Kitoglav Ndi mbalame yayikulu yam'madzi yomwe imatha kudziwika mosadabwitsa chifukwa cha mlomo wake "wofanana ndi nsapato", womwe umawoneka ngati wakale, kukumbukira komwe mbalame zimachokera ku ma dinosaurs. Mitunduyi imapezeka m'maiko asanu ndi anayi a ku Africa ndipo imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri, koma imapezeka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala mozungulira madambo ndi madambo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kitoglav
Kitoglav amadziwika ndi Aigupto akale ndi Aluya, koma sanasankhidwe mpaka zaka za 19th, pomwe zitsanzo zamoyo zidabweretsedwa ku Europe. A John Gould adalongosola mitunduyo mu 1850 ngati Balaeniceps rex. Dzinalo limachokera ku mawu achilatini balaena "whale" ndi caput "mutu", ofupikitsidwa -ceps m'mawu ophatikizika. Aarabu amatchula mbalame iyi Abu Markub, kutanthauza kuti "nsapato".
Kanema: Kitoglav
Zachikhalidwe zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi adokowe (Ciconiiformes), adasungidwa mu Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, yomwe yaphatikiza ma taxa ambiri osagwirizana kukhala Ciconiiformes. Posachedwa, chinsomba cha anangumi chimaganiziridwa kuti chili pafupi ndi pelicans (kutengera kuyerekezera kwa anatomical) kapena zitsamba (kutengera chidziwitso cha biochemical).
Chosangalatsa: Kusanthula kwakapangidwe kake ka khungu mu 1995 kunalola Konstantin Mikhailov kuti apeze kuti chipolopolo cha mutu wa namgumi chimafanana ndi chipolopolo cha nkhono.
Chovalacho chinali ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono ting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono. Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa DNA amatsimikizira kuyanjana kwawo ndi ma Pelecaniformes.
Pakadali pano, zakale ziwiri za achibale a nyamayi zafotokozedwa:
- Goliathia kuchokera koyambirira Oligocene wochokera ku Egypt;
- Paludavis wochokera ku Miocene Yoyambirira.
Anthu ena amati mbalame yodabwitsa kwambiri ya ku Africa, Eremopezus, nayenso anali wachibale wa nyongolotsi, koma umboni sunatsimikizidwe. Zomwe zimadziwika ndi Eremopesis ndikuti inali mbalame yayikulu kwambiri, mwina yopanda ndege yokhala ndi miyendo yosinthasintha yomwe imalola kuti izithana ndi zomera komanso nyama.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: mbalame ya whale
Ma Shoebill ndi okhawo omwe ali mgulu la Balaeniceps komanso membala yekhayo m'banja la Balaenicipitidae. Ndi zazitali, zowoneka zowopsa, mbalame kuyambira kutalika kwa 110 mpaka 140 cm, ndipo mitundu ina imatha kufika mpaka masentimita 152. Kutalika kuchokera kumchira mpaka mulomo kumatha kutalika masentimita 100 mpaka 1401, mapiko otalika masentimita 230 mpaka 260. Amuna amakhala ndi milomo italiitali. ... Kulemera akuti kumakhala pakati pa 4 mpaka 7 kg. Amphongo amalemera pafupifupi 5.6 kg kapena kuposerapo, pomwe azimayi ambiri amalemera 4.9 kg.
Nthengawo ndi imvi ndi imvi yakuda. Mitundu yoyambirira imakhala ndi maupangiri akuda, pomwe mitundu yachiwiri imakhala ndi ubweya wobiriwira. Thupi lakumunsi limakhala ndi mthunzi wowala kwambiri. Kumbuyo kwa mutu kuli kachilombo kakang'ono ka nthenga kamene kamatha kukwera chipeso. Mwana wankhuku yemwe wamwedwa kumene wamangiriridwa ndi silky silky pansi, ndipo ali ndi mdima wakuda pang'ono kuposa akulu.
Chosangalatsa: Malinga ndi akatswiri a mbalame, mtundu uwu ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zisanu zokongola kwambiri ku Africa. Palinso zithunzi za Aigupto za mutu wa nangumi.
