Nsomba muksun - wokhala nzika zaku Siberia. Iye, m'lingaliro lenileni la mawuwo, ndi wabwino kuchokera mbali zonse, mawonekedwe ndi makomedwe. Nyama ya Muksun ndiyotchuka chifukwa cha kukoma kwake kosavuta ndi mafuta ochepa, ndipo mulibe mafupa olimba mmenemo. Tiyeni tiyese kumvetsetsa mawonekedwe akunja agonjetse mitsinje ya taiga, kuti tipeze zomwe zimadya, phunzirani zizolowezi za nsomba ndikupeza komwe muksun ili ndi malo okhazikika.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Muksun
Muksun ndi nsomba yochokera ku mtundu wa whitefish, wa banja la saumoni ndi banja loyera la whitefish. Mitundu yoposa 60 ya nsomba imasiyanitsidwa ndi nsomba zoyera, pafupifupi zonse zimakonda malo osambira ndi madzi ozizira, kupewa malo okhala ndi nyengo yotentha komanso nyengo yayitali yachilimwe. Muksun amatchedwafishfish wakumpoto, amathanso kutchedwa okonda kuzizira.
Mwa abale apafupi kwambiri a muksun ndi awa:
- Baikal omul;
- tsaya (chira);
- nsomba zina zoyera;
- kukoka;
- peled.
Muksun amadziwika kuti amakhala m'madzi abwino, koma amathanso kulekerera madzi amchere pang'ono. Ndi pafupipafupi, nsomba zimasamukira kumalo osungunuka. Njira yake ikukula kwambiri masika nthawi yamadzi osefukira, pomwe matalala akulu amayamba kusungunuka mwamphamvu.
Kanema: Muksun
Mitundu ya whitefish iyi ndi yayikulu kukula. Anthu okhwima amatha kufika pa 5 mpaka 8 makilogalamu, koma zoterezi zitha kutchedwa trophy, sizimawoneka kawirikawiri. Kawirikawiri, kukula kwachinyamata kumakhalapo, kolemera theka ndi theka mpaka kilogalamu ziwiri ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 30 mpaka 40. Potengera kukula kwa ma salmonid onse, muksun imatha kuyikidwa pakatikati pakati pa odyera nsomba zazikuluzikulu monga taimen, nelma, chinook saumoni (kuyambira 20 mpaka 80 kg) osati mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya imvi (kuyambira 2.5 mpaka 3 kg).
Chosangalatsa: Muksun wamkulu kwambiri wogwidwa anali ndi makilogalamu 13 ndi kutalika kwa 90 cm.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi muksun amawoneka bwanji
Muksun sagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Pali anthu am'deralo, omwe kusiyana kwake kuli kwakukulu, nthawi yakutha msinkhu, mtundu.
Ena mwa iwo ndi awa:
- Lena;
- Kolyma;
- indigirskaya.
Thupi la muksun ndilolitali ndipo limapanikizika pang'ono m'mbali, njira ya caudal imakwezedwa m'mwamba. Mutu, wopitilira patsogolo, umasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mphuno, kamwa yomwe ili pansipa. Nsombayi ili ndi khalidwe lotchedwa adipose fin. Kulira kwa thupi lonse ndi kotuwa, ndipo mbali yakuda imadzipaka phulusa kapena utoto wabuluu. Mwa anthu okhwima, zimawoneka kuti msana umasiyanitsidwa ndi hump yodziwika bwino. Masikelo a muksun ndi ofooka, owerengeka kukula, motsatira mzerewo pali masikelo 87 mpaka 107.
Mimba yam'madzi imapanikizika pang'ono ndipo imasiyana ndi kamvekedwe kake mu mtundu wopepuka. Nsagwada zakumtunda za muksun zakula, kuchuluka kwa ma raker amatha kufika mpaka 65, zomwe ndizotheka kusefa zinyalala pansi posaka chakudya, makamaka nyama zazing'ono. Muksun ndi nsomba yolemekezeka komanso yofunika kwambiri m'banja lake nsomba, chifukwa chake, pogulitsa tsaya, nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa ngati muksun, tilingalira mosamala kusiyana kwawo kuti asanyengedwe.
