Sikuti aliyense amadziwa nyama yaying'ono ngati tupaya... Anthu ambiri adamva dzina la nyama yachilendoyi kwa nthawi yoyamba. Akayang'ana tupaya, ena amafanizira ndi gologolo, ena ndi khoswe. Mosakayikira, chinthu chimodzi ndi cholengedwa chokhazikika komanso chofulumira. Tiyeni tiyesetse kumvetsetsa moyo wake, fotokozerani zizindikilo zakunja, mtima wake, kuzolowera zakudya komanso malo okhala.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Tupaya
Tupaya ndi nyama ya banja la Tupai yemwenso ndi dongosolo la Tupai. Chisokonezo chokhudza tupaya cha gulu limodzi kapena lina chakhala zaka zopitilira khumi. Choyamba, tupaya idakhala m'gulu la tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kenako monga anyani. Kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi, nyamayi adayikidwa ngati anyani, mpaka atachita kafukufuku watsopano. Zotsatira zake, zidapezeka kuti tupaya ndi nthambi yodziyimira payokha yosinthika, yomwe imangokhala ndi mitundu iyi, chifukwa chake nyamayo idasankhidwa kuti ndi tupai kapena Scandentia.
Tupai adalembedwa mu 1780 ndi Dr. William Ellis, yemwe adatsagana ndi Cook paulendo wake wopita kuzilumba za Malay. Dzinalo la nyamayo limachokera mchilankhulo cha Chimalaya, kapena m'malo mwake kuchokera ku liwu lenileni "tupei", lomwe limamasuliridwa kuti "gologolo". Banja la tupai ligawika m'magulu awiri, mibadwo 6 ndi mitundu 18. Asayansi aphunzira tupaya wamba mwatsatanetsatane, mawonekedwe omwe tidzawafotokozere pambuyo pake, ndipo tsopano tidziwitsa mitundu ina yazinyama izi.
Kanema: Tupaya
Big tupaya imakhala ndi utoto wofiirira, kutalika kwa thupi lake kumafika masentimita 20, mchira wa utoto wofiira wagolide ndiyofanana. Nyamayo idakhazikika kuzilumba za Malaysian (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Borneo). Tupaya iyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi makutu ake akulu, ozungulira, nkhope yowongoka komanso maso owonekera bwino.
Kutalika kwa Malay tupaya, limodzi ndi mchira, zimatha kufikira masentimita 12 mpaka 18. Pamtundu wachinyama wakuda kwambiri wa nyama, pamimba pamtundu wachikasu wowonekera bwino, thupi lonse limakhala lokongola komanso loyera. Nyamayo yasankha Thailand ndi zisumbu zaku Indonesia. A Malay Tupai amakhala okhaokha ndipo amapanga banja limodzi.
Indian tupaya ndi yofanana ndi wamba, mphuno yake imafupikitsidwa. Kusiyana kumaonekera m'makutu, okutidwa ndi ubweya, kumadziwikanso ndi kapangidwe ka mano. Mbiri yomwe ili pachipindacho ndi yofiirira yokhala ndi mabala ofiira, achikasu komanso akuda. Mikwingwirima yopepuka imawoneka pamapewa. Kutalika kwa thupi lanyama kuli pafupifupi masentimita 20, mchirawo uli ndi kutalika komweko. Tupaya amakhala ku Indian subcontinent kumpoto kwake.
Nthenga-tailed tupaya siyimvetsetsa bwino, imasiyanitsidwa ndi kakang'ono kake (kutalika kwa masentimita 10), makutu ochititsa chidwi komanso osongoka, komanso moyo wamadzulo. Mbali yake yayikulu ndi mchira, wokutidwa ndi masikelo amdima okhala ndi ngayaye zoyera kumapeto. Chovala cha nyamacho ndi chotuwa ndi mabanga ofiira ndi akuda. Mchirawo umasiyanasiyana masentimita 11 mpaka 16, tupai awa amakhala ku Sumatra ndi Malay Peninsula.
