Chikumbu, wa banja la Scarabaceous komanso kagulu kakang'ono ka ma scarab, kamene kamatchedwanso kachilomboka, ndi kachilombo kamene kamapanga ndowe mu mpira pogwiritsa ntchito mutu wake wonyezimira komanso tinyanga tating'onoting'ono. Mu mitundu ina, mpira umatha kukula kwa apulo. Chakumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, kachilomboka kamadzibisalira m'mbale ndi kukadyamo. Chakumapeto kwa nyengo, wamkazi amaikira mazira m'mipira ya ndowe, yomwe mphutsi zimadyeramo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chikumbu
Ng'ombe zazing'ono zinasintha zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo pamene ma dinosaurs anali kuchepa ndipo zinyama (ndi ndowe zawo) zinakula. Padziko lonse lapansi, pali mitundu pafupifupi 6,000, yokhazikika m'malo otentha, momwe amadyera makamaka ndowe za zinyama zapadziko lapansi.
Scarab yopatulika yaku Egypt wakale (Scarabaeus sacer), yomwe imapezeka m'mitundu yambiri ndi zokongoletsa, ndi kachilomboka. Mu cosmogony waku Egypt, pali kachilomboka kakang'ono konyamula mpira wa ndowe ndi mpira woyimira Dziko Lapansi ndi Dzuwa. Nthambi zisanu ndi chimodzi, chilichonse chimakhala ndi zigawo zisanu (30 chonse), zikuyimira masiku 30 pamwezi (makamaka, mtundu uwu umangokhala ndi zigawo zinayi pamapazi ake, koma mitundu yofanana kwambiri ili ndi magawo asanu).
Video: Chikumbu
Wosangalatsa membala wa banjali ndi Aulacopris maximus, imodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya mbozi zomwe zimapezeka ku Australia, mpaka 28 mm kutalika.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zojambula zaku India Heliocopris ndi mitundu ina ya Catharsius amapanga mipira yayikulu kwambiri ndikuthira dothi lomwe limauma; ankaganiziridwa kuti ndi mipira yakaleyo yamiyala.
Mamembala ena am'magulu ena a scarabs (Aphodiinae ndi Geotrupinae) amatchedwanso kachilomboka. Komabe, m'malo mopanga mipira, amakumba chipinda pansi pa mulu wa manyowa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mukamadyetsa kapena posungira mazira. Ndowe za Aphodian ndi zazing'ono (4 mpaka 6 mm) ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda ndi mawanga achikasu.
Chikumbu cha ndowe cha Geotrupes chimakhala pafupifupi 14 mpaka 20 mm kutalika ndipo ncho bulauni kapena chakuda. Ma geotrupes stercorarius, omwe amadziwika kuti kachilomboka wamba, ndi kachilomboka kofala ku Europe.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe chikumbu chikuwonekera
Mafungulu a ndowe nthawi zambiri amakhala ozungulira ndi mapiko amfupi (elytra) omwe amaonetsa kumapeto kwa mimba yawo. Amasiyana kukula pakati pa 5 mpaka 30 mm ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima, ngakhale ena ali ndi chitsulo. M'mitundu yambiri, amuna amakhala ndi nyanga yayitali komanso yopindika pamutu pawo. Chimbalangondo chimatha kudya kwambiri mu maola 24 ndipo chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chopindulitsa kwa anthu pamene chikufulumizitsa njira yosinthira manyowa kukhala zinthu zomwe zamoyo zina zimagwiritsa ntchito.
Mafungulu ali ndi "zida" zochititsa chidwi, zikuluzikulu zonga nyanga pamutu kapena pa msana wawo zomwe amuna amagwiritsa ntchito pomenya. Ali ndi zotumphukira pa miyendo yawo yakumbuyo yomwe imawathandiza kupukuta mipira ya ndowe, ndipo miyendo yawo yakutsogolo yolimba ndiyabwino kwa omenyera komanso kukumba.
Nyongolotsi zambiri zimakhala zouluka zolimba, zokhala ndi mapiko ataliatali oyenda pansi pa mapiko olimba (elytra) ndipo zimatha kuyenda makilomita angapo kukafunafuna ndowe zabwino. Mothandizidwa ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono, amatha kununkhira manyowa kuchokera mlengalenga.
