Igrunka - kanyama kakang'ono ka anyani ku New World, mbadwa ya nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon. Nyani uyu amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa anyani ang'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi, olemera pang'ono magalamu 100. Dzinalo "marmoset" ndiye machesi abwino kwambiri kwa mwana wokongola uyu, yemwe amafanana ndi kakang'ono kakang'ono, koma koseweretsa kwambiri choseweretsa. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri, onani zomwe zili patsamba lino.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Igrunka
Ziwombankhanga za Pygmy zimakhulupirira kuti ndizosiyana ndi anyani ena, ambiri omwe amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa Callithrix + Mico, motero ndi amtundu wawo, Cebuella, m'banja la Callitrichidae. Pali kutsutsana pakati pa akatswiri oyambira zakale za kulondola kwa mtundu womwe mtundu wa marmoset uyikidwenso. Kafukufuku wopanga mapuloteni amtundu wa nyukiliya m'mitundu itatu ya ma marmosets adawonetsa kuti nthawi zolekanitsidwa zazing'ono, zasiliva ndi zofananira zimachitika zisanathe zaka 5 miliyoni, zomwe zingakhale zomveka pamitundu yofanana.
Kanema: Igrunka
Ngakhale zili choncho, kugawanika kwa silver marmoset (C. argentata) ndi common marmoset (C. jacchus) m'magulu amitundu kunawalola kuti ayikidwe m'magulu osiyanasiyana (gulu la argentata lidasinthidwa kupita ku mtundu wa Mico), zomwe zimatsimikizira kusungidwa kwa mtundu wina wa ma pygmy marmosets, kotero momwe Callithrix salinso gulu lofananira. Kafukufuku wamakhalidwe ndi ma molekyulu apangitsa kupitilizabe kutsutsana pazomwe anyani a Callithrix kapena Cebuella pygmy ali.
Pali magawo awiri a C. pygmaea:
- Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea - kumpoto / kumadzulo marmoset;
- Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris - Kum'mawa kwa marmoset.
Pali kusiyana kochepa pakati pa ma subspecieswa, chifukwa amatha kusiyanasiyana pang'ono ndi utoto ndipo amangolekanitsidwa ndi malire, kuphatikiza mitsinje yayikulu ku Central ndi South America. Kusintha kwamtunduwu kumasiyana ndi kulemera kwa thupi kuchokera kumaimidwe anyani, popeza chinyamacho chimachepa kwambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kukula kwa intrauterine komanso kubereka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti progenesis ikhale ndi gawo lofunikira pakusintha kwa nyamayi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Monkey marmoset
Igrunka ndi imodzi mwanyani ang'onoang'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi, okhala ndi kutalika kwa 117 mpaka 152 mm ndi mchira wa 172 mpaka 229 mm. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa achikulire kumangopitilira magalamu 100. Mtundu wa ubweyawo ndi wosakanikirana ndi bulauni, wobiriwira, golide, imvi ndi wakuda kumbuyo ndi mutu ndi wachikaso, lalanje ndi bulauni pansi. Pali mphete zakuda kumchira wa nyani, mawanga oyera pamasaya, ndi mzere woyera pakati pa maso.
Anawo poyamba amakhala ndi mitu yakuda ndi chifuwa chachikaso, ndi tsitsi lalitali lokutidwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Mtundu wawo wachikulire umawonekera mwezi woyamba wamoyo. Ngakhale opanga masewera a pygmy samawonedwa ngati opatsirana pogonana, akazi amatha kukhala olemera pang'ono kuposa amuna. Tsitsi lalitali kuzungulira nkhope ndi khosi zimawapangitsa kuwoneka ngati mamuna ngati mkango.
Chosangalatsa: Marmoset ili ndi kusintha kwakukulu pamitengo, kuphatikiza kuthekera kutembenuza mutu wake 180 °, komanso zikhadabo zakuthwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumamatira ku nthambi.
