Zamatsenga - amphibian, yemwe kale anthu amawopa kwambiri, adalemba nthano za izi, zolemekezedwa, komanso amati mphamvu zamatsenga. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe a salamander. Kwa nthawi yayitali, anthu amakhulupirira kuti chinyama sichiwotcha, chifukwa chimakhala ndi moto. Zowonadi, potanthauzira kuchokera mchilankhulo cha Aperisi wakale, salamander amatanthauza "kuwotcha mkati."
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Salamander
Momwe amawonekera, ma salamanders amafanana kwambiri ndi abuluzi, koma akatswiri a zoo awapatsa magawo osiyanasiyana: abuluzi amadziwika ngati zokwawa, ndipo ma salamanders amadziwika kuti amphibiya, mtundu wa salamanders.
Pakusintha, komwe kudatenga zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, oimira onse amtunduwu adagawika m'magulu atatu akulu:
- salamanders enieni (Salamandridae);
- salamanders opanda mapapo (Plethodontidae);
- salamanders-obisika gabers (Сryрtobrаnсhidаe).
Kusiyana m'magulu onse atatu ali munjira yopumira, yomwe imakonzedwa mosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, woyamba kupuma mothandizidwa ndi mapapo, wachiwiri mothandizidwa ndi nembanemba ya mucous ndi khungu, ndipo wachitatu mothandizidwa ndi mitsempha yobisika.
Kanema: Salamander
Thupi la salamanders limakhala lalitali, limasunthira mchira. Amphibian amakhala osiyanasiyana kuyambira masentimita 5 mpaka 180. Khungu la salamanders limakhala losalala mpaka kukhudza ndipo nthawi zonse limakhala lonyowa. Mitundu yawo imakhala yosiyana kwambiri kutengera mitundu ndi malo okhala: achikasu, wakuda, ofiira, azitona, obiriwira, mithunzi yofiirira. Kumbuyo ndi m'mbali mwa nyama mutha kuphimbidwa ndi mawanga akulu ndi ang'ono, mikwingwirima yamitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ochepetsa kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi Eurycea quadridigitat wamtali wokhala ndi thupi mpaka 89 mm, ndi Desmognathus wrighti yaying'ono kwambiri yolimbitsa thupi mpaka 50 mm. Ndipo ndiSalamander wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, Andrias davidianus, wokhala ku China, amafika mpaka 180 cm.
Miyendo ya salamanders ndi yaifupi komanso yolimba. Pali zala zinayi kumiyendo yakutsogolo, ndi zisanu zakumbuyo palibe zala. Mutuwo ndiwofewa, wofanana ndi mutu wa chule wotupa ndipo nthawi zambiri maso akuda okhala ndi zikope zosunthika.
Pakhungu la nyama pali ma gland apadera (parotitis) omwe amatulutsa poyizoni. The poizoni mu salamanders nthawi zambiri sakhala wakupha, koma poyesera kuidya, imatha kufooketsa nyamayo kwakanthawi, komanso kuyambitsa kukomoka. Ma Salamanders amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse komwe nyengo imakhala yotentha komanso yachinyezi, koma mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamitundu imapezeka ku North America.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi salamander imawoneka bwanji
Ma salamanders onse amafanana wina ndi mzake m'maonekedwe: ali ndi thupi lokhalitsa lokhala ndi khungu loyera pang'ono, mchira wautali, wopanda miyendo yopanda zingwe, mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi maso akuda ndi zikope zosunthika, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wowunika malo osazungulira osatembenuza mutu. Nsagwada za amphibiya sizikukula bwino, chifukwa sizinasinthidwe kuti zizidya chakudya chovuta. Chifukwa cha kusachita bwino kwawo, nyama zimamva bwino kwambiri m'madzi kuposa pamtunda.
Ma Salamanders, mosiyana ndi abale awo apamtima - abuluzi, amakhalanso osangalatsa pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utawaleza. Monga mwachizolowezi mwachilengedwe, kuseri kwa mawonekedwe owala komanso owoneka bwino ndi ngozi - poyizoni yemwe amatha kuwotcha ngakhale kupha. Mitundu yonse ya ma salamanders ndi owopsa pamlingo wina ndi umodzi, koma mtundu umodzi wokha wa nyama izi uli ndi poyizoni wakupha - Fire Salamander.
M'nthano zakale ndi nthano zakale, salamander nthawi zonse amapatsidwa udindo wa wantchito wankhondo yamdima. Tsankho ili lidakhalapo chifukwa cha mawonekedwe achilendo, komanso chifukwa chotheka, ngati pangachitike ngozi, kutulutsa katulutsidwe wakupha pakhungu, lomwe limatha kuyambitsa khungu lalikulu (mwa anthu) ndikufooketsa kapena kupha (nyama yaying'ono).
Tsopano mukudziwa ngati salamand ndi poyizoni kapena ayi. Tiyeni tiwone komwe amphibiya amakhala.
Kodi salamander amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Salamander ku Russia
Malo okhala salamanders ndi ochulukirapo. Mwachidule, amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse, m'makontinenti onse, momwe nyengo yotentha, yofatsa komanso yanyontho osasintha nyengo, usana ndi usiku. Komabe, mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo imatha kupezeka ku North America.
Alpine salamanders, zachidziwikire, amakhala m'mapiri a Alps (kum'maŵa ndi pakati pa mapiri), ndipo amatha kupezeka kutalika kwa 1000 m pamwamba pamadzi. Komanso salamanders amapezeka ku Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia,> Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Herzegovina, kumwera kwa France, Germany ndi Liechtenstein.
Pali mitundu yomwe imakhala mdera laling'ono kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Lanza salamander, amakhala kokha kumadzulo kwa Alps, kwenikweni kumalire a Italy ndi France, m'chigwa cha Chisone (Italy), m'zigwa za mitsinje ya Po, Gil, Germanyasca, Pellice.
Mitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya salamander imapezeka ku Western Asia komanso kudera lonse la Middle East - kuyambira Iran mpaka Turkey.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: A Carpathians amakhala kwawo kwa amodzi mwa opangira mankhwala oopsa kwambiri - Alpine wakuda salamander. The poizoni wa nyama, wobisika kudzera pakhungu kudzera m'matenda apadera, amayambitsa zilonda zam'mimba pakhungu, ndipo sizipola kwanthawi yayitali.
Kodi salamander amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Salamander Yakuda
Zomwe salamanders amadya zimatengera makamaka malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, amphibiya ang'ono omwe amakhala kumtunda amasaka ntchentche, udzudzu, agulugufe, akangaude, cicadas, manyongolotsi, slugs. Ma salamanders akuluakulu amakonda kusaka abuluzi ang'onoang'ono, ma newt, achule. Nyama zomwe zimakhala m'madzi zimagwira ma crustaceans, molluscs, nsomba zazing'ono, mwachangu.
Nyengo ikalola, amphibiya amatha kusaka chaka chonse. Nthawi ya ntchito zazikulu kwambiri za salamanders imagwera usiku. Mumdima, amatuluka m'malo obisalako kuti ayende ndikusaka, ndipo amatha kuchita izi kuyambira madzulo mpaka mbandakucha.
Kuti agwire nyama yawo, amayang'ana kaye kwa nthawi yayitali, yayitali osasuntha, chifukwa cha maso otupa ndi zikope zosunthika. Amagwira nyama yamtengoyi, ndikuponyera lilime lawo lalitali komanso lokwanira. Ngati chinyama chikhoza kuyandikira nyamayo mosazindikira, ndiye kuti sichingapulumutsidwe.
Atagwira wovulalayo ndi kuyenda kwakuthwa, amatsamira ndi thupi lonse ndikuyesera kumeza, osatafuna. Kupatula apo, nsagwada ndi pakamwa pa salamander sizinasinthidwe konse kutafuna. Ndi nyama zazing'ono (tizilombo, slugs) zonse zimapezeka mosavuta, ndi nyama zazikulu (abuluzi, achule), nyama iyenera kuyesa bwino. Koma ndiye kuti salamander amadzaza masiku angapo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Orange salamander
Ma Salamanders amayenda pang'onopang'ono, ndipo ambiri, amasuntha pang'ono, ndipo amakhala malo amodzi, akuyang'ana mozungulira mozungulira. Nyama zimagwira ntchito kwambiri usiku, ndipo masana amayesa kubisala m'mabowo omwe asiyidwa, ziphuphu zakale, muudzu wandiweyani, milu ya mitengo yowola, kupewa dzuwa.
Salamanders amasakanso komanso kuswana usiku. Payenera kukhala madzi angapo pafupi ndi malo awo okhala. Kupatula apo, ma salamanders sangakhale popanda madzi, ndipo izi ndichifukwa choti khungu lawo limasowa madzi.
Ngati salamanders samakhala kumadera otentha, ndiye kuti kuyambira nthawi yophukira amayamba nyengo yachisanu, yomwe, kutengera dera lomwe amakhala, imatha kukhala mpaka pakati masika. Kunyumba kwawo panthawiyi kuli mizere ikulu kwambiri yomwe yasiyidwa kapena milu ikulu ya masamba akugwa. Ma Salamanders amatha nyengo yozizira mwina yokha, yomwe imakonda kwambiri kwa iwo, kapena m'magulu a anthu angapo.
Kuthengo, salamanders ali ndi adani ambiri, chifukwa chake, kuti apulumuke, nyama zimatulutsa chinsinsi chakupha chomwe chimafooketsa nsagwada za adani. Ngati izi sizikuthandizani, amatha kusiya miyendo kapena mchira wawo m'mano kapena zikhadabo, zomwe zimakula pambuyo pakanthawi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mazira a Salamander
Pafupifupi, salamanders amatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 20, koma kutalika kwa moyo wawo kumadalira mtundu ndi malo okhala. Mitundu yaying'ono ya nyama izi imakula msinkhu wazaka zitatu, ndipo yayikulu pambuyo pake yazaka 5.
Zobisalira-gill salamanders zimayikira mazira, ndipo ma salamanders enieni amatha kukhala amtundu umodzi komanso ovoviviparous. Amphibians amatha kuberekana chaka chonse, koma pachimake pazomwe zimakhalira zimachitika miyezi yachisanu.
Pamene salamander wamwamuna ali wokonzeka kukwatirana, chotupa chapadera chodzaza ndi spermatophores - maselo oberekera amuna - amatupa. Iye ndi wokondwa kwambiri ndipo cholinga chachikulu cha moyo wake pakadali pano ndikupeza wamkazi ndikukwaniritsa udindo wobereka. Ngati pali ofunsira angapo kuti azisamalira akazi, ndiye kuti amuna amatha kumenya nkhondo.
Amuna a Spermatophore amatulutsa pansi, ndipo akazi amayamwa kudzera pa cloaca. M'madzi, umuna umachitika mosiyana: akazi amaikira mazira, ndipo amuna amawathirira ndi spermatophore.
Mazira achonde amadziphatika ku mapesi a ndere kapena mizu yake. Mitundu ya viviparous, mphutsi zimakula mkati mwa chiberekero mkati mwa miyezi 10-12. M'madzi am'madzi am'madzi, ana amatuluka m'mazira patatha miyezi iwiri ali ndi mitsempha yokwanira. Mwakuwoneka kwake, mphutsi zimakumbutsa pang'ono tadpoles.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mu viviparous salamanders ochokera ku mazira 30-60 obereketsa, ndi ana 2-3 okha omwe amabadwa, ndipo mazira onsewo ndi chakudya cha ana amtsogolo.
Mphutsi za Salamander zimakhala ndikudya m'madzi pafupifupi miyezi itatu, pang'onopang'ono ndikusintha mawonekedwe achikulire. Pamapeto pa kusintha kwa zinthu, ma salamanders ang'onoang'ono amakwawa kwambiri pansi pamadzi ndipo nthawi zambiri amatuluka, kuyesa kupuma mpweya. Achinyamata samalumikizana ndi makolo awo, ndipo akamaliza kusintha, amayamba moyo wawo wodziyimira pawokha.
Adani achilengedwe a salamanders
Chithunzi: Salamander m'chilengedwe
Mwachilengedwe, ma salamanders, chifukwa chakuchedwa kwawo komanso mawonekedwe awo owoneka bwino, ali ndi adani ambiri, chifukwa ndiosavuta kuwona. Zowopsa kwambiri ndizo njoka, komanso njoka zazikulu zowopsa komanso zopanda poizoni.
Ndibwinonso kuti asaone mbalame zazikulu - mphamba, nkhwangwa, ziwombankhanga, akadzidzi. Mbalame nthawi zambiri sizimameza nyama zakutchire - izi ndizodzaza, chifukwa mutha kupeza gawo labwino la poizoni. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimagwira ma salamanders ndi zikhadabo zawo ndikuzipha, ndikuziponyera kuchokera pamwamba pamiyala, kenako nkuyamba kudya, pokhapokha ngati palibe amene amakoka nyama, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri.
Komanso, nguluwe zakutchire, martens ndi nkhandwe sizidana ndikudya ma salamanders. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikuchita bwino kwambiri, ndi nguluwe zakutchire zomwe zimatha kuzisaka, popeza nyamazi zimakhala ndi pakamwa pambiri, zomwe zimawathandiza kumeza nyamayo msanga, pomwe idalibe nthawi yoti ichiritse ndikutulutsa poizoni pakhungu. Pachifukwa ichi, nkhandwe ndi ma martens amakhala ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri - nyamayi imatha kukhala ndi nthawi yowumitsa nsagwada zawo ndi poyizoni kapena kuthawa, kusiya phazi kapena mchira m'mano.
M'dera lamadzi, salamanders alinso ndi adani ambiri. Nsomba zazikuluzikulu - nsomba zam'madzi, nsomba kapena pike zimatha kudya nyama, koma nthawi zambiri mphutsi zawo. Nsomba zazing'ono sizisamala kudya mazira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe salamander amawonekera
Chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwake, kusiyanasiyana kwake komanso malo okhala ambiri, akatswiri azowona asayansi adazindikira mitundu yambiri yazinthu zosiyanasiyana. M'mbuyomu, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yayikulu yama salamanders idadziwika, koma kafukufuku waposachedwa wamankhwala amtundu wazinthu wasonyeza kuti alipo anayi okha.
Mitundu yayikulu ya salamanders:
- Maghreb salamander (Salamandra algira Bedriaga), wopezeka ndikufotokozedwa mu 1883 ku Africa;
- salamander waku Corsican (Salamandra corsica Savi), wofotokozedwa mu 1838 pachilumba cha Corsica;
- Central salamander waku Asia (Salamandra infraimmaculata Martens), wofotokozedwa mu 1885 ku Western Asia ndipo ali ndi subspecies 3 (ndi 3 subspecies);
- salamander wowoneka bwino (Salamandra salamandra) wofotokozedwa mu 1758 ndikukhala ku Europe ndi gawo la Europe la USSR wakale, wokhala ndi subspecies 12.
Mwa ma subspecies onse odziwika, Fire Salamander ndi omwe amaphunzira kwambiri.
Poizoni wamitundu yambiri ya salamanders amawerengedwa kuti siowopsa kwa anthu, koma nthawi yomweyo ndiwowopsa, chifukwa amatha kuyaka kwambiri ngati afika pakhungu. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira kwambiri kutenga ma salamanders m'manja mwanu. Mwambiri, salamanders si nyama zowopsa kwambiri. Kupatula apo, samaukira anthu iwowo, chifukwa alibe nzala zakuthwa kapena mano.
Mlonda wamatsenga
Chithunzi: Salamander kuchokera ku Red Book
Mitundu yambiri yama salamanders idalembedwa mu Red Book pansi pa maudindo: "mitundu yovuta" kapena "mitundu yomwe ili pangozi". Chiwerengero chawo chikuchepa nthawi zonse chifukwa cha chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi zaulimi, kukonzanso nthaka, kudula mitengo mwachangu, motero, kuchepa kwa malo awo. Pali malo ocheperako komanso ocheperako oyenera moyo wa nyama izi pamtunda ndi pamadzi.
Anthu okhudzidwa ndi vutoli m'maiko osiyanasiyana amayesetsa kwambiri kuteteza mitundu yonseyi popanga nkhokwe ndi nazale zapadera.
Mwa mitundu yomwe ikukhala ku Europe, mitundu ya Moto kapena malo owoneka bwino amatetezedwa ndi "Berne Convention for the Protection of Rare Species and Habitats in Europe". Komanso, mtundu uwu udalembedwa mu Red Book of Ukraine pansi pa "mitundu yovuta". Munthawi ya Soviet, mitunduyo idatetezedwa ndi Red Book la USSR. Lero, ntchito ili mkati yolowetsa malo opezeka mu Red Book of Russia.
Malo osungunuka amakhala ku Europe (pakati ndi kumwera) kuchokera ku chilumba cha Iberia kupita ku Germany, Poland, ku Balkan. Ku Ukraine, mitunduyi imakhala m'chigawo cha Carpathian (kum'mawa), sichimapezeka kwambiri m'mipata ya mitsinje ya Lviv, Transcarpathian, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, komanso ku Carpathian National Park ndi Carpathian Reserve.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mtengowo umakhala ndi poizoni wapadera yemwe samapezeka kwina kulikonse munyama iliyonse. Lili ndi dzina lapadera - samandarin, ndi gulu la alkaloids steroidal ndipo amachita ngati neurotoxin. Pakufufuza, akuti ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya poyizoni iyi sikuteteza kwa adani, koma mphamvu yolimbana ndi mafangayi komanso antibacterial, yomwe imathandiza kuti khungu la nyama likhale loyera komanso lathanzi. Popeza salamander amapuma kudzera pakhungu, thanzi ndi ukhondo wa khungu ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa chinyama.
Zamatsenga amatsogolera moyo wobisika. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuphunzira za moyo wawo ndi zizolowezi zawo. Chifukwa chodziwikiratu kuti salamanders, anali ndi zovuta m'masiku akale. Anthu amaopa nyama ndipo amapsa ndi moto. A salamanders, poyesera kuthawa tsoka lawo, adalumphira pamoto mwamantha ndikuthawa. Chifukwa chake nthanoyo idabadwa kuti ndi poizoni wawo amatha kuzimitsa moto ndipo, titero, kubadwanso.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04.08.2019 chaka
Tsiku losintha: 28.09.2019 nthawi ya 12:04