Mutha kukankha ngakhale kampira kakang'ono ka ndowe yatsopano yolemera kasanu ndi 50 kulemera kwa kachilomboka kakang'ono. Chimbalangondo chimafuna mphamvu yapadera, osati kungokankhira mipira ya ndowe, komanso kuthana ndi amuna omwe akupikisana nawo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbiri ya mphamvu yaumwini imapita ku kachilomboka Onthphagus taurus, yomwe imapirira katundu wofanana ndi 1141 kuposa kulemera kwake kwa thupi. Kodi izi zikufanizira bwanji ndi zochita za anthu zamphamvu? Zitha kukhala ngati munthu akukoka matani 80.
Kodi chikumbu chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chikumbu cha ndowe ku Russia
Banja lofala la ndowe (Geotrupidae) lili ndi mitundu yoposa 250 yomwe imapezeka padziko lonse lapansi. Pafupifupi mitundu 59 imakhala ku Europe. Nyongolotsi zimapezeka kwambiri m'nkhalango, m'minda ndi m'mapiri. Amapewa nyengo zouma kwambiri kapena zotentha kwambiri, kotero zimatha kupezeka kumadera otentha komanso otentha.
Mowa wa ndowe umapezeka m'makontinenti onse kupatula Antarctica.
Komanso khalani m'malo otsatirawa:
- minda;
- nkhalango;
- madambo;
- madera;
- m'malo okhala m'chipululu.
Amapezeka m'mapanga akuya, amadya ndowe zochuluka, ndipo amatenga nyama zina zopanda mafupa zomwe zimayendayenda mumdima ndi makoma amdima.
Ntchentche zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ndowe za zitsamba, zomwe sizigaya chakudya bwino. Manyowa awo amakhala ndi udzu wosakanizidwa ndi madzi onunkhira. Ndi madzi awa omwe mbozi zazikulu zimadyetsa. Ena mwa iwo ali ndi milomo yapadera yolinganizidwa kuti iyamwe msuzi wathanziwu, womwe umadzaza ndi tizilombo tomwe tizilombo timatha kugaya.
Mitundu ina imadya ndowe za carnivore, pomwe zina zimaidumpha m'malo mwake imadya bowa, zovunda, masamba owola ndi zipatso. Alumali moyo wa ndowe ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa ndowe. Ngati manyowa agona mokwanira kuti aume, kafadala sangaimeze chakudya chomwe amafunikira. Kafukufuku wina ku South Africa adapeza kuti kachilomboka kamayika mazira ambiri nthawi yamvula ikakhala ndi chinyezi chochuluka.
Nanga chikumbu amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Tizilombo ta ndowe
Nkhutu zowawa ndi tizilombo tomwe timagwirizana kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti amadya ndowe zina. Ngakhale sikuti nyongolotsi zonse zimadyera ndowe zokha, zonse zimadya nthawi inayake pamoyo wawo.
Ambiri amakonda kudya ndowe zaudzu, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pazomera, osati zinyalala zodya nyama, zomwe sizikhala ndi thanzi labwino kwa tizilombo.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa ku University of Nebraska akuwonetsa kuti chimbudzi cha omnivorous chimakopa kachilomboka kwambiri chifukwa chimapatsa thanzi komanso fungo labwino lomwe limapezeka mosavuta. Ndiwo ovuta kudya, amatola manyowa akuluakulu ndikuwagawa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, 2-70 microns kukula (1 micron = 1/1000 millimeter).
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zamoyo zonse zimafuna nayitrogeni kuti zimange mapuloteni monga minofu. Ng'ombe zazing'ono zimawatenga kuchokera ku ndowe. Mwa kuzidya, nyongolotsi zimatha kusankha maselo kuchokera kukhoma lamatumbo lanyama yomwe imatulutsa. Ndi gwero lolemera kwambiri la nayitrogeni.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda ashuga mwa anthu atha kulumikizidwa ndi matumbo athu a microbiomes. Nkhunda zitha kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo kuti ziwathandize kugaya ndowe.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mpira wa ndowe kachilomboka
Asayansi amasonkhanitsa ndowe ndi momwe amapezera ndalama:
- odzigudubuza amapanga manyowa pang'ono kukhala chotumphukira, nkukupukuta ndi kuuika. Mipira yomwe amapanga imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akazi poyikira mazira (otchedwa fuzz ball) kapena ngati chakudya cha akulu;
- ngalandezo zimafikira pachidutswa cha ndowe ndikungokumba pamalowo, ndikwiramo manyowa;
- anthu okhutira kukhala pamwamba pa ndowe kuti kuikira mazira ndi kulera ana awo.