Mlomo wokulirawo ndiye chinthu chodziwika kwambiri cha mbalameyi ndipo imafanana ndi nsapato yamatabwa yofiirira yokhala ndi zilembo zosasinthika zaimvi. Ndi nyumba yayikulu, yomaliza ndi mbedza yakuthwa, yopindika. Zosintha (zosaloledwa) zili ndi m'mbali mwake zomwe zimathandiza kugwira ndikudya nyama. Khosi ndi laling'ono komanso lokulirapo kuposa la mbalame zina zoyenda miyendo italiitali monga cranes ndi ntchentche. Maso ndi akulu komanso achikasu kapena oyera mtima. Miyendo ndi yayitali komanso yakuda. Zala zazitali kwambiri komanso zopatukana kwathunthu popanda kuluka pakati pawo.
Kodi mutu wa anangumi umakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kitoglav ku Zambia
Mitunduyi imapezeka kwambiri ku Africa ndipo imakhala kum'mawa chakum'mawa kwa kontrakitala.
Magulu akulu a mbalame ndi awa:
- kumwera kwa Sudan (makamaka ku White Nile);
- madambo akumpoto kwa Uganda;
- kumadzulo kwa Tanzania;
- mbali zina za kum'mawa kwa Congo;
- kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Zambia m'dambo la Bangweulu;
- anthu ochepa amapezeka kum'mawa kwa Zaire ndi Rwanda.
Mitunduyi imapezeka kwambiri mdera la West Nile komanso madera oyandikira kumwera kwa Sudan. Milandu yokhayokha yokhazikitsa mitu ya anangumi idanenedwa ku Kenya, kumpoto kwa Cameroon, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Ethiopia ndi Malawi. Anthu oyenda awoneka m'mapiri a Okavango, Botswana ndi kumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Congo. Shoebill ndi mbalame yosamuka yomwe imangoyenda nyengo zochepa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malo okhala, kupezeka kwa chakudya komanso kusokonezeka kwa anthu.
Mitu ya anangumi yasankha zitsime zamadzi amchere ndi zikuluzikulu, zikuluzikulu. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo amvula omwe amalowetsedwa ndi gumbwa ndi bango. Pamene dokowe ali m'dera lamadzi akuya, amafunika zomera zambiri zoyandama. Amakondanso mayiwe okhala ndi madzi opanda mpweya wabwino. Izi zimapangitsa kuti nsomba zomwe zimakhala kumeneko ziwonekere pafupipafupi, ndikuwonjezera mwayi wogwidwa.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe amakhala mbalame ya namgumi. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi mutu wa nangumi umadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kitoglav kapena heron heron
Mitu ya anangumi imathera nthawi yawo yambiri ikudyera m'madzi. Zambiri mwa zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi zinyama zam'madzi.
Mitundu yosankhika yamtunduwu imaganiza kuti ikuphatikiza:
- mapuloteni a marble (P. aethiopicus);
- Polypiper waku Senegal (P. senegalus);
- mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tilapias;
- mphaka (Silurus).
Zinyama zina zomwe mitundu iyi idadya ndi monga:
- achule;
- njoka zamadzi;
- Nile oyang'anira abuluzi (V. niloticus);
- ng'ona zazing'ono;
- akamba ang'onoang'ono;
- Nkhono;
- makoswe;
- mbalame zazing'ono zam'madzi.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mlomo wake waukulu, wakuthwa konsekonse komanso kamwa yotambalala, chinsombacho chimatha kusaka nyama zambiri kuposa mbalame zina zomwe zimangoyenda. Nsomba zomwe zimadyedwa ndi mtundu uwu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazitali masentimita 15 mpaka 50 ndipo zimalemera pafupifupi 500 g. Njoka zomwe zimasakidwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazitali masentimita 50 mpaka 60. M'madambo a Bangweulu, nyama yolusa yomwe makolo amapatsira anapiye ndi African Clarium mphaka ndi njoka zamadzi.
Njira zazikuluzikulu zomwe milomo ya namgumi imagwiritsa ntchito ndi "kuimirira ndikuyembekezera" komanso "kuyendayenda pang'onopang'ono." Katundu akapezeka, mutu ndi khosi la mbalameyo zimamira msanga m'madzi, ndikupangitsa kuti mbalameyo ichepetse ndikugwa. Pambuyo pake, mutu wa nangumi uyenera kubwezeretsa bwino ndikuyambiranso poyimirira.
