Pelican

Pelican (Pelecanus) ndi mbalame zam'madzi zomwe zimapezeka konsekonse padziko lapansi kupatula Antarctica. Chithunzi chake, koposa zonse, khungu lotanuka kwambiri pakamwa pamunsi limapangitsa mbalameyi kukhala yapadera komanso yodziwika msanga. Mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya nkhwangwa imagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi mozungulira kuchokera kumadera otentha kupita kumadera otentha, ngakhale mbalame sizipezeka mkatikati mwa South America, zigawo za polar komanso panyanja.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Pelican

Mtundu wa pelicans (Pelecanus) udafotokozedwa koyamba ndi Linnaeus mu 1758. Dzinali limachokera ku liwu lachi Greek lakale pelekan (πελεκάν), lomwe limachokera ku liwu lakuti pelekys (πέλεκυς) lotanthauza "nkhwangwa". Banja la Pelicanea lidayambitsidwa ndi polima ya ku France C. Rafinesky mu 1815. A Pelican amatchula dzina lawo a Pelecaniformes.

Kanema: Pelican

Mpaka posachedwa, lamuloli silinafotokozeredwe bwino ndipo kapangidwe kake, kuphatikiza ma pelican, amaphatikizapo Sulidae, Frigate (Fregatidae), Phaethon (Phaethontidae), Cormorant (Phalacrocoracidae), Khosi lanyoka (Anhingidae), pomwe mutu wa nangumi ( Shoebill), egrets (Egrets) ndi ibises (Ibises) ndi ma spoonbill (Plataleinae) anali ena mwa mbalame zam'madzi (Ciconiiformes). Zinapezeka kuti kufanana pakati pa mbalamezi ndikwangozi, zotsatira zake zofananira. Umboni wam'magulu ofananizira kuyerekeza kwa DNA ndiwotsutsana ndi kuphatikiza koteroko.

Chosangalatsa: Kafukufuku wa DNA awonetsa kuti nkhanga zitatu za New World zidapanga mzere umodzi kuchokera ku zungu loyera laku America, ndi mitundu isanu ya Old World kuchokera ku nkhono yololedwa ndi pinki, pomwe azungu loyera waku Australia anali wachibale wawo wapafupi. Vuwo wapinki nawonso anali amtunduwu, koma anali woyamba kuchoka kwa kholo limodzi la mitundu ina inayi. Kupeza kumeneku kukuwonetsa kuti nkhwangwa zinayamba kusinthika ku Old World ndikufalikira ku North ndi South America, ndipo zokonda kukaikira mitengo kapena pansi zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi kukula kuposa majini.

Zinthu zakale zomwe zapezeka zikusonyeza kuti mbalamezi zimakhalapo kwa zaka zosachepera 30 miliyoni. Zakale zakale kwambiri zazikazi zimapezeka m'mapiko a Oligocene Oyambirira ku Luberon kumwera chakum'mawa kwa France. Ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mitundu yamakono. Mlomo pafupifupi wathunthu udakalipobe, mofanana mofananamo ndi ziwombankhanga zamakono, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti zida zodyerazi zidalipo kale panthawiyo.

Kumayambiriro kwa Miocene, zotsalazo zidatchedwa Miopelecanus - mtundu wakale, mtundu wa M. gracilis poyamba unkadziwika kuti ndi wapadera potengera zikhalidwe zina, koma kenako zidagamulidwa kuti ndi mtundu wapakatikati.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Pelican

Pelicans ndi mbalame zazikulu kwambiri zamadzi. Dalmatian Pelican imatha kufikira kukula kwakukulu. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala mbalame zazikulu kwambiri komanso zolemera kwambiri zouluka. Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya nkhono zofiirira. Mafupawa amangokhala pafupifupi 7% ya kulemera kwa ziweto zolemera kwambiri. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi nkhwangwa ndi milomo yawo. Pakhosi pake ndikukulitsidwa kwambiri ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi mlomo wapansi, womwe umapachikika ngati thumba lachikopa. Mphamvu yake imatha kufika malita 13, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ukonde wosodza. Imatseka mwamphamvu ndi mlomo wautali, wotsika pang'ono wotsetsereka.