Nkhondo zapakati pa odzigudubuza, zomwe zimachitika pamtunda ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhudza kafadala wopitilira awiri, ndi nkhondo zosokoneza zomwe zimakhala zosayembekezereka. Kupambana kwakukulu nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, kuyika mphamvu pakupanga zida zathupi monga nyanga sikungakhale kopindulitsa malo oundana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: 90% ya ndowe zimakumba ngalande pansi pa ndowe ndikupanga chisa cha pansi pa nthaka kuchokera ku mipira ya ana yomwe amaikira mazira ake. Simudzawawona pokhapokha mutakonzeka kukumba manyowa.
Kumbali inayi, odzigudubuza amanyamula mphotho yawo pamwamba panthaka. Amagwiritsa ntchito zikwangwani zakuthambo monga dzuwa kapena mwezi kuti akhale kutali ndi omwe akupikisana nawo omwe atha kuba baluni yawo. Patsiku lotentha ku Kalahari, nthaka imatha kufika 60 ° C, yomwe ndi imfa ya nyama iliyonse yomwe silingathe kutentha thupi.
Nkhunda zazing'ono ndizochepa, momwemonso kutentha kwawo. Chifukwa chake, amatentha mwachangu kwambiri. Pofuna kupewa kutentha kwambiri, akamakweza mipira yawo padzuwa lotentha la masana, amakwera pamwamba pa mpira kuti aziziziritsa kwakanthawi asanawoloke mchengawo akuyenda pang'onopang'ono kufunafuna mthunzi. Izi zimawathandiza kuti adutse mopitirira asanabwerere ku mpira.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe kachilomboka kamagubudulira mpira. Tiyeni tiwone momwe tizilombo timasanganirana.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Dung beetle scarab
Mitundu yambiri ya ndowe imaswana m'nyengo yotentha ya masika, chilimwe ndi kugwa. Ng'ombe zikamanyamula kapena kubweza ndowe, zimathandiza makamaka kudyetsa ana awo. Zisa za chikumbu zimapatsidwa chakudya, ndipo nthawi zambiri wamkazi amaikira dzira lililonse mu soseji yake ya ndowe. Mphutsi zikatuluka, zimapatsidwa chakudya chabwino, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti akwaniritse malo awo otetezeka.
Mphutsi zidzasintha katatu kuti zifike pa msinkhu wa ana. Mphutsi zazimuna zimasanduka amuna akulu kapena ang'onoang'ono kutengera kuchuluka kwa manyowa omwe amapezeka nthawi yayitali.
Mphutsi zina za ndowe zimatha kupulumuka m'malo ovuta, monga chilala, kuuma ndi kukhala osagwira ntchito kwa miyezi ingapo. Ziphuphu zimakula kukhala ndowe zazikulu, zomwe zimatuluka mu ndowe ndikuzikumba pamwamba. Akuluakulu omwe angopangidwa kumene adzauluka popita ku ndowe yatsopano ndipo zonse zimayamba mwatsopano.
Chimbalangondo ndi chimodzi mwa magulu ochepa a tizilombo omwe amasamalira makolo awo. Nthaŵi zambiri, udindo wa kulera umakhala mwa mayi, amene amamanga chisa ndi kupatsa ana ake chakudya. Koma m'mitundu ina, makolo onse amakhala ndi udindo wina wosamalira ana. Mu kachilomboka ka Copris ndi Ontophagus, amuna ndi akazi amagwira ntchito limodzi kukumba zisa zawo. Nkhunda zina zimaswana ngakhale kamodzi kwa moyo wonse.