Tupaya yosalala imayesedwa ngati mitundu yosawerengeka yomwe imapezeka ku Borneo. Mikwingwirima yakuda yokhala ndi utoto wofiyira imawoneka pakamwa pake, mtunda wa nyamawo ndi wakuda pafupifupi, ndipo pamimba papepuka. Filipino Tupaya ili ndi ubweya wowoneka wonyezimira kumbuyo, ndipo mimba ndi chifuwa ndizowala. Thupi ndilotalika masentimita 20 ndipo limalemera pafupifupi magalamu 350. Nyama imasiyanitsidwa ndi mchira wawufupi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tupaya wamba
Timalongosola mawonekedwe a nyama ndi mawonekedwe ake akunja pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha tupaya wamba, chomwe chaphunziridwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri azanyama. Iyi ndi nyama yaying'ono yomwe imawoneka ngati gologolo. Kutalika kwa thupi la tupaya kumakhala pakati pa 15 mpaka 22 cm, kulemera kwake kwa nyama kumasiyanasiyana magalamu 140 mpaka 260.
Chosangalatsa: Akatswiri a zinyama aona kuti kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa tupaya wamba kumakhala kowala kwambiri.
Pakamwa pa tupaya pamakhala patali ndikuloza. Maso a nyama ndi apakatikati kukula kwake komanso akuda bii. Pamaso akuthwa, vibrissae zazifupi komanso zoonda zimawonekera. Makutu a tupaya ndiabwino, ozungulira. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya nyama izi, ubweya wa tupaya wamba siwowirira kwambiri. Gawo lakumbuyo kwa nyama limakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wakuda, ndipo m'chifuwa ndi pamimba, utoto wake ndi wopepuka, wofiyira. Mikwingwirima yopepuka koma yotayika imatha kuwoneka pamapewa.
Ponena za kusiyanasiyana pakati pa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi, palibe, palibe katswiri wodziwa kusiyanitsa mtundu wa nyama mosawoneka bwino. Zotupa za tupaya zili ndi zala zisanu, chala chilichonse chimakhala ndi chala chokwanira komanso chakuthwa mokwanira, chomwe chimathandiza mukamayenda mu korona wa mitengo. Ponena za kapangidwe ka mano, tupaya ndi ofanana ndi nyama zoyambitsa tizilombo. Komanso, kummero kwake kuli khungu la khungu, kukhalapo kwake komwe kumadziwika ndi tizilombo tina. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mkazi akhoza kukhala ndi peyala imodzi kapena itatu yamabele. Mwambiri, asayansi amasiyanitsa pafupifupi ma subspecies 49 mu tupaya wamba.
Kodi tupaya amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Animal tupaya
Mwambiri, banja la Tupayev ndilachilendo, nthumwi zake zimakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Monga tanenera, mitundu yosiyanasiyana imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso malo osiyanasiyana. Tupaya wamba idalembetsedwa kuzilumba za Indonesia, ku China, kumpoto kwa India, mbali zake zinali kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Asia.
Tupaya yazika mizu pazilumba zosiyanasiyana za Malay Archipelago, zomwe ndi izi:
- Java;
- Sumatra;
- Riau;
- Kalimantan;
- Chilankhulo;
- Anambas;
- Zamgululi
Adapita kokongola m'malo opezeka tupai aku Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Indian subcontinent. Nyama zimakonda ndikumva bwino m'nyengo yotentha, yotentha, yamapiri. Tupai timakhala korona wamitengo komanso pansi. Nyamazo sizidutsanso mtunda wamapiri, zimakumana pamtunda wamakilomita awiri kapena atatu. Anthu a tupai amakhala m'mapando a mitengo yodulidwa, pakati pa mizu yamitengo yamphamvu, m'mapanga a nsungwi. Nyama iliyonse ili ndi gawo lake.
Ngati tikulankhula za tupaya wamba, ndiye kuti kukula kwake kumatha kuyerekezedwa ndi dera lomwe limakhala, lomwe lili kuposa ma kilomita 273,000. Kuchuluka kwa ziweto kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa nyama 2 mpaka 12 pa hekitala.
Chosangalatsa: Tupai samachita manyazi ndi anthu konse ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala nawo pafupi, amakhala m'minda yolimidwa, pomwe pali chakudya chochuluka.