Mitundu isanu ndi itatu yamoyo ili ndi izi:

• American White Pelican (P. erythrorhynchos): kutalika kwa 1.3-1.8 m, mapiko otambalala 2.44-2.9 m, kulemera kwa 5-9 kg. Nthenga zake zimakhala zoyera kwathunthu, kupatula nthenga zamapiko, zowoneka pouluka kokha;
• Chiwombankhanga chofiirira waku America (P. occidentalis): kutalika mpaka 1.4 m, mapiko a 2-2.3 m, olemera 3.6-4.5 kg. Ndi kanyama kakang'ono kwambiri kokhala ndi nthenga zofiirira.
• Chiwombankhanga cha ku Peru (P. thagus): kutalika mpaka 1.52 m, mapiko a 2.48 m, opitilira 7 kg. Mdima wokhala ndi mzere woyera kuyambira kumutu mpaka m'mbali mwa khosi;
• pinki yamapiko (P. onocrotalus): kutalika 1.40-1.75 m, mapiko otambalala 2.45-2.95 m, kulemera kwa 10-11 kg. Nthenga ndizoyera-pinki, ndimadontho a pinki kumaso ndi miyendo;
• Chiwombankhanga cha ku Australia (P. conspicillatus): kutalika 1.60-1.90 m, mapiko a 2.5-3.4 m, olemera 4-8.2 kg. Makamaka zoyera zimasakanikirana ndi zakuda, zokhala ndi mulomo waukulu, wotumbululuka;
• Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi pinki (P. rufescens): kutalika 1.25-1.32 m, mapiko a 2.65-2.9 m, olemera 3.9-7 kg. Nthenga zoyera, nthawi zina pinki kumbuyo, ndi nsagwada zachikaso kumtunda ndi thumba laimvi;
• Chiwombankhanga cha Dalmatian (P. crispus): kutalika 1.60-1.81 m, mapiko otambalala 2.70-3.20 m, kulemera kwa 10-12 kg. Chiwombankhanga chachikulu kwambiri choyera imvi, chili ndi nthenga zopotana kumutu kwake ndi kumtunda;
• nkhanu imvi (P. philippensis): kutalika 1.27-1.52 m, mapiko a 2.5 m, kulemera c. 5 makilogalamu. Makamaka nthenga zoyera, zoyera. Nthawi yoswana, pinki yokhala ndi thumba lothimbirira.

Kodi vuwo amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Pelican ku Russia

Zinyama zamakono zimapezeka m'makontinenti onse kupatula Antarctica. Mitundu iwiri imakhala ku Russia: pinki (P. onocrotalus) ndi kachetechete wopendekeka (P. crispus). Ku Europe, kuli anthu ambiri ku Balkan, madera odziwika bwino a pinki ndi okhotakhota amapezeka ku Danube Delta. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu iwiriyi imapezekabe ku Lake Prespa komanso pagombe lakum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Azov. Kuphatikiza apo, Dalmatian Pelican imapezekanso m'madera ena kumunsi kwa Volga komanso pagombe lakumpoto kwa Caspian Sea.

Mitundu iwiriyi komanso nkhanu yotuwa (P. philippensis) imapezekanso ku Western ndi Central Asia. Otsatirawa amapezekanso ku South Asia. Africa ili ndi nkhanu yotchedwa pinki (P. rufescens), yomwe imapezeka kumadera otentha komanso otentha. Malo oberekera ndi nyengo yachisanu ali ku Roselle Canyon, yomwe imachokera ku Sahel kupita ku South Africa.

Australia ndi Tasmania ndi kwawo kwa Australia Pelican (P. conspicillatus), yomwe imakumana pafupipafupi kunja kwa nyengo yoswana ku New Guinea, Solomon Islands ndi zilumba za Lesser Sunda. American White Pelican (P. erythrorhynchos) imaswana ku Midwest of North America ndi kumwera kwa Canada, ndipo imadutsa pamphepete mwa nyanja ku North ndi Central America. Mphepete mwa nyanja za ku America zili ndi nkhanu yofiirira (P. occidentalis).