Pamodzi ndi nyama, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwera pamlomo. Pochotsa msipu wobiriwira, mitu ya anangumi imagwedeza mitu yawo mbali ndi mbali, kugwira nyama. Kawirikawiri nyamayo imadulidwa mutu isanameze. Ndiponso, mlomo waukulu nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa dothi pansi pa dziwe kuti mupeze nsomba zobisika m'mabowo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Heron Kitoglav
Kitheads samakumana m'magulu nthawi yakudya. Kokha pamene kusowa kwa chakudya kumamveka kwambiri ndi pamene mbalamezi zimadyera pafupi. Nthawi zambiri yamphongo ndi yaikazi ya mitundu iwiriyo imaswana imapeza chakudya mbali zosiyanasiyana za gawo lawo. Mbalame sizimasuntha malinga ngati chakudya chili bwino. Komabe, m'malo ena amtundu wawo, amayenda nyengo zawo pakati pa zisa ndi malo odyetserako ziweto.
Zosangalatsa: Kitoglavs samaopa anthu. Ofufuza omwe amaphunzira za mbalamezi adatha kuyandikira kuposa mamita awiri ku chisa chawo. Mbalamezi sizinkaopseza anthu, koma zimawayang'ana molunjika.
Mitu ya anangumi imakwera m'mizinga yotentha (mpweya wokwera), ndipo nthawi zambiri imawoneka ikumayendayenda masana awo. Pouluka, khosi la mbalameyo labwerera m'mbuyo. Nthenga, monga lamulo, zimakhala chete, koma nthawi zambiri zimangogubuduza ndi milomo yawo. Akuluakulu amalandilana bwino chisa, ndipo anapiye amangogwedeza milomo yawo akusewera. Akuluakulu amakhalanso ong'ung'udza kapena "kulira", ndipo anapiye azipukusa, makamaka akapempha chakudya.
Maganizo akuluakulu omwe mitu ya nsomba zimagwiritsa ntchito posaka ndi kuwona ndi kumva. Kuti mbalame zizioneka bwinobwino, mbalamezi zimagwira mitu yawo ndi milomo yawo mozungulira moyang'ana m'chifuwa. Kitoglav imagwira mapiko ake owongoka nthawi yonyamuka, ndipo imawuluka ngati nkhanu ndi khosi lake lobwezeretsedwa. Kuthamanga kwake kumakhala pafupifupi nthawi 150 pamphindi. Uwu ndi umodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa mbalame zilizonse, kupatula mitundu ikuluikulu ya adokowe. Mtundu woyendetsa ndege umakhala ndi kusinthana kwakanthawi ndikusunthira pafupifupi masekondi asanu ndi awiri. Mbalame zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 36 kuthengo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kitoglav akuthawa
Kitoglavs - ali ndi dera pafupifupi 3 km². Pa nthawi yobereka, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi malo otetezeka kwambiri ndipo zimateteza chisa kwa adani kapena opikisana nawo. Nthawi zoberekera zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo, koma nthawi zambiri zimafanana ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yowuma. Ntchito yoberekera imatha miyezi 6 mpaka 7. Chiwembu chokhala ndi mamitala atatu chimaponderezedwa ndikuchotsedwa pachisa.
Nest ili pachilumba chaching'ono kapena pamitengo yambiri yoyandama. Zinthu zotsekedwazo, monga udzu, zimaluka pansi kuti zikhale zazikulu pafupifupi 1 mita m'mimba mwake. Chimodzi kapena zitatu, nthawi zambiri awiri, mazira oyera oyera amaikidwa, koma pakutha kwa kuswana nkhuku imodzi yokha imatsala. Nthawi yosakaniza imatha masiku 30. Ma Kitheads amadyetsa anapiye awo ndikubwezeretsanso chakudya kamodzi kapena katatu patsiku, kasanu ndi kawiri akamakula.
Zosangalatsa: Kukula kwa mitu ya nangumi ndi njira yocheperako poyerekeza ndi mbalame zina. