangwala amakhala mudali anthu asanu. Atatu kapena anayi adatuluka, koma akhwangwala sanabwerere mnyumba, popeza adakumbukira kuti kulinso anthu komweko.
Mwambiri, akhwangwala samakonda kulumikizana ndi anthu, ngakhale amadyera m'malo otayira zinyalala komanso pafupi ndi nyumba. Samalola munthu kuyandikira kwa iwo, nthawi yomweyo akuuluka ndikuwadziwitsa achibale awo za chiopsezo ndi phokoso lalikulu. Mbalamezi zimatha kuwonetsa adani awo - akhwangwala amakhala owopsa akagwidwa ndi gulu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Khwangwala Wokhazikika
Nthawi yoswana ndi nthawi yachilimwe. Amuna amayamba kusangalatsa kwambiri akazi: amawuluka mlengalenga, amapanga mabwalo, amapanga zovuta zina ndi zina zotero. Amabweretsanso miyala ndi masamba kwa iwo ngati mphatso. Nthawi zambiri akhwangwala amakhala ndi magulu awiri okhazikika, koma izi ndizochepa. Kusiyanasiyana kwa akhwangwala kumatsimikizika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kwa anzawo.
Khwangwala wokhazikika amakhala pachisa cha awiri awiri, koma zisa za awiriawiri nthawi zonse zimakhala zoyandikana. Amuna ndi akazi amamanga chisa pamodzi, mosamala akuyala ndi nthambi. M'madera okhala ndi kachilombo, akhwangwala otetezedwa samakhala chisa, koma yang'anani malo oyera. Mbalamezi sizinyamula zinyalala kupita kuchisa chawo. Izi zimatsimikizira kubadwa kwa anapiye athanzi.
Khwangwala wobisalira amapanga clutch koyambirira kwa Julayi - amatenga mazira awiri kapena asanu ndi awiri a buluu kapena obiriwira okhala ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono amdima. Yachikazi siyimatuluka mchisa, koma imangobowola yokha. Yamphongoyo, imamubweretsera chakudya ola lililonse ndipo imakhala usiku pachisa. Nthawi ndi nthawi, mkazi amatuluka pamiyendo pake, akuwulutsa chisa ndikuwona ngati zonse zili bwino ndi mazira.
Pambuyo pa masabata atatu, anapiye amatuluka. Ndi mawonekedwe awo, mkazi amathanso kutuluka mchisa, ndipo tsopano, limodzi ndi chachimuna, akufunafuna chakudya. Akhwangwala amawona mazira a mbalame zina kukhala chakudya chopatsa thanzi kwambiri kwa anapiye - amabera zisa zawo njiwa, mpheta ndi ana a nyenyezi, kuzidyetsa ana awo. Pambuyo pake, akhwangwala amabweretsa anapiye akufa a mbalame zina kwa akhwangwala akuluakulu. Amangokoka zisa zawo kapena kudikirira m'nyumba zosungiramo mbalamezo, kuti agwire mbalamezo zomwe zimatuluka ndi mitu.
Khwangwala wamtengo wapatali amateteza zisa zake bwino. Akawona kuyandikira kwangozi - nyama kapena anthu, amakweza mawu ndikuyamba kuzungulira mdani. Ngati mphaka kapena chilombo china chayandikira chisa chomwe chili pamtengo, ndiye kuti akhwangwala amatha kuukira gulu la ziweto, kulitaya pamtengo ndikuithamangitsa kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikuyiyendetsa kutali.
Adani achilengedwe a khwangwala wobisalira
Chithunzi: Khwangwala wobisalira m'nyengo yozizira
M'mikhalidwe ya m'nkhalango, mdani woipitsitsa wa akhwangwala otuwa ndi kadzidzi. Khwangwala akamagona pachisa, kadzidzi amamenya nawo, mwakachetechete kunyamula imodzi ya izo. Koma akhwangwala amakumbukira ngati kadzidzi amabwera nthawi inayake, choncho amasintha malo awo okhala.
Khwangwala ali ndi adani ambiri mumzinda. Awa ndi akhwangwala ena - akuda, okulirapo komanso owopsa. Zimaukira zisa za akhwangwala otetezedwa ndipo zimatha kupha mbalame zazikulu. Akhwangwala otetezedwa amatetezedwanso ndi amphaka ndi agalu, omwe amadyetsa iwo khwangwala akapita kuzitini.
Khwangwala wobisalira amakhala wobwezera choipa komanso wobwezera choipa. Amakumbukira nyama zomwe zimawavutitsa kapena kuwaukira chaka chapitacho. Nthawi zonse amachotsa pachisa munthu yemwe mwanjira ina adasokoneza mtendere wawo.
Chosangalatsa: Khwangwala wokhala ndi zodula amakonda kulakwitsa, chifukwa chake nthawi zina amalimbana ndi zipewa zaubweya kapena zotchinga pagulu, ndikuziwona ngati zolusa.
Gulu la akhwangwala likhala mphamvu yakuwerengera. Pamodzi amatha kuthamangitsa chilombocho kwa nthawi yayitali, akumenya nkhonya ndi mlomo wamphamvu pamutu ndi nape. Akhwangwala amatha kubayula mpaka kufa amphaka ndi agalu ang'onoang'ono.
Mimbulu ndi mbalame zina zikuluzikulu zomwe zimadya nyama sizimakonda kumenyana ndi akhwangwala, chifukwa gulu la akhwangwala limatha kuthamangitsa maitezi kwanthawi yayitali, kuwamenya mbali zonse ndikupanga phokoso.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe Khwangwala Wosungunuka Amawonekera
Khwangwala Wosungidwa ndi mitundu yambiri yomwe siili pachiwopsezo. Komabe, akhwangwala okutira m'mizindawu achepetsa kwambiri anthu.
Pali zifukwa zingapo izi.:
- kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe. Mbalame zimakana kuswana m'malo azachilengedwe, ndichifukwa chake sizimaberekana kapena kuuluka kupita kudera lamapiri, kumakhala komweko;
- kusowa kwa chakudya kapena mavuto ake. Ndi chakudya, akhwangwala otsekedwa amatha kuyamwa zinyalala zamakampani zomwe zimabweretsa imfa za mbalame. Palinso kuchepa kwa nyama ndi zomera zomwe zili gawo la chakudya chachilengedwe cha akhwangwala.
- chiwonongeko chachinyengo cha akhwangwala otuwa. Tsoka ilo, nthawi zina akhwangwala otsekedwa amakhala chandamale cha kuwonongedwa kwa anthu. Chifukwa chakuti amafunafuna zidebe ndipo amadya makoswe, akhwangwala amakhala onyamula matenda owopsa.
- kufalikira kwa ziweto zopanda pakhomo. Akhwangwala Hooded amakhala chandamale cha kusaka amphaka ndi agalu am'misewu, omwe ziwerengero zawo zikuchulukirachulukira m'mizinda yayikulu.
Momwemonso, akhwangwala atavala nsalu atakhala nkhuku zotchuka. Amaloledwa kubalidwa ndi oweta odziwa bwino okha, chifukwa akhwangwala okutira ndi mbalame zosokonekera zomwe zimafuna chisamaliro chapadera ndi maphunziro. Ngakhale zinthu zonse zakutha, chovala chachipewa - mbalame yanzeru yomwe imapeza mosavuta njira zosinthira kuzikhalidwe zatsopano. Khwangwala akhazikika bwino m'nkhalango ndi m'mizinda, amatha kubereka ana ndikumakhala bwino ndi anthu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/09/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 12:17