Chosangalatsa: M'nyengo yozizira, mitundu ina imalimbana ndi chisanu choopsa, koma imafunikira madzi opanda ayezi. Mitundu yambiri imakonda madzi abwino. Amapezeka m'madzi kapena m'mbali mwa mitsinje, ndipo popeza nkhanu sizimira mozama, zimafunikira kuya. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mbalame sizipezeka m'madzi akuya. Ziwombankhanga zofiirira ndi zokhazo zomwe zimakhala mchaka chonse kupatula nyanja.

Nungu ambiri samakhala mbalame zazifupi zosamuka. Izi zikugwira ntchito ku mitundu yotentha, komanso ku Danube Delta Dalmatian Pelicans. Kumbali inayi, mbalame zapinki zochokera ku Delube ya Danube zimasamukira kumadera ozizira ku Africa nthawi yobereka. Amakhala masiku awiri kapena atatu ku Israel, komwe matani a nsomba zatsopano amaperekedwa kwa mbalamezo.

Kodi vuwo amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Mlomo wa Pelican

Zakudya za nkhuku zimakhala ndi nsomba zokha. Nthawi zina nkhanu zimapezeka zikudya nkhanu zokhazokha. Ku Delta ya Danube, carp ndi nsomba ndizofunikira kwambiri ku mitundu ya nkhono zakomweko. American White Pelican amadyetsa makamaka nsomba za carp zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zomwe sizisangalatsa nsomba zamalonda. Ku Africa, azungu amatenga ma cichlids kuchokera ku genera Tilapia ndi Haplochromis, komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa, mazira ndi anapiye aku Cape cormorants (P. capensis). Ziwombankhanga zofiirira zimadyetsa ku gombe la Florida la menhaden, hering'i, anchovies, ndi Pacific sardines.

Chosangalatsa: Achi Pelican amadya 10% ya kulemera kwawo patsiku. Izi ndi pafupifupi 1.2 kg kwa zungu loyera. Mukawonjezera pamenepo, ziwombankhanga zonse ku Nakurusi, Africa, zimadya makilogalamu 12,000 a nsomba patsiku, kapena matani 4,380 a nsomba pachaka.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zosakira, koma zonse zimasaka makamaka m'magulu. Njira yofala kwambiri ndikusambira, kuyendetsa nsomba m'madzi osaya kumene sangathenso kulowa kumtunda ndipo ndizosavuta kugwira. Nthawi zina zochita izi zimathandizidwa ndikumenya kwamapiko pamwamba pamadzi. Zina zomwe mungachite ndikupanga bwalo ndikutseka kutuluka kwa nsombayo pamalo otseguka kapena mizere iwiri yolunjika kusambira moyang'anana.

Mbalamezi zimadutsa m'madzi ndi mlomo wawo waukulu ndipo zimagwira nsomba zomwe zathamangitsidwazo. Kuchita bwino ndi 20%. Pambuyo pogwira bwino, madzi amakhalabe kunja kwa thumba lachikopa ndipo nsomba imameza kwathunthu. Mitundu yonse imathanso kusodza yokha, ndipo ina imakonda izi, koma mitundu yonse ili ndi njira zomwe tafotokozazi. Ndi mbalame zofiirira zokha komanso zaku Peru zomwe zimasaka mlengalenga. Amagwira nsomba mwakuya, kutsika motsetsereka kuchokera kutalika kwa 10 mpaka 20 mita.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mbalame yam'madzi imayika nsomba. Tiyeni tiwone momwe akukhalira kuthengo.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Pelican akuthawa

Amakhala, kubereka, kusuntha, kudyetsa m'magulu akulu. Usodzi umatenga gawo lochepa kwambiri la nkhanu, popeza anthu ambiri amaliza kudya ndi 8-9 m'mawa. Tsiku lonselo limangokhala mozungulira - kutsuka ndi kusamba. Izi zimachitika pamphepete mwa mchenga kapena pazilumba zazing'ono.