Kodi tupaya amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Tupaya mwachilengedwe
Zakudya za tupaya zimakhala ndi zipatso ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, koma nthawi zina nyama izi zimathanso kudya zinyama zazing'ono (mbewa, anapiye, abuluzi). Tupai amadya mbewu zosiyanasiyana, mbewu ndi zipatso. Pakudya, nyamazo zimagwira chakudya chawo ndi zikoko zakutsogolo. Zomwe nyama zimachita zimapangidwa bwino, kotero zimatha kugwira tizilombo pa ntchentche mothandizidwa ndi mapiko awo akutsogolo.
Kusaka mphutsi, mitundu yonse ya nsikidzi, nyerere nthawi zambiri zimachitika padziko lapansi m'masamba omwe agwa kapena ming'alu ya khungwa. Pamwamba pa mano a tupaya titha kufananizidwa ndi grater, yomwe imapukusa mosavuta khungu lolimba la zipatso zosiyanasiyana kapena zipolopolo za chitinous za tizilombo. Tupai amafunafuna nyama yawo mothandizidwa ndi masomphenya abwino komanso kumva kununkhiza, sikuti pachabe mphuno za nyama zimakhala zofanana ndi za galu.
Tupai, okhazikika m'minda yolimidwa, amawononga mbewuyo mwa kudya zipatso zakupsa ndi zipatso. Nthawi zina nyamazi zimakonda kuwononga zisa za mbalame, komwe zimatha kuba mazira ndi anapiye obadwa kumene. Pofunafuna tupaya todyedwa, amapotoza mchira wawo wautali ndikusuntha mphuno zawo zazitali mosangalatsa, ndikutulutsa thukuta. Tupayas amakonda kudya mtedza ndi msuzi wa kanjedza.
Chosangalatsa: Anthu olimba mtima komanso akuba tupai adawonedwa powononga malo okhala anthu, komwe amaba chakudya, ndikulowa m'nyumba kudzera m'mawindo otseguka.
Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe mungadyetse tupaya. Tiyeni tiwone momwe nyamayo imakhalira kuthengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Animal tupaya
Mamembala ambiri am'banja la tupayev amakhala otakataka masana. Nyama zimakhala pafupifupi nthawi yofananira, ponseponse pamtengo wamtengo wapatali komanso padziko lapansi, pomwe zimafufuza mosamala masamba owuma, kufunafuna chokoma. Usiku, nyamazo zimapuma m'malo awo. Nyama iliyonse yokhwima ili ndi malo ake omwe amasamalidwa mwansanje komanso mosatopa.
Ngati kunja kuli kovuta kusiyanitsa wamwamuna ndi wamkazi, ndiye kukula kwa chiwembucho mutha kumvetsetsa kuti ndi ndani. Amuna amakhala ndi malo ochulukirapo kuposa akazi. Malire a malowa amadziwika ndi zokometsera zonunkhira, ndowe ndi mkodzo.
Chosangalatsa: Fungo labwino la ma tag limakhala lokhazikika komanso lamphamvu kotero kuti silimatha msanga, limakhala masiku angapo. Pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyi, zilembozo zasinthidwa.
Atazindikira mlendo m'dera lawo, tupai nthawi yomweyo amayamba kuchita zankhanza, chifukwa chake kumenyanako ndi mikangano yonse imachitika pakati pawo.
Nyamazo zimalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu amawu osiyanasiyana omwe amakumbutsa:
- phokoso;
- kukuwa;
- kuwonekera;
- mluzu;
- twitter.
Nyama ikamakwiya, imatulutsa mawu. Ngakhale tupai ndi yaying'ono, koma mokwiya ndiwowopsa, chifukwa chake pomenya nkhondo mwankhanza, m'modzi wotsutsa akhoza kufa, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri.
Asayansi ali ndi chidwi ndi tupaya yemwe nthenga zake zamankhwala amamwa zakumwa zakumwa zamtedza, zomwe zimakhala ndi mowa. Anthu akomweko amadziwa za zakumwa izi ndipo amazigwiritsa ntchito bwino, monga tupai, zotsatira zakuledzera sizinazindikiridwe mwa nyama, kulumikizana kwawo sikudwala zakumwa, zomwe ndizodabwitsa.
