Ibis zopatulika - mbalame yoyera yoyera yopanda mutu wakuda ndi khosi, miyendo ndi mapazi akuda. Mapiko oyera amakhala ndi nsonga zakuda. Amapezeka pafupifupi malo aliwonse otseguka, kuyambira madambo achinyama mpaka malo olimapo ndi malo otayira zinyalala. Poyambirira anali kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, koma tsopano akukhala ku Europe ndi madera akutchire ku France, Italy ndi Spain.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Ibis Yopatulika
Ma ibise opatulika ndi mbadwa ndipo amapezeka kwambiri kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Iraq. Ku Spain, Italy, France ndi zilumba za Canary, anthu ambiri adawoneka omwe adapulumuka ku ukapolo ndikuyamba kuberekana bwino kumeneko.
Chosangalatsa: M'magulu akale a ku Aigupto, zibulu zopatulika zimapembedzedwa ngati mulungu Thoth, ndipo amayenera kuteteza dzikolo ku miliri ndi njoka. Nthawi zambiri mbalamezo zinkakwiriridwa kenako amaikidwa m'manda limodzi ndi mafarao.
Kusuntha konse kwa ibise wopatulika kumalumikizidwa ndi kuthawa kumalo osungira nyama. Ku Italy, adabadwira m'chigwa chapamwamba cha Po (Piedmont) kuyambira 1989, atathawa ku zoo pafupi ndi Turin. Mu 2000, panali awiriawiri 26 ndipo pafupifupi anthu 100. Mu 2003, kuswana kunawonedwa pamalo ena m'dera lomweli, mwina mpaka awiri mpaka 25-30, ndipo awiriawiri angapo anapezeka m'dera lachitatu ku 2004.
Kanema: Ibis Yopatulika
Kumadzulo kwa France, mbalame 20 zikagulitsidwa kuchokera ku Kenya, posakhalitsa gulu loweta lidakhazikitsidwa ku Branferu Zoological Garden kumwera kwa Brittany. Mu 1990, panali mabanja okwana 150 kumalo osungira nyama. Achinyamatawo adasiyidwa kuti aziuluka momasuka ndipo mwachangu adasunthira kunja kwa malo osungira nyama, makamaka kuyendera madambo oyandikira, komanso kuyenda makilomita mazana pagombe la Atlantic.
Kuswana kwa nyama zakutchire kudadziwika koyamba mu 1993 ku Golf du Morbihan, 25 km kuchokera pomwe anasamukira, komanso ku Lac de Grand Lew, 70 km. Kuswana sikunachitike ku Branfer Zoo kuyambira 1997. Pambuyo pake madera adapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana m'mbali mwa nyanja ya French Atlantic: m'mphepete mwa Brier (mpaka zisa 100), ku Gulf of Morbihan komanso pachilumba chapafupi cha nyanja (mpaka zisa 100) ndi zisa zina zingapo mpaka 350 km kumwera kwa Branferes m'madambo a Brauga komanso pafupi ndi Arcachon ...
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Colony yayikulu kwambiri ya ibise yopatulika idapezeka mu 2004 pachilumba china choyambirira cha Mtsinje wa Loire; mu 2005 anali osachepera 820 awiriawiri.
Chiwerengero cha French Atlantic chinali chopitilira mitundu yopitilira 1000 komanso anthu pafupifupi 3000 mu 2004-2005. Mu 2007 panali magulu 1400-1800 okhala ndi anthu opitilira 5000. Zisankhazo zidayesedwa mu 2007 ndipo zakhala zikuchitika pamlingo waukulu kuyambira 2008. Chaka chino, mbalame 3,000 zaphedwa, kusiya mbalame 2,500 mmbuyo mu February 2009.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe ibis yopatulika imawonekera
Mbalame zopatulika zimakhala ndi masentimita 65-89, mapiko a 112-124 cm, ndipo zimalemera pafupifupi magalamu 1500. Kuchokera ku zoyera mpaka kumithunzi yakuda, nthenga zoyera zimaphimba mbali zonse za matupi opatulikawa. Nthenga zamtundu wabuluu zakuda zimapanga chingwe chomwe chimagwera mchira wawufupi, wamtali komanso mapiko otsekedwa. Nthenga zouluka ndi zoyera ndi nsonga zobiriwira zobiriwira.