Mbalameyi imasamba, ndikupendeketsa mutu wake ndi thupi lake kumadzi, uku ikupiza mapiko ake. Vuwo amatsegula mlomo wake kapena amatambasula mapiko ake kutentha kwake kukakwera kuti athe kutentha thupi. Poteteza madera awo, amuna amawopseza olowerera. Vuwo ndi chida chake chachikulu.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu isanu ndi itatu yamoyo imagawika m'magulu awiri, m'modzi mwa iwo mumakhala mitundu inayi ya akulu akumanga zisa zapadziko lapansi zokhala ndi nthenga zoyera (Australia, curly, great white and American white pelican), ndipo inayo inali ndi mitundu inayi yokhala ndi nthenga zofiirira. zomwe zimakhazikika mumitengo (pinki, imvi ndi zofiirira) kapena pamiyala yam'madzi (Peruvian pelican).

Kulemera kwake kwa mbalame kumapangitsa kukweza njira yovuta kwambiri. Vuwo amayenera kukupiza mapiko ake pamwamba pamadzi nthawi yayitali isanakwere m'mlengalenga. Koma ngati mbalameyo yatha bwinobwino, ikupitirizabe kuuluka molimba mtima. Ma Pelicans amatha kuwuluka maola 24 osadodometsedwa, mpaka 500 km.

Kuthamanga kwakanthawi kumatha kufika 56 km / h, kutalika kumtunda kwa nyanja ndikoposa mamita 3000. Pothawa, mbalamezi zimakhotetsa makosi awo kumbuyo kuti mutu ukhale pakati pa mapewa ndi mulomo wolemera ukhoza kuthandizidwa ndi khosi. Popeza kuti minyewa siyilola kuti mapiko agwedezeke nthawi zonse, ziwombankhanga zimasinthana ndikutambalala kwakanthawi.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Banja la Pelican

Ma Pelican amamera m'midzi, pomwe magulu akuluakulu komanso owirira amapangidwa ndi mbalame zomwe zimaswana pansi. Madera osakanikirana nthawi zina amapangidwa: mumtsinje wa Danube, zikopa za pinki komanso zopindika nthawi zambiri zimaswana pamodzi. Mitundu yodzala mitengo imakhazikika pambali pa adokowe ndi zinsomba. M'mbuyomu, madera a ziwombankhanga anali mamiliyoni, dera lalikulu kwambiri la nkhono mpaka pano ndi dera la Nyanja Rukwa ku Tanzania lokhala ndi awiriawiri 40,000.

Nthawi yobereketsa imayamba m'malo otentha masika, ku mitundu yaku Europe ndi North America mu Epulo. M'madera otentha, nthawi zambiri sipakhala nthawi zoswana ndipo mazira amatha kuswana chaka chonse. Milomo, matumba, ndi khungu losavala la mitundu yonse zimakhala zamitundu isanakwane nyengo yoswana. Amuna amachita chibwenzi chomwe chimasiyana ndi mitundu ndi mitundu, koma chimaphatikizaponso kukweza mutu ndi mlomo komanso kubalaza chikwama cha khungu pamlomo wapansi.

Kumanga zisa ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ya zamoyo. Nthawi zambiri kufukula kumodzi kumapangidwa m'nthaka popanda chilichonse. Zisa zamitengo ndizopanga zovuta kwambiri. Chinyama chachikulire chimaswana mitengo ya mango, nkhuyu, kapena mitengo ya coconut. Chisa chimakhala ndi nthambi ndipo chimakhala ndi udzu kapena zomera zowola zam'madzi. Ili ndi m'mimba mwake pafupifupi masentimita 75 ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 30. Kukhazikika kwa chisa ndikotsika, chifukwa chake chisa chatsopano chimamangidwa chaka chilichonse.

Nthawi zambiri amayikira mazira awiri, koma timatumba tomwe timakhala ndi dzira limodzi kapena ngakhale asanu ndi limodzi. Nthawi yokwanira ndi masiku 30 - 36. Anapiye poyamba amakhala amaliseche, koma amakwiriridwa pansi. Ali ndi zaka masabata asanu ndi atatu, chovalacho chimalowetsedwa ndi nthenga zazing'ono. Poyamba, anawo ankadya phala lakale. Mwana wankhuku woyamba kuswa amatulutsa abale ndi alongo ake pachisacho. Kuyambira masiku 70 mpaka 85, anapiye amakhala odziyimira pawokha ndipo amasiya makolo awo patadutsa masiku 20. Ali ndi zaka zitatu kapena zinayi, zija zimaswana koyamba.