Zosiyana:
- kusintha kuchokera kumutu kupita kumalo am'mimbamo mu muksun ndikuthwa, ndipo patsaya kumadziwika ndikosalala;
- chekur ali ndi thupi lalikulu mosaneneka, pomwe ali mu muksun ndiwofatsa;
- muksun ali ndi kamwa yosongoka ya sing'anga, nsagwada zakumtunda zomwe ndizitali kuposa zapansi. Pakamwa pa tsaya ndi kakang'ono, ndipo mphunoyo imakhala yayitali kwambiri komanso yotupa;
- Mimba ya muksun ndiyopindika kapena yowongoka, ndiyopindika patsaya;
- masikelo akulu a tsaya amakhala mwamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo mu muksun ndi ofooka komanso apakati;
- masikelo angapo pamzere wotsatira wa muksun ndi 97, tsaya ndi 90.
Chosangalatsa: Njira yothandiza kwambiri kusiyanitsa tsaya ndi muksun ndikuwona kulimba kwa mamba a nsomba: ngati mungayese kupala sikeloyo ndi chikhadabo chanu, ndiye mu muksun imangotsalira kumbuyo kwa thupi, zomwe sizomwe zimachitika masaya, omwe masikelo ake amakhala olimba kwambiri komanso odzaza zolimba.
Kodi muksun amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nsomba muksun
Ponena za dziko lathu, nsomba za muksun zitha kutchedwa kumpoto, chifukwa ndimakhalidwe omwe amakhala mumtsinje wa taiga ku Siberia, omwe amapezeka mdera la Arctic Ocean, amakonda madzi ake amchere pang'ono. Dera lokhalamo muksun ndilokulirapo, limakhudza Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Mtsinje wa Kara) ndikufalikira kudera la Magadan (Mtsinje wa Kolyma) ndi Yakutia.
Maksun ambiri amakhala mumitsinje yotsatirayi:
- Lena;
- Indigirki;
- Yenisei;
- Anabara;
- Obi;
- Pyasiny;
- Irtysh.
Muksun amakhalanso m'madzi am'madzi monga Glubokoe, Taimyr, Lama. Nsomba zimapezeka m'nyanja ya Kara, Nyanja ya Laptev, Nyanja Yakum'mawa kwa Siberia, m'nyanja, imasankha madera am'mbali mwa nyanja.
Chosangalatsa: Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazo, panali muksun wambiri mumtsinje wa Tom (wolondola kwambiri wa Ob), chifukwa cha ichi chinali chizolowezi kutcha anthu aku Tomsk "muksunniks". Chifukwa cha kupha nyama mosavutikira, zinthu tsopano zasintha, kuchuluka kwa muksun kwatsika kwambiri, kudasowanso m'malo amenewo.
Kunja kwa malire a Russia, muksun ankakonda madzi oundana a m'nyanja ya Canada ndi United States. Apa amatchedwa "whitefish" - nsomba zoyera, chifukwa zojambulidwa mowala (pafupifupi zoyera). Muksun amakonda madzi oyera opanda mchere kapena matupi amchere amchere pang'ono, amadutsa malo am'nyanja, amakopeka ndi mitsinje yamadzi ndi madzi osakanikirana amchere amchere. Muksun amasunthika nthawi zonse panthawi yobereka, kuthana ndi madera akuluakulu, koma m'mabeseni amitsinje monga Ob ndi Tom, imatha kupezeka chaka chonse.
Kodi muksun amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Muksun Kumpoto
Muksun ndiwokangalika, simungathe kumuwona osasuntha, chifukwa chake kufunafuna chakudya ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa muyenera kuwonjezeranso mphamvu tsiku lililonse. Zakudya zodyera nsomba zosiyanasiyana, zazing'ono, zazing'ono: mphutsi, leeches, molluscs, crustaceans ang'ono, mitundu yonse ya tizilombo ta m'madzi. Mapangidwe apadera a mbale za gill amathandiza muksun kusefa nthaka yayitali (makamaka silt) kuti apeze chakudya.
Menyu ya achinyamata imangokhala ku zooplankton ndi mazira amtundu wina wa nsomba. Zitsanzo zokhwima sizowopa kuwotchera mwachangu anzawo. Nthawi yopuma, nsomba zimadyetsa moperewera kuti zisatope konse ndikupita kumalo operekera. Koma kumapeto kwa nthawi yobala, muksun amakhala omnivorous, chifukwa pali kufunika kofulumira kubwezeretsa mphamvu ndi mphamvu.
M'nyengo yothamanga tizilombo tomwe tikukhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, phwando lenileni limayambira muksun, pafupifupi silimachoka pamwamba pamadzi, nthawi zonse limagwira anthu ambiri omwe akuuluka kapena kugwera m'madzi.