Chosangalatsa: Mu tupaya wa nthenga, mowa umasweka mthupi mosiyana ndi anthu, kotero ngakhale kuchuluka kwakumwa kwa timadzi tokoma sikungayambitse kuledzera kwa nyama.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Tupaya wochokera ku Red Book
Tupai amakonda kukhala payekha, koma ena amakhala m'magulu am'banja omwe amakhala ndi makolo ndi ana awo, amuna okhwima okhwima amasiya banja, ndipo akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala m'nyumba za makolo. Nyama zimakonda kudya kamodzi. Tupai amayamba kugonana atakwanitsa miyezi itatu. Nthawi zambiri, nyamazi ndizokwatirana, ndikupanga mgwirizano wamphamvu pabanja.
Chosangalatsa: Mitala pakati pa tupai imapezeka mwa anthu okhala ku Singapore, komwe gawo lamwamuna m'modzi limadzazidwa ndi madera azimayi angapo nthawi imodzi.
Nyamazo sizikhala ndi nthawi yapadera yaukwati, zimatha kuswana chaka chonse, koma zimawonetsa changu chachikulu pankhaniyi kuyambira koyambirira kwa Okutobala mpaka Juni. Mayi wamkazi amakhala ndi pakati kwa milungu isanu ndi iwiri. Zinyalala zimatha kukhala ndi ana amodzi mpaka atatu, omwe kuchuluka kwake sikupitilira magalamu 10. Ana pakubadwa amakhala akhungu komanso opanda thandizo, alibe malaya ndipo ngalande zawo zomvera zimatsekedwa. Ali ndi masiku khumi, ayamba kumva, ndipo ayamba kuona patatha milungu itatu.
Tupai si makolo osamala kwambiri, kapena m'malo mwake amatha kutchedwa osasamala za ana. Mayi amakhala mosiyana ndi anawo, ndipo amawasamalira ndi mkaka wake kamodzi m'masiku awiri, kupatula mphindi zisanu kapena khumi zokha kuti azidyetsa, choncho ana osauka amavutika. Ana samasiya chisa chawo mpaka mwezi umodzi, ndiye amayamba kupanga zolimba, posakhalitsa amasamukira ku chisa cha makolo, ndipo pambuyo pake amadzilamulira okha, kudzipangira moyo wawo.
Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti tupai wamba wachilengedwe amakhala pafupifupi zaka zitatu zokha. M'mikhalidwe yabwino ya ukapolo, moyo wawo umakulirakulira kangapo, kufika zaka zisanu ndi zinayi ndi khumi. Pali nthawi zina pomwe tupai wowetedwa adadutsa zaka zazikulu khumi ndi ziwiri.
Adani achilengedwe a Tupaya
Chithunzi: Big tupaya
Kukula pang'ono, ma dumbbells ali ndi adani ambiri m'malo ovuta achilengedwe. Zowononga zapadziko lapansi zimaukira nyama, kuukira nyama ndikuukira kuchokera mlengalenga, anthu ena njoka zaululu ndizoopsa kwambiri. Adani achilengedwe a tupaya amatha kuwerengedwa: nyama zolusa zamitundumitundu, harzu kapena marten wachikasu, makamaka njoka, Crumpled Keffiya ndi Green Snake.
Zachidziwikire, nyama zazing'ono zomwe sizidziwika bwino motero zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Tupaya nthawi zambiri amapulumutsidwa ndimphamvu zake, kutha msanga komanso kutha msanga, kutha kuyendetsa bwino korona wamtengo ndikusunthira mwachangu.
Munthu mwadala samawononga nyama zachilendozi, anthu samadya nyama ya tupaya, imawerengedwa kuti ndi yosadyeka, ndipo ubweya wa nyama nawonso ulibe phindu, chifukwa chake, ngati chinthu chosaka, tupaya siyosangalatsa. Ngati tizingolankhula zovulaza zomwe nyama zimayambitsa kulima m'minda, titha kuzitcha zopanda pake, chifukwa cha izi, munthu samatsatiranso tupaya.