Adani achilengedwe a nkhwangwa

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Pelican

M'madera ambiri padziko lapansi, azungu akhala akusakidwa kwanthawi yayitali pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Ku East Asia, mbalame zachinyamata za adipose zimawerengedwa kuti ndi mankhwala pachikhalidwe chachi China. Komanso ku India, mafutawa amadziwika kuti ndi othandiza polimbana ndi matenda a rheumatic. Kum'mwera chakum'maŵa kwa Europe, ankagwiritsa ntchito zikwama zapakhosi pakamwa popanga matumba, matumba a fodya, ndi zikopa.

Chosangalatsa: Madera azinyama aku bulauni aku South America adagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira yapadera. Pamodzi ndi ma boobies aku Peru ndi bougainvillea cormorant, ndowe zidasonkhanitsidwa pamlingo waukulu ngati feteleza. Pamene ogwira ntchito adaswa mazira ndikuwononga anapiye, maderawo adawonongeka panthawi yokonza.

Kukhala mosasunthika kwa anthu ndi zotupa zakuthwa kumachitika m'midzi yaku India ya Karnataka. Komwe zinsomba zimakhazikika padenga ngati adokowe oyera. Anthu amderali amagwiritsa ntchito ndowe ngati feteleza ndipo amagulitsa zotsalazo kumidzi yoyandikana nayo. Chifukwa chake, nkhwangwa sizimangolekerera kokha, komanso zimatetezedwa. Mwachilengedwe, pakati pa nyama, zimbale sizikhala ndi adani ambiri chifukwa chakukula kwakeko.

Omwe amadya nyama zamtunduwu ndi awa:

• ng'ona (kuukira mbalame wamkulu);
• nkhandwe (kusaka anapiye);
• afisi;
• zolusa mbalame.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Pelican

Chiwerengero cha kuchuluka kwa anthu m'madzi omwe amauma ndikudzaza madzi chimasintha kwambiri - madera okhala ndi zisa amawonekeranso ndikusowa. Komabe, a Dalmatian ndi a Gray Pelicans adatchulidwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo pa IUCN Red List. Mitundu iwiri ya nkhanu zofiirira, zomwe ndi California ndi Atlantic, nawonso sizachilendo.

Chifukwa chachikulu chakucheperako ndikugwiritsa ntchito DDT ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo ku United States. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso chakudya kudapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mbalame. Kuyambira 1972, kugwiritsa ntchito DDT kudaletsedwa ku United States, ndipo manambala ayamba kuchira pang'onopang'ono. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu aku Africa cha nkhono zapinki ndi pafupifupi 75,000 awiriawiri. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuchepa kwa anthu ku Europe, palibe chomwe chimaopseza mitundu yonseyo.

Zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa ma pelican ndi izi:

• kupikisana kwa asodzi am'deralo ndi nsomba;
• ngalande zamadambo;
• kuwombera;
• kuipitsa madzi;
• Kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba mopitilira muyeso;
• nkhawa kuchokera kwa alendo ndi asodzi;
• kugundana ndi mizere yamagetsi yapamtunda.

Ali mu ukapolo, nkhwangwa zimasintha bwino ndikukhala zaka 20+, koma sizimaswana kwenikweni. Ngakhale kulibe mitundu ya nkhono yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu, ambiri achepetsa kwambiri anthu. Chitsanzo chingakhale pinki Chiwombankhanga, yomwe nthawi zakale zachiroma idakhala mkamwa mwa Rhine ndi Elbe. Panali pafupifupi awiriawiri miliyoni ku Danube Delta m'zaka za zana la 19. Mu 1909, chiwerengerochi chinatsikira ku 200.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 18.07.2019

Tsiku losintha: 09/25/2019 ku 21:16

Onerani kanemayo: I attacked some Toxic Players but then the unexpected happened. (September 2024).