Mano a nyani ali ndi zotchingira zapadera zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zibowole mabowo mumitengo ndikuthandizira kuyamwa. Nyani wamamuna amayenda miyendo yonse inayi ndipo amatha kudumpha mpaka 5 mita pakati pa nthambi. Ma subspecies ofanana akum'mawa ndi azungu ndi ovuta kusiyanitsa, koma nthawi zina amakhala ndi utoto wosiyanasiyana wamkati.
Kodi marmoset amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Igrunka m'chilengedwe
Igrunka, yotchedwa pygmy monkey, ndi mtundu wa nyani wa New World. Nyani amayenda m'munsi mwa mapiri a Andes kumwera kwa Colombia ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Peru, kenako chakum'maŵa kudutsa kumpoto kwa Bolivia mpaka kugombe la Amazon ku Brazil.
Igrunok amapezeka kumadera ambiri akumadzulo kwa Amazon, kuphatikizapo:
- Peru;
- Brazil;
- Ecuador;
- Colombia;
- Bolivia.
Western marmoset (C. p. Pygmaea) amapezeka m'chigawo cha Amazonas, Brazil, Peru, kumwera kwa Colombia, ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Ecuador. Ndipo nyani wam'mawa wa pygmy (C. niveiventris) amapezekanso ku Amazonas, komanso ku Acre, Brazil, kum'mawa kwa Peru ndi Bolivia. Kugawa kwa subspecies zonse nthawi zambiri kumakhala kocheperako ndi mitsinje. Monga lamulo, marmoset amakhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira zobiriwira nthawi zonse, pafupi ndi mitsinje komanso nkhalango zosefukira madzi. Igrunas amakhala nthawi yayitali m'mitengo, ndipo nthawi zambiri samatsikira pansi.
Kuchulukana kwa anthu kumalumikizana ndi chakudya. Nyani amatha kupezeka pakati pa nthaka osapitirira 20 mita mumitengo. Nthawi zambiri samakwera pamwamba pa denga. Igrunks nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo omwe ali ndi madzi osayenda. Amakula bwino m'nkhalango zam'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, anyani adawonedwa akukhala m'nkhalango zazing'ono.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nyani wam'mimba wam'madzi amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe amadya.
Kodi marmoset amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Marmoset yachisanu
Nyani amadyera makamaka chingamu, timadzi, utomoni ndi timadzi tina ta mitengo. Zida zazitali zazitali zimalola maruña kuboola bowo lozungulira bwino mumtengo kapena mpesa. Madzi atayamba kutuluka mdzenjelo, nyani amatenga ndi lilime lake.
Magulu ambiri amawonetsa momwe amadyera. Popeza kuti mabowo akale kwambiri omwe anyani mumtengowo amakhala otsika kwambiri, titha kuganiza kuti amasunthira mtengowo, ndikupanga mabowo atsopano mpaka mtengowo sukutulutsanso madzi okwanira. Gululo limasamukira kumalo ena atsopano.
Chakudya chofala kwambiri cha ma marmosets ndi awa:
- chingamu;
- msuzi;
- utomoni;
- lalabala;
- akangaude;
- ziwala;
- agulugufe;
- zipatso,
- maluwa;
- abuluzi ang'onoang'ono.
Kuwona kuchuluka kwa ma marmosets amtchire kunawonetsa kuti zomera sizimasankhidwa mwa iwo zokha. Nyama zimakonda kusankha mitundu yomwe ili ndiudindo wambiri kunyumba kwawo. Kutuluka ndi chinthu chilichonse chomwe chatulutsidwa kuchokera ku chomera. Tizilombo, makamaka ziwala, ndi chakudya chovomerezeka pambuyo poti atuluka.
Igrunka imakhalanso ndi tizilombo, makamaka agulugufe, omwe amakopeka ndi msuzi wochokera m'mabowo. Kuphatikiza apo, nyani amapatsanso timadzi tokoma ndi zipatso. Gulu la gulu limakhala mahekitala 0,1 mpaka 0,4, ndipo kudyetsa nthawi zambiri kumakhala pamtengo umodzi kapena iwiri nthawi imodzi. Ma Tamarins nthawi zambiri amalowa m'mabowo opangidwa ndi ma marmosets kuti adye timadziti.