Komabe, munthu amatha kuwerengedwa pakati pa adani a tupaya, chifukwa chifukwa chazachuma chomwe amachita amakhudza nyama zambiri, kuphatikiza izi. Powononga malo oti nyama zizikhalako kosatha, kudula nkhalango, kukulitsa ndikumanga mizinda, kuyika misewu ikuluikulu, kuwononga zachilengedwe mwachilengedwe, anthu amachotsa tupaya m'malo omwe amakhala, omwe amasokoneza moyo wake.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Tupaya vulgaris
Tupaya zosiyanasiyana monga tupaya wamba zimawerengedwa kuti siophunzira kokha, komanso ambiri. Ngakhale malo ake amakhala ochepa, kuchuluka kwa nyama iyi kumakhalabe pamlingo woyenera, osakumana ndi kulumpha kwakuthwa kutsika kapena kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengerocho, koma pali kusintha pang'ono pang'ono kotheka kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nyamazi. Kuchuluka kwa tupaya wamba m'malo osiyanasiyana kumasiyana kuchokera pa anthu awiri mpaka 12 pa hekitala.
Indian tupaya sangatchulidwe wochuluka, chifukwa ndizofala ku India, dera lomwe amagawa ndilochepa kwambiri. Tupai wosalala yemwe amakhala kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Borneo amawerengedwa kuti ndi mitundu yosowa kwambiri ya nyama izi, anthu ake ndi ochepa. Ambiri mwa tupai amatha kutchedwa kuti sanaphunzire bwino, kotero palibe chidziwitso chodziwikiratu pa kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Chosangalatsa: Mchira wa tupaya wamba ndi wofanana m'litali ndi kutalika kwa thupi lake, ndipo nthawi zina umapitilira pang'ono.
Ngati tikulankhula za banja lonse la Tupayev, ndiye kuti chiwerengero cha oimirawo chikuchepa pang'onopang'ono. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha momwe anthu amakhudzira chilengedwe, anthu amawononga malo okhala nyama, zomwe zimabweretsa kufa kwawo, chifukwa chake zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha mitunduyo. Mitundu ina ya tupaya imakhudza nkhawa mabungwe azachilengedwe.
Tupaya mlonda
Chithunzi: Tupaya wochokera ku Red Book
Monga tanenera kale, anthu aku tupaya akucheperachepera koma akuchepa. Ndipo mitundu ina nthawi zambiri imakhala yocheperako, chifukwa chake imafunikira njira zina zodzitetezera. Pali umboni kuti mwa mitundu yonse ya tupayevy, 2 ili pachiwopsezo, tk.ziweto zawo zachepa kwambiri. Izi zikuphatikiza tupaya yosalala ndi phiri. Yoyamba imadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yosawerengeka yomwe imakhala ku Borneo. Wachiwiri amakhala pachilumba cha Kalimantan ndipo adatchulidwa mu IUCN International Red Book ndipo ali mu Zowonjezera II za Msonkhano wa CITES pa Trade in Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Izi ndi kuchuluka kwa mitundu iwiriyi kwayamba chifukwa cha ntchito zachuma za anthu. Munthu sawononga mwachindunji tupaya, nyama yake ndi ubweya wake zilibe phindu kwa iye, koma amakhudza nyama molunjika, kudula nkhalango ndikusintha malo achilengedwe omwe tupaya adakhalamo. Zonsezi zimapangitsa imfa ya nyama zopanda chitetezo. Musaiwale kuti chiyembekezo cha moyo wawo m'malo ovuta achilengedwe sichitali konse.
Ponena za tupaya wofala kwambiri, mtundu uwu umayambitsa nkhawa zochepa pakati pa mabungwe azachilengedwe, chifukwa chake safuna njira zodzitetezera, koma kuchuluka kwake kukucheperachepera, zomwe ndizomvetsa chisoni kwambiri ndipo zimatipangitsa kulingalira pasadakhale zamitundu yonse kuti tipewe zotsatira zomvetsa chisoni.
Pomaliza, zikadali zowonjezera kuti zazing'ono, zachilendo, zosowa, zopatsa chidwi tupaya zimayambitsa chidwi pakati pa asayansi, chifukwa mikangano yokhudza mitundu yawo sinathebe, ambiri sakuvomereza kuti adasankhidwa kukhala banja losiyana. Zokambirana izi sizimavutitsa nyamazo, tupai amapitilizabe kukhala mwamtendere, komwe kumadalira zochita za anthu osatopa, choncho ndi bwino kuganizira zotsatira zake pafupipafupi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/16/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 25.09.2019 nthawi 20:52