Ma ibise opatulika ali ndi khosi lalitali ndi dazi, mitu yakuda yakuda. Maso ndi ofiira ndi mphete yakuda yakuda yozungulira, ndipo mlomo ndi wautali, wokhotakhota kutsika komanso wammphuno. Khungu lamaliseche lofiira limawoneka pachifuwa. Ma paw ndi akuda ndi utoto wofiira. Ma ibise opatulika alibe kusintha kwa nyengo kapena mawonekedwe azakugonana, kupatula kuti amuna amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi.
Achinyamata ali ndi mitu yamakhosi ndi makosi, omwe amawoneka oyera ndi mitsempha yakuda. Nthenga zawo zazikuluzikulu zimakhala zofiirira zobiriwira komanso zakuda kwambiri pamatumbo awo oyamba. Otsutsawo ali ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Mchira ndi woyera ndi ngodya zofiirira.
Mbalame zopatulika zimapulumuka bwino ku Northern Europe nyengo yachisanu siimakhala yankhanza kwambiri. Zikuwonetsa kusinthasintha momveka bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana kuchokera kunyanja kupita kuminda yakulima ndi kumatauni komanso zakudya zosiyanasiyana, zachilengedwe komanso zosowa.
Kodi zibulu zopatulika zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame zopatulika za mbalame
Ma ibise opatulika amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, ngakhale nthawi zambiri amapezeka pafupi ndi mitsinje, mitsinje ndi magombe. Malo awo okhala achilengedwe amakhala ochokera kumadera otentha mpaka kumadera otentha, koma amapezeka m'malo otentha kwambiri, omwe amaimiridwa. Ma ibise opatulika nthawi zambiri amakhala pachilumba cham'nyanja chamiyala ndipo adazolowera kukhala m'mizinda ndi m'midzi.
Chosangalatsa: Ibis ndi mitundu yakale, yomwe zakale zake zimakhala zaka 60 miliyoni.
Ibis yopatulika imapezeka kwambiri m'mapaki azachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi; nthawi zina, mbalame zimaloledwa kuuluka momasuka, zimatha kupita kunja kwa malo osungira nyama ndikupanga nyama zakutchire.
Anthu oyamba kuthengo adawonedwa m'ma 1970 kum'mawa kwa Spain komanso m'ma 1990 kumadzulo kwa France; posachedwapa, awonedwa kumwera kwa France, kumpoto kwa Italy, Taiwan, Netherlands ndi kum'mawa kwa United States. Ku France, anthuwa adachulukirachulukira (mbalame zoposa 5,000 kumadzulo kwa France) ndipo adafalikira makilomita zikwi zingapo, ndikupanga zigawo zatsopano.
Ngakhale zovuta za nyama zamtchire sizinawunikidwe m'malo onse omwe adayambitsidwa, kafukufuku kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa France akuwonetsa zoyipa za mbalameyi (makamaka kuwonongeka kwa terns, herons, anapiye awo ndi kugwidwa kwa amphibiya). Zovuta zina zimawonedwa, monga kuwonongeka kwa zomera pamalo oswana, kapena kukayikirana, mwachitsanzo, kufalikira kwa matenda - ibise nthawi zambiri amayendera malo otayirapo zinyalala ndi maenje oterera kukapeza mphutsi za tizilombo, kenako amatha kupita kumalo odyetserako ziweto kapena nkhuku.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene mbalame zopatulika za ku Africa zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi ibis zopatulika zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame zopatulika zikuuluka
Ma ibise opatulika amadyetsa makamaka m'magulu tsiku lonse, kudutsa m'madambo osaya. Nthawi ndi nthawi, amatha kudyetsa pamtunda wapafupi ndi madzi. Amatha kuwuluka makilomita 10 kupita kumalo odyetserako ziweto.
Kwenikweni, ma ibises opatulika amadyetsa tizilombo, arachnids, annelids, crustaceans ndi molluscs. Amadyanso achule, zokwawa, nsomba, mbalame zazing'ono, mazira, ndi nyama zowola. M'madera olimidwa kwambiri, amadziwika kuti amadya zinyalala za anthu. Izi zimawoneka ku France, komwe amakhala tizirombo tambiri.
Ma ibise opatulika amakhala ndi mwayi pankhani yosankha zakudya. Amakonda nyama zopanda mafupa (mwachitsanzo, tizilombo, molluscs, crayfish) akamafuna msipu m'madambo, koma amadyanso nyama zikuluzikulu zikapezeka, kuphatikiza nsomba, amphibiya, mazira ndi mbalame zazing'ono. Anthu ena atha kukhala odziwa kudya nyama zakunyanja.