Chifukwa chake muksun amadya kwambiri:
- mbozi zapansi;
- ziwombankhanga;
- Mulole kafadala;
- njenjete usiku;
- padenkami;
- tizilombo tina.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba muksun ku Russia
Monga tanena kale, muksun amakonda malo osungira kapena amchere pang'ono okhala ndi madzi oyera ozizira. Sikuti nsomba iyi amatchedwa kumpoto (nsomba zoyera zakumpoto), chifukwa sakonda nyengo yofunda komanso nyengo yayitali yotentha, chifukwa chake imapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ku Siberia. Muksun amadziwika kuti ndi nsomba ya semi-anadromous, chifukwa imasuntha nthawi yayitali.
Muksun atha kutchedwa wolimba kwambiri komanso wamakani, chifukwa samwalira nthawi yobereka, ngakhale amathera mphamvu ndi mphamvu zambiri. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, nsomba iyi imabwerera ikasamukira kumalo ake okhalamo ndipo imayamba kubwezeretsa mphamvu zake ndi mafuta, ikudya mwamphamvu komanso mosasankha.
Chosangalatsa: Muksun wolimba mtima komanso wofunitsitsa amatha kuthana ndi makilomita pafupifupi masauzande angapo, omwe amasambira motsutsana ndi pano kuti akokerere mazira ake.
Muksun amathera nthawi yokwanira ya nsomba pakudyetsa, makamaka pambuyo poti nthawi yobereka yatha. Malo odyetsera muksun ndi malo oyenda ndi madzi ozizira, omwe kuya kwake kumasiyana kuchokera mamita atatu mpaka asanu.
Chofunikira ndikuti madera awa ndi osiyana:
- kukhazikika kwa kutentha;
- kupezeka kwa malo ogona odalirika pansi pamadzi;
- madzi oyera okhala ndi mpweya wokwanira.
Mwambiri, muksun ndiwofunika kwambiri pakati pa asodzi komanso omwe amadya nsomba. Pali umboni kuti ngakhale nthawi zakale, pomwe sterlet idkagulitsidwa m'mabaketi m'misika, muksun idagulitsidwa ndi chidutswacho ndipo inali yotsika mtengo kwambiri. Nyama yake imawerengedwa kuti ndi yabwino komanso yosungira mavitamini othandiza ndi zinthu zina. Okonda kusodza amachita chilichonse chotheka kuti agwire nsomba zodabwitsa izi, amawedza ndikupota ndikuwedza, pogwiritsa ntchito nyambo zosiyanasiyana.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Muksun nsomba m'madzi
Chilengedwe chinapatsa muksun nthawi yotalikirapo, kuyambira zaka 16 mpaka 20, komanso mitundu ya nsomba idazindikiridwanso, kuthana ndi mzere wazaka 25. Pankhaniyi, nsomba zimakula msinkhu, makamaka pofika zaka 8 mpaka 12, muksuns oyambilira kwambiri amakhala azaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Kutuluka kwa muksun kumayamba koyambirira kwamasika, nthawi yoyamba kusungunuka kwa ayezi kumachitika. Monga tafotokozera kale, muksun amayenda makilomita masauzande ambiri kuti akasese mazira. Nsombazi zimasambira mtunda wautali chonchi pofika pakati pofika nthawi yophukira. Malo osungira muksunu, malo osungira ali oyenera, pomwe pano akufulumira, ndipo pansi pake pamakutidwa ndi mchenga kapena miyala. Nyengo yobalira nsomba imatha kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira (Novembala).
Chosangalatsa: Kubala kwa muksun kumatha kutentha kwamadzi kutsika pansi pamadigiri anayi ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera.
Kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amaberekanso kumatengera kukula kwa nsombazo. Amatha kuyambira 30 mpaka 60,000. Mazira amakhala achikasu komanso omata, ofunikira kuti alumikizane ndi malo olimba. Pa nthawi ya moyo wake wa nsomba, mkaziyo amasamuka katatu kapena kanayi, chaka chilichonse alibe mphamvu zopita ulendo wautali, womwe amapindula pang'onopang'ono, kumadzaza mafuta ake, kuti apange ulendo wotopetsa komanso wautali.
