Zaryanka mbalame yaying'ono yowala yamtundu wa thrush. Mbalameyi imakhalanso ndi dzina lina pakati pa anthu - phwiti, chifukwa adatchulidwapo chifukwa cha mtundu wake wofiyira. Liwu lokongola la phwiti limatamandidwa ndi olemba ndakatulo ambiri, chifukwa ndimomwe mawu a mbalameyi amaphatikizira madzulo a chilimwe.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Zaryanka
Robin wamba Erithacus rubecula ndi wa nyama, mtundu wovuta, dongosolo la mbalame zodutsa. Gululi limawerengedwa kuti ndi limodzi mwamagulu ambiri padziko lapansi ndipo lili ndi nthumwi pafupifupi zikwi zisanu. Phwiti ndi wa banja la a Muscicapidae a mbalame zakuda. Mbalame zamtunduwu zimakhala kumayiko okhala ndi nyengo zotentha. Ndi mbalame zosamuka.
Kanema: Zaryanka
Oimira banja ili ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
- mbalame zonse za m'banjali ndizochepa. Mbalame zazikulu zimakhala za 10 mpaka 30 cm;
- mbalame zimakhala ndi mlomo wowongoka;
- mapiko ozungulira;
- mbalame zimakhala ndi mchira wautali wowongoka;
- khalani m'nkhalango, zitsamba, m'mapaki.
Mtundu wa mbalame ya phwiti ndi wopepuka komanso wowala. Pachifuwa ndi kumunsi kwa mphuno, nthenga zimakhala zofiira kwambiri, kumbuyo ndi pamapiko, mbalame ndi imvi yopepuka ndi utoto wobiriwira. Pamimba pa mbalameyo, nthenga ndi zopepuka. Pakhosi, pachifuwa ndi mbali, nthenga zimakhala zofiira. Malingana ndi subspecies, mtundu wa mbalame ukhoza kukhala wowala kapena wakuda. Ma Robins a subspecies akumpoto ndi okulirapo, ndipo mtundu wawo ndi wowala kuposa wa anzawo akumwera. Mtundu uwu udafotokozedwa koyamba ndi wasayansi waku Sweden a Karl Linnaeus mu 1758 mu ntchito yake yotchedwa Motacilla rubecula.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Robin mbalame
Phwiti ndi mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri m'litali, ili pafupifupi masentimita 14. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu ndi magalamu 15 okha, mapiko ake amakhala kuyambira 17 mpaka 20 cm.
Nthenga za mbalameyi ndizosakhwima komanso zofewa, ndipo sizimamatira thupi, ndichifukwa chake phwiti amawoneka wozungulira. Phwiti ali ndi miyendo yaitali, yolimba yomwe amalumphira nayo mofulumira kwambiri pansi. Ali ndi chizolowezi choima mwadzidzidzi poyenda ndikupanga mauta angapo kwinaku akupukuta mchira wake.
Amuna ndi ana amakhala owala kwambiri kuposa akazi. Mbalame zongobadwa kumene zamtunduwu zilibe malo ofiira owala pachifuwa; zimadzera pambuyo pake. Mutu wa mbalameyo ndi waung'ono, maso ndi ang'ono wakuda. Mlomo ndi wolunjika. Mbalameyi imatha kuona bwino ndipo usiku imazungulira mosavuta m'nkhalango zowirira.
Komanso, maloboti amatulutsa ma trill osagwirizana, pamapeto pake amasandulika osalira komanso osamveka bwino. Nyimboyi ilibe kutalika kwake. Nyimboyi ili ndi phokoso lokoma. Nyimboyi imasokonezedwa kwakanthawi ndikudukiza mwadzidzidzi. Mbalame zimayimba madzulo mbandakucha, ndichifukwa chake mbalameyi idatchedwa ndi phwiti. Nthawi yayitali kutalika kwa maloboti ndi zaka 1.5-2, koma izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa chakuti mbalame zambiri zazing'ono zimamwalira msanga. Nthawi zina mbalamezi zimatha kukhala zaka 10 kuthengo.