Chifukwa chake, chakudya cha ibises chopatulika ndi ichi:
- mbalame;
- zinyama;
- amphibiya;
- zokwawa;
- nsomba;
- mazira;
- zovunda;
- tizilombo;
- nyamakazi zapadziko lapansi;
- nkhono;
- ziphuphu;
- nyongolotsi zam'madzi kapena zam'madzi;
- Zinyama zam'madzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ibis yopatulika yaku Africa
Ma ibise opatulika amadzipangira okhaokha omwe amakhala pachisa chachikulu. Nthawi yoswana, magulu akulu azimuna amasankha malo oti akhazikike ndikupanga magawo awiri. M'madera awa, amuna amayimirira ndi mapiko awo pansi ndikutambasula ma rectang.
M'masiku ochepa otsatirawa, zazikazi zimafika pachisa pamodzi ndi amuna ambiri. Amuna obwera kumene amapita kumadera okhazikika amuna ndikupikisana nawo madera. Amuna omenyera amatha kumenyanirana ndi milomo yawo ndi screech. Akazi amasankha wamwamuna wokwatirana naye ndikupanga awiriawiri.
Akangowumba awiriwo, amasamukira kumalo oyandikira zisa osankhidwa ndi aakazi. Kulimbana kumatha kupitilirabe m'malo azisamba pakati pa amuna kapena akazi ogwirizana. Ibis adzaimirira ndi mapiko otambasula ndikutsitsa mutu ndi milomo yotseguka kwa anthu ena. Anthu omwe ali pafupi kwambiri akhoza kutenga chimodzimodzi, koma ndi mlomo wolunjika mmwamba, pafupifupi wokhudza momwe umamvekera.
Pakapangidwe kawiri, chachikazi chimayandikira champhongo ndipo, ngati sichingathamangitsidwe, chimagundana wina ndi mzake ndikugwada ndi makosi awo kutambasukira kutsogolo ndi pansi. Pambuyo pake, amakhala mokhazikika ndikukakamira m'khosi ndi milomo. Izi zitha kutsagana ndi mauta ambiri kapena kudzipangira zambiri. Kenako banjali limakhazikitsa malo okhala chisa. Pakuchulukana, akazi amabisalira kuti amuna aziwamangirire iwo, champhongo chitha kugwira pakamwa pa mkazi ndikuchigwedeza uku ndi uku. Pambuyo pakuphatikizana, banjali limayimiranso ndikuyesetsa molimbika kutsutsana ndi malo okhala ndi zisa.
Ma ibise opatulika amapanga zigawo zikuluzikulu nthawi yogona. Amakondanso kufunafuna chakudya ndi pogona, ndi magulu omwe akuti amakhala kunyumba kwa anthu pafupifupi 300. Amadyera m'malo akulu ndipo amatha kusamukira nyengo zina kumalo odyetserako ziweto.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Ibis Yopatulika
Ibise zopatulika zimaswana chaka chilichonse m'malo akuluakulu okhala ndi zisa. Ku Africa, kuswana kumachitika kuyambira Marichi mpaka Ogasiti, ku Iraq kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi. Zazikazi zimaikira mazira 1 mpaka 5 (pafupifupi 2), omwe amaunjikana kwa masiku pafupifupi 28. Mazira ndi owulungika kapena ozungulira pang'ono, owoneka osalala, ofiira oyera ndi kulocha kwamtambo ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ofiira ofiira. Mazirawo amakhala akuluakulu kuyambira 43 mpaka 63 mm. Kutha kumachitika patatha masiku 35-40 ataswa, ndipo achinyamata amayima pawokha atangoyamba kuthawa.
Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 21 mpaka 29, pomwe akazi ndi abambo ambiri amakhala masiku pafupifupi 28, osinthana kamodzi kwamaola 24. Pambuyo powaswa, m'modzi mwa makolowo amapezeka nthawi zonse pachisa kwa masiku 7-10 oyamba. Anapiye amadyetsedwa kangapo patsiku ndi makolo onse awiri. Achinyamata amasiya zisa pambuyo pa masabata 2-3 ndikupanga magulu pafupi ndi njuchi. Akachoka pachisa, makolowo amawadyetsa kamodzi patsiku. Nthawi yobereka imakhala masiku 35 mpaka 40, ndipo anthu amachoka patangotha masiku 44-48 atadulidwa.