Adani achilengedwe a kafadala
Chithunzi: Momwe chikumbu chikuwonekera
Ndemanga zingapo zamakhalidwe ndi zachilengedwe za kachilomboka (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), komanso malipoti ambiri ofufuza, mwina molunjika kapena mosapita m'mbali akuwonetsa kuti kudalirana ndi kafadala ka ndowe ndikosowa kapena kulibe, chifukwa chake kulibe tanthauzo kapena kulibe tanthauzo ku biology yamagulu ...
Kuwunikaku kukuwonetsa zolembedwa za 610 zakudyedwa ndi ndowe zazinyama zamitundu 409 ya mbalame, nyama, zokwawa ndi amphibiya ochokera padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikizidwa kwa nyama zopanda mafupa monga nyama zolusa ndowe zalembedwanso. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti izi zimakhazikitsa kulosera ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakusintha ndi machitidwe amakono ndi chilengedwe cha kafadala. Zomwe zafotokozedwazo zikuyimiranso kunyalanyaza kwakukulu kwamagulu asanachitike.
Ndege zazing'ono zimalimbananso ndi abale awo chifukwa cha mipira ya ndowe, yomwe amapanga kuti azidyetsa kapena / kapena kugwiritsira ntchito ngati zinthu zogonana. Kutentha pachifuwa kwamphamvu kumathandiza kwambiri pamipikisano iyi. Chikumbu chikamanjenjemera kuti chikazitenthe, kutentha kwa minofu ya m'manja ikayandikira pafupi ndi minofu yowuluka m'chifuwa, komanso mawondo ake atha kusuntha msanga, amatola ndowe kukhala mipira ndikuigudubuza.
Endothermia motero amathandizira pomenyera chakudya ndikuchepetsa nthawi yolumikizana ndi adani. Kuphatikiza apo, kafadala wotentha amakhala ndi mpikisano pampikisano wa mipira ya ndowe yopangidwa ndi zikumbu zina; pomenyera mipira ya ndowe, kachilomboka kotentha nthawi zambiri kamapambana, nthawi zambiri ngakhale kuli kochepa kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chimbalangondo chimathamangitsa mpira
Kuchuluka kwa ndowe kumakhala pafupifupi mitundu 6,000. Zamoyozi zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya ndowe, ndiye kuti mpikisano wa ndowe umatha kukhala wokwera ndipo kafadala amakhala ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana kuti athe kupeza ndowe zodyetsera komanso kuberekana. Posachedwa, kuchuluka kwa ndowe sikuli pangozi yakutha.
Mafungulu a ndowe ndi mapulosesa amphamvu. Mwa kukwirira ndowe za nyama, kafadala amasula ndi kudyetsa nthaka ndikuthandizira kuwongolera ntchentche. Ng'ombe zapakhomo zimaponyera manyowa 10 mpaka 12 patsiku, ndipo chidutswa chilichonse chimatha kupanga ntchentche mpaka 3,000 m'masabata awiri. M'madera ena a Texas, ndowe zimayika pafupifupi 80% ya ndowe za ng'ombe. Akapanda kutero, manyowa akadauma, zomerazo zikafa, ndipo msipu ukanakhala malo opanda kanthu, onunkha odzaza ndi ntchentche.
Ku Australia, nyongolotsi zam'deralo sizimatha kutsatira ndowe zambiri zomwe zimasungidwa ndi ziweto m'malo odyetserako ziweto, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchuluka kwa ntchentche. Nyongolotsi zaku Africa, zomwe zimakonda kutchire, zidabweretsedwa ku Australia kuti zikathandize ndi milu yomwe ikukula ndipo lero madera akuchulukirachulukira.
Chikumbu amachita ndendende zomwe dzina lake limanena za iye: amagwiritsa ntchito ndowe zake kapena ziweto zina m'njira zina zapadera. Akafadala osangalatsa awa amauluka kukafunafuna ndowe za zitsamba monga ng'ombe ndi njovu. Aigupto akale anali okonda nyongolotsi, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti scarab (kuchokera ku dzina lawo lotchedwa Scarabaeidae). Amakhulupirira kuti kachilomboka kamapangitsa dziko lapansi kuzungulira.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.08.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 10:42