Ma Robins ndi mbalame zosamuka, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, koma ngati nyengo yoipa igwira mbalamezo panjira, zimatha kufa. M'madera ofunda, mbalame zimatha kukhala pansi ngati zinthu zili zoyenera.
Kodi phwiti amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Zaryanka mwachilengedwe
Mbalame zamtunduwu zimapezeka ku Europe konse. Amapezeka kuchokera ku Mediterranean mpaka pakati pa Siberia. M'dziko lathu, mbalame zimakhala m'nyengo yozizira kumapiri a Caucasus, pagombe la Caspian ndi Black Sea. Ndipo maloboti amapezeka ku Uzbekistan, Tatarstan, Armenia, Georgia, ku ukulu wa Ukraine ndi Belarus. Kuphatikiza apo, ma robins amakhala ku Africa, Middle East. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimasamukira ku Spain, UK ndi kumadzulo kwa Europe. Kumpoto kwa Europe, agulugufe aku Europe amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira, zomwe sizachilendo kuzinthu zamtunduwu. Ku Britain, Spain ndi Russia, mbalamezi zimakhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana, zimabzala nkhalango, m'mapaki ndi minda. Zadziwika kuti ma robins aku Britain samasamukira, koma amakhala mpaka nthawi yozizira m'malo omwe amakhala.
M'zaka za zana la 19, panali zoyesayesa zoweta mbalame zamtunduwu ku New Zealand ndi Australia, koma mbalamezo sizinakhazikike m'mayikowa, ndipo zimayenera kukhazikitsidwanso m'maiko otentha komanso otentha. Popeza mbalame zamtunduwu siziopa anthu, zimatha kumanga zisa pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu. Komabe, nthawi zambiri mbalame zimayesa kukhazikika m'nkhalango. Ma Robins amapanga zisa zawo pa zitsa, mitengo yotsika, kapenanso pansi pamitengo yaudzu kapena tchire. Nthawi zambiri mbalame sizimakonda nkhalango zowoneka bwino za coniferous, koma zimakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango za hazel, koma chifukwa choti nkhalango zikucheperachepera, amayenera kudziwa oyandikana ndi anthu. A Robins amabwerera ku nyengo yozizira kumayambiriro kwa masika, masamba oyamba akangotuluka pamitengo, amabwerera kuzisa zawo ndikukatsitsimutsa nkhalango, ndikudzaza ndi nyimbo zawo zokongola.
Kodi phwiti amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Zaryanka nthawi yachisanu
Maziko azakudya za mbalame yaying'onoyi ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Zaryanka amakonda:
- Zhukov;
- akangaude ndi nyamakazi zina;
- midges ndi ntchentche;
- mbozi, mbozi;
- Nkhono;
- agulugufe ang'onoang'ono.
Malinga ndi komwe mbalameyi imakhala, chakudya chake chimatha kusiyanasiyana. Nkhalango ikakhala yolimba kwambiri pomwe mbalame zimakhala komanso zomera zikamachuluka, phwandolo limapeza chakudya chochuluka. Yambani mbalameyi, kuchoka ku nthambi kupita ku nthambi kapena kutola chakudya pansi. Sakani masana komanso usiku. Nthawi zambiri imatha kugwira timizere tating'onoting'ono komanso kafadala tikamauluka. M'chaka, amakonda kudya zipatso za currant, elderberry, phulusa lamapiri. M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, chakudya chikasowa, ziphuphu zimapita kukafunafuna mbewu zosiyanasiyana kuti zikodole zipatso zotsala panthambi za mitengo. Itha kuwuluka kupita kumtunda wamadzi ndikupeza chakudya pamenepo. Phwiti saopa madzi konse. Ma Robins omwe amakhala mopitilira nthawi yayitali amapeza chakudya kwa odyetsa. Mukadyetsa mbalameyi, imatha kukhazikika pafupi ndi nyumbayo ndipo imatha kukhala motere nthawi yonse yachisanu. Kuphatikiza apo, phwiti atakhazikika m'mundamu, zimangopindulitsa dimba chifukwa zitha kunyerezera tizilombo tosavulaza.