Mazirawo ataswa, makolo amazindikira ndi kudyetsa ana awo okha. Makolowo akabwerera kudzadyetsa ana awo, amawaimbira foni mwachidule. Ana amazindikira mawu a kholo ndipo amatha kuthamanga, kulumpha kapena kuwuluka kupita kwa kholo kukapeza chakudya. Ngati achinyamata ena afika kwa makolo awo, amachotsedwa. Mwana akaphunzira kuuluka, amatha kuzungulira mudziwo kufikira kholo litabwerera kudzawadyetsa, kapena ngakhale kuthamangitsa kholo lisanadye.
Adani achilengedwe a ibises opatulika
Chithunzi: Momwe ibis yopatulika imawonekera
Pali malipoti angapo onenedweratu zamabuku opatulika. Atakula, mbalamezi zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri ndipo zimawopseza nyama zambiri. Ma ibise opatulika amatetezedwa mosamala ndi makolo awo, koma amatha kugonjetsedwa ndi zilombo zazikulu.
Omwe akudya ibise zopatulika ndi ochepa, mwa iwo:
- makoswe (Rattus norvegicus) amadyetsa ana kapena mazira, omwe amawoneka kudera la Mediterranean;
- Gulls Larus argentatus ndi Larus michahellis.
Komabe, zisa zam'madera a ibis zimalepheretsa kuti pakhale ziweto, zomwe zimachitika makamaka akulu akulu akachoka kumudzi. Kudyera m'malo opumulirako anthu sikumakhalanso kosowa chifukwa ndowe zazinyalala zimachepetsa kupezeka kwa nkhandwe za Vulpes vulpes nkhandwe komanso chifukwa chakuti mbalame sizimapezeka kwenikweni kwa adani omwe amakhala pansi atakhala.
Ma ibise opatulika samakhudza mwachindunji anthu, koma komwe amapezeka, mbalamezi zimatha kukhala zosokoneza kapena zolanda mitundu ya mbalame zomwe zimawopsezedwa kapena kutetezedwa.
Kum'mwera kwa France, ibise zopatulika zidawonedwa zisanachitike zisa za ku Egypt. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwawo kukuwonjezeka, nsombazi zidayamba kupikisana ndi malo odyera ndi thambo lalikulu komanso laling'ono, ndikusamutsa mitundu iwiri ya mitundu iwiriyo kuchokera kumudzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame zopatulika za mbalame
Ma ibise opatulika samawerengedwa kuti ali pangozi m'malo awo. Asanduka vuto loteteza zachilengedwe ku Europe, komwe akuti amadyetsa nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha komanso kulowerera m'malo azachilengedwe. Ili lakhala vuto kwa osamalira zachilengedwe aku Europe omwe akuyesera kuteteza zachilengedwe zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Ibis zopatulika sizidatchulidwe ngati mitundu yachilendo yachilendo ku Global Invasive Species Database (yochokera ku IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Team) koma idalembedwa pa Mndandanda wa DAISIE.
African ibis yopatulika ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe Pangano la Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterfowl (AEWA) limagwira. Kuwononga malo, kuwononga nyama moperewera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo zonse zapangitsa kuti mitundu ina ya mbalame iwonongeke. Pakadali pano palibe zoyeserera kapena malingaliro osungira malo opatulika, koma kuchuluka kwa anthu kukucheperachepera, makamaka chifukwa cha kutayika kwa malo okhala ndi kusonkhanitsa mazira ndi anthu akumaloko.
Ma ibise opatulika ndi ofunika kuyendetsa mbalame m'malo awo onse ku Africa, kudya nyama zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwawo. Ku Europe, kusinthasintha kwawo kwapangitsa kuti mbalame zopatulika zizikhala zachilengedwe, nthawi zina zimadya mbalame zosowa. Mbalame zopatulikazi zimadutsa m'malo obzala mbewu, kuthandiza ntchentche ndi ena kuthana ndi tizirombo. Chifukwa cha ntchito yawo pochepetsa tizilombo, ndizofunika kwambiri kwa alimi. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumawopseza mbalame m'malo angapo.
Ibis zopatulika Ndi mbalame yokongola yoyendayenda yomwe imapezeka kuthengo m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi madambo ku Africa konse, kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa ndi Madagascar. Imapezeka m'malo osungira nyama padziko lonse lapansi; nthawi zina, mbalame zimaloledwa kuuluka momasuka, zimatha kupita kunja kwa malo osungira nyama ndikupanga nyama zakutchire.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.08.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 ku 23:02