Ma marmosets achimuna ndi achikazi amawonetsa kusiyana pakadyedwe ndi kodyetsa, ngakhale kuwongolera kwamwamuna ndi wamkazi komanso nkhanza zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Amuna amakhala ndi nthawi yocheperako yosaka chakudya ndi chakudya chifukwa chantchito yosamalira khanda komanso kukhala tcheru ndi nyama zolusa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Common marmoset
Pafupifupi 83% ya ma marmoset amakhala mosakhazikika mwa anthu awiri kapena asanu ndi anayi, kuphatikiza wamwamuna wamkulu, wamkazi wogona, komanso ana anayi. Ngakhale magulu amakhala mamembala am'banja okha, nyumba zina zimaphatikizaponso achikulire owonjezera amodzi kapena awiri. Marmoset ndi yosasintha. Anthu amakonzekeretsana, kuwonetsa mawonekedwe apadera olumikizana.
Koma kuphatikiza pamacheza oterewa, anyaniwa alinso nyama zakutchire zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zonunkhira kutanthauza madera mpaka 40 km2. Amasankha malo ogona pafupi ndi komwe amapezako chakudya, ndipo mamembala onse amgululi amadzuka ndikupita kukasaka chakudya dzuwa litangotuluka. Zochita pagulu zimawonekera pakati pa nsonga ziwiri zodyetsa - imodzi atadzuka, ndipo yachiwiri madzulo.
Chosangalatsa: Mamembala am'magulu amalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito njira yovuta ya mawu, mankhwala ndi zowonera. Malankhulidwe atatuwa amatengera mtunda womwe phokoso liyenera kuyenda. Anyaniwa amathanso kupanga zowoneka powopsezedwa kapena kuwonetsa kulamulira.
Kusindikiza kwa mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito zinsinsi kuchokera kumatumbo omwe ali m'mawere ndi m'mawere ndi kumaliseche kumathandiza mkaziyo kuwonetsa wamwamuna pamene angathe kubereka. Nyama zimatha kumamatira kumtunda ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa zikudya.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Baby marmoset
Igrunks amaonedwa kuti ndi amuna okhaokha. Amuna odziwika kwambiri mokakamira amasungabe mwayi wazimayi zobereka zokha. Komabe, polyandry idawonedwa m'magulu ndi amuna angapo. Akazi samawonetsa zowoneka zakunja kwa ovulation, koma kafukufuku wazinyama zakuwonetsa kuti akazi amatha kulumikizana ndi abambo kudzera munjira kapena zochita zawo. Mu marmosets, palibe kulumikizana komwe kunapezeka pakati pa kuchuluka kwa amuna akulu ndi kuchuluka kwa ana.
Nyani zazimayi zazing'ono zimatha kubala mwana mmodzi mpaka atatu, koma nthawi zambiri zimabereka mapasa. Pafupifupi masabata atatu atabereka, akazi amalowa estrus atabereka, nthawi yomwe amakumana. Kutalika kwa pakati ndi pafupifupi miyezi 4.5, mwachitsanzo, miyezi isanu ndi iwiri iliyonse amabwera ma marmosets angapo. Anyani aamuna ali ndi dongosolo logwirira ntchito limodzi la ana, koma ndi m'modzi yekha wamkazi wamkulu pagululi amabereka ana.
Chosangalatsa: Ana obadwa kumene amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 16. Akatha kudyetsa kwa miyezi itatu ndikutha msinkhu mchaka chimodzi mpaka chaka chimodzi ndi theka, amalemera mpaka atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri. Aang'ono nthawi zambiri amakhala mgulu lawo mpaka magawano awiri obadwa pambuyo pake atadutsa. Achibale amathandizanso posamalira makanda.
Mwana wakhanda amafunikira chisamaliro chochuluka, motero mamembala ambiri pabanjapo akusamalira amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa maola omwe amathera polera mwanayo komanso amaphunzitsa luso la kulera. Mamembala am'magulu, nthawi zambiri azimayi, amatha kuchedwetsa kubereka kwawo poletsa kutulutsa mazira kuti asamalire ana a ena mgululi. Chiwerengero choyenera cha osamalira ma marmosets akhanda ndi anthu pafupifupi asanu. Atetezi ali ndi udindo wopezera chakudya cha makanda komanso kuthandizira abambo kuyang'anira omwe angathe kuwononga.
Adani achilengedwe a ma marmosets
Chithunzi: Igrunki
Mitundu yachikasu, yobiriwira komanso yofiirira yama marmosets imapereka chobisalira m'nkhalango. Kuphatikiza apo, anyaniwa apanga njira zolumikizirana kuti achenjezane za ziwopsezo zomwe zikubwera. Komabe, kuchepa kwa thupi lawo kumawapangitsa kukhala nyama zodya mbalame, nyama zazing'ono komanso njoka.
Zowononga zomwe zimayambitsa ma marmosets ndi awa:
- mbalame zodya (falcon);
- zazing'ono felines (Felidae);
- njoka zokwera mitengo (Serpentes).
Zikuwoneka kuti ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yomwe anyaniwa amatenga m'zinthu zawo ndi momwe amadyetsera, kotero amatha kusintha thanzi la mitengo yomwe amadyetsayo. Nyama zazikulu zomwe zimapikisananso zomwe zimadya ma exudate zimatha kukakamiza magulu azimayimaso ang'onoang'ono pamtengo kuti agwiritse ntchito mabowo omwe adakuboola kale. Kupatula kuyanjana kotere, kulumikizana pakati pa C. pygmaea ndi anyani ena nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosafanana.
Chosangalatsa: Kuchokera m'ma 1980, kachilombo ka lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV) kamene kamakhala ndi mbewa kamene kamakhudza kwambiri ma marmosets ku North America. Izi zadzetsa miliri yakupha ya chiwindi (CH) pakati pa anyani ogwidwa.
Nyerere zimatha kulowa muboola mumitengo, motero ma marmosets amakakamizidwa kusamukira. Anyani a Pygmy amatha kutenga kachilombo ka Toxoplasma gondii, komwe kumayambitsa toxoplasmosis yoopsa. Zambiri zakutsogolo kwa anyani a marmoset ndizochepa, komabe, mbalame zodya nyama, mbalame zazing'ono ndi njoka zomwe zimakwera ndizomwe zimadya nyama zambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyani ma marmosets
Amakhulupirira kuti anyani a pygmy sakhala pachiwopsezo chochepa chifukwa chogawa kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, adatchulidwa mu Red Data Book ngati Mitundu Yosasamala Kwambiri. Mitunduyi sikukumana ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu, ngakhale anthu ena akumaloko atha kusowa malo okhala.
Chosangalatsa: Igrunka poyambilira adatchulidwa pa CITES Zowonjezera I mu 1977-1979 pokhudzana ndi malonda anyama zamtchire, koma kuyambira pamenepo adatsitsidwa kukhala Zowonjezera II. Imawopsezedwa ndi kutayika kwa malo okhala m'malo ena, komanso malonda azinyama m'malo ena (mwachitsanzo, ku Ecuador).
Kuyanjana pakati pa anthu ndi ma marmosets kumalumikizidwa ndi kusintha kwamakhalidwe angapo, kuphatikiza masewera ndi mawu omveka, omwe ndi ofunikira kulumikizana kwa nyama pakati pa mitundu. Makamaka m'malo okopa alendo kwambiri, anyani a pygmy amakonda kukhala chete, osachita nkhanza komanso osasewera. Amakankhidwa kumtunda kwamitengo yamvula kuposa momwe amafunira.
Igrunka chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo komanso chikhalidwe chawo chomvera, nthawi zambiri amapezeka mumalonda achilendo ogwirira ziweto. Ulendo wokhalamo umalumikizana ndi kuchuluka kwa nyama. Nyenyeswazi zimapezeka m'malo osungira nyama momwe zimakhalira m'magulu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 nthawi ya 19:30