Chosangalatsa: Zimakhala zovuta kuti phwiti adyetse kuchokera kwa wodyetsa, mbalameyo imagwiritsa ntchito kumamatira ku nthambi zamitengo ndi makoko ake, chifukwa chake ngati mukufuna kudyetsa phwiti, ndibwino kuwaza chakudya pansi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Zaryanka mwachilengedwe
A Robins amabwerera kuzisa zawo kumapeto kwa Epulo. Amakhala m'nkhalango zonyowa kwambiri ndipo amabzala zisa, zomwe amabisala m'nkhalango, zitsa, nkhuni zakufa. Mbalame zimamanga zisa zooneka ngati mbale kuchokera muudzu, mizu ndi bast. Moss wofewa, ubweya ndi nthenga zimatsukidwa pansi. Zikuwoneka kuti mbalame zamtunduwu zimateteza kwambiri madera awo. Ma Robins amakhala okha, ndipo amakumana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi yogona. Salola kuti mbalame zina zilowe m'dera lawo; nthawi zambiri amuna amamenya nkhondo ndi mbalame zina, ndichifukwa chake amafa nthawi zambiri.
Kulimbana kumachitikanso pakati pa mphamba zachimuna, momwe mpaka 15% ya mbalame zimafa. Anthu samawopa mbalame nkomwe, amatha kukhazikika pafupi ndi nyumbayo, nyengo yozizira amatha kuwuluka m'khola ndikulowa m'chipindacho. Amphaka amayimba nyimbo zawo madzulo komanso usiku. Nyimbo zawo ndizoyitanira amuna kapena akazi anzawo. A Robins amayimba awiriawiri, akazi akuwonetsa kukonzeka kwawo kukwatirana ndi ma trill awo, amuna ndi kulira kwawo akuwonetsa kuti gawolo lili ndi mbuye.
Chosangalatsa: Pali azibambo ochulukirapo kuposa akazi, amuna ambiri, ngakhale nthawi yogona, amakhala okha. Amunawo, opanda amuna awiri, amayang'anira malowo ndipo sawalola kulowa. Ngakhale zimachitika nthawi zina kuti wamwamuna m'modzi amatha kuloleza wina kuti agone usiku. Komanso zimachitika kuti amuna amadziphatika pagulu laling'ono usiku, motero amakhala otetezeka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Zaryanka akuthawa
Ma Robins amakhala ndi nthawi yokuikira mazira kawiri chilimwe chimodzi ndikulera anapiye. Nthawi yoyamba yamphaka mu May, nthawi yachiwiri kumapeto kwa Julayi.
Nthawi zina, china chake chikachitika kwa anapiye, makolowo akhoza kuyesa kulera ana mu Ogasiti. M'maseŵera okwatirana, mkazi ndiye amachitapo kanthu. Mkazi amafika kudera lamwamuna, ndikuwonetsa mapiko ake mmbali ndikuyamba kuyimba.
Wamphongo, poteteza gawolo, amayamba kuthamangitsa, ndikupanga mawu owopsa. Mwamuna amatambasula mapiko ake, amagwedezeka ndikuwonetsa kuti sakufuna kuwona mlendo kudera lake. Pakapita nthawi, mbalameyi imathawa, ikubisala kumbuyo kwa mtengo kapena tchire. Kenako amabwerera ndikuyamba kuyimba mokweza. Pambuyo pa masiku 3-4, yamphongo nthawi zambiri imasiya.
Tambala wamkazi amathira chisa payekha, kukula kwa chisa cha phwiti ndi pafupifupi 5 cm kutalika ndi 7 cm mulifupi. Amayesetsa kubisa chisa momwe angathere. Nthawi ina, mkazi amaberekanso mazira abuluu 4-6. Mzimayi amasamira mazira kwa milungu iwiri, pafupifupi osadzuka pakatikati, wamwamuna amasamalira chakudya.
Akamaliza kuswa, makolowo amawateteza. Yaimuna imabweretsa chakudya, ndipo yaikazi imadyetsa anawo. Anapiye amawumba kamodzi ali ndi zaka chimodzi ndi theka mpaka milungu iwiri. Wosakhwima m'malo mwake amalowetsedwa ndi nthenga zolimba, mtundu wofiira umawoneka pachifuwa ndi m'mimba. Ali ndi zaka ziwiri, ana aang'ono amatha kuwuluka ndikuyamba kudzipezera okha chakudya.
Adani achilengedwe a maloboti
Chithunzi: Phwiti wam'nyengo yozizira
Mbalame zazing'onozi zimakhala ndi adani ambiri m'chilengedwe. Izi zikuphatikiza:
- nkhwangwa;
- makoko;
- martens;
- amphaka;
- ziphuphu;
- nkhandwe;
- chikondi;
- ziphuphu.
Zolusa izi zimakonda kuwononga zisa za ziphuphuzo kuti zizidya mazira kapena anapiye ang'onoang'ono. Ndicho chifukwa chake pali kufa kwakukulu pakati pa mbalame zazing'ono. Akuluakulu, amayesayesa kuteteza zisa zawo, koma nawonso amakhala pachiwopsezo chodyedwa. Chifukwa chake, zikafika povuta kwambiri, amatha kuthawa, ndikupulumutsa miyoyo yawo. Ngati mbalame imakhala pafupi ndi anthu, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsedwa. Ngati pangozi, amatha kutembenukira kwa munthu. Mbalamezi zimaweta mosavuta ndikudyetsa. Wokhoza kukhala mu ukapolo.
Chosangalatsa: Zaryanka samalekerera kusinthasintha kwakuthwa kwa kutentha ndi kuzizira ndipo nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Zaryanka ku Russia
Ngakhale kuti mbalamezi zimafa kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi adani ambiri munyama, kuchuluka kwake ndi kwakukulu. Masiku ano, anthu akuchokera pa 139 mpaka 320 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Ndizovuta kwambiri kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi chifukwa mbalame zimasamukira kwina ndipo nthawi zambiri zimasamuka, ndipo mwachilengedwe ndizochuluka. Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya Erithacus rubecula lero sichimayambitsa nkhawa ndipo safuna chitetezo chapadera. Ngati mbalamezi ndizosaoneka, makamaka chifukwa zimabisala bwino pakati pa masamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba.
Tili m'manja mwathu kupangitsa moyo wa mbalamezi kukhala wosavuta, kuti zizikhala zosavuta kuti zizipeza chakudya chawo. Ndikofunikira kukonzekeretsa malo obiriwira, mapaki ndi minda yachilengedwe. Osadula nkhalango ndi minda ya nkhalango popanda chosowa chapadera, kuyesera kuteteza malo obiriwira. M'nyengo yozizira, titha kuthandiza mbalame zomwe zatsala m'nyengo yozizira mdera lathu powadyetsa powapatsa chakudya ndi nyumba zodyetsera mbalame pafupi ndi nyumba ndi m'mapaki.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ku Great Britain, ziphuphu ndi chizindikiro chosadziwika cha dziko lino, komwe mbalamezi zimatetezedwa ndipo zikuyesetsa kuthandiza anthu. Kumeneko, mbalamezi sizimaopa anthu ndipo zimatha kukhala pamapewa ndi mikono ya anthu.
Zaryanka mbalame yokongola komanso yosangalatsa. Kuyambira kale ku Russia amakhulupirira kuti ngati mbalame yapatsidwa ikakhala pafupi ndi nyumba yanu, pamakhala bata ndi mtendere. Samalani ndi mbalame zodabwitsa izi, zidyetseni ndipo zidzakubwezerani ndiubwenzi komanso nyimbo zabwino, zokongola kwambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 19.07.2019
Idasinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 21:29