Mazira a muksun amapsa kwa miyezi isanu komanso kupitilira apo. Ana nthawi zambiri amabadwa mu Marichi kapena Epulo. Pakangobadwa mwachangu tating'onoting'ono, madziwo amapita nawo kumunsi kwa mitsinje kapena akasinja amadzi, komwe amakula ndikukula. Anawo amadziwika ndi mtundu wawo wa kambuku, womwe umawathandiza kubisala pakati pazomera zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, komwe amafunafuna zooplankton kuti apeze chakudya. Kwawonedwa kuti kusasitsa kwa akazi kumatalika kuposa kwamwamuna. Kawirikawiri, nsomba zimakonzeka kuswana zikafika pamtundu wa pafupifupi magalamu 800 kapena kupitilira apo.
Adani achilengedwe a muksun
Chithunzi: Kodi muscone imawoneka bwanji
Mwachilengedwe, muksun alibe adani ambiri. Ponena za gawo lamadzi, nyama zina zikuluzikulu zowononga nsomba zitha kukhala zosafunira nsombazi. Nyama zazing'ono ndi mazira, omwe amatha kudyedwa kwambiri ndi nsomba zina, ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Komabe, mdani wowopsa komanso wobisalira akuyembekezera muksun osati pagawo lamadzi, koma pagombe.
Muksun wolimba mtima komanso wolimba mtima, yemwe amabwera kudzaza, amatha kuthana ndi zopinga ndi zovuta zilizonse, koma sangathe kugonjetsa umbombo waumunthu, nkhanza komanso kusowa kwa mfundo. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuzindikira, koma mdani wamkulu kwambiri komanso wochenjera kwambiri ndiye, ndiye, munthu. Anthu amakopa muksun, mwachindunji kapena m'njira zina. Usodzi wosalamulirika komanso kupha nyama mozungulira zonse kumayenda bwino, kuwononga nsomba zambiri, kuphatikizapo muksun.
Makamaka omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu komanso osatetezedwa ndi muksun yomwe ikubala, yomwe imayesetsa kufikira malo omwe zimaswanirana. Izi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu osaka nyama mopanda chilungamo, kuti apeze phindu, ndikupha nsomba limodzi ndi caviar yake. Munthu amasokoneza kuchuluka kwa nsomba, kuipitsa matupi amadzi chifukwa cha ntchito zake zosatopa. M'malo ambiri momwe muksun anali wofala komanso nthumwi zambiri za ichthyofauna, tsopano akuwoneka kuti ndiosowa kwambiri, zomwe zimawonjezera nkhawa mabungwe oteteza.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Muskuny
Muksun amadwala nyama yake yokoma komanso yabwino, yomwe siotsika mtengo. Monga tanenera kale, m'madera ambiri momwe munali nsomba zambiri, ziweto zinachepa kwambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti muksun asowe kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha anthu a muksun chatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kusodza kosalamulirika komanso kuwononga milandu. Zotsatira za izi, funso loti muphatikizire muksun mu Red Book likukulirakulirabe pomwe likuganiziridwa, koma njira zambiri zotetezera zomwe zatengedwa zakhala zopindulitsa kale.
Ngakhale nsomba imadziwika kuti ndi yamalonda, koma kuwedza kwake kumayang'aniridwa mosamalitsa. M'madera ena (Tyumen, Tomsk) ndi zigawo za Yamalo-Nenets ndi madera odziyimira pawokha a Khanty-Mansi, kuyambira 2014, njira zoletsa zakhazikitsidwira pakasodzi ka muksun. Mu 2017, ndizoletsedwa kuwedza muksun m'madzi a West Siberian basin.
Chosangalatsa: Muksun imasungidwa bwino m'malo opangira, komwe imaperekedwa m'mashelufu m'masitolo osiyanasiyana.
Nthawi zina, kudzikonda kwaumunthu, umbombo ndi ludzu losaneneka la phindu silidziwa malire, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndikubwezeretsanso mindandanda yofiira ndi nthumwi zosiyanasiyana za nyama. Muksun atha kuyembekezeranso tsogolo lotere, komabe pali chiyembekezo kuti njira zodzitetezera zomwe zatengedwa kale zidzabala zipatso, ngakhale, monga nthawi ikusonyezera, nkhondo yolimbana ndi kupha anthu mwachabechabe sikuthandiza.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti muksun - nsomba zimasamukira kwina, chifukwa chake kuphatikiza kwake mu Red Book mdera lililonse sikungapereke zomwe mukufuna. Zachidziwikire, kuchepa kwa ziweto za muksun sikuwonekera kulikonse, koma m'malo ambiri okhala. Zikuwoneka kuti posachedwa muksun adzalembedwa m'Buku Lofiira la dziko lathu lalikulu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 26.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 21:07
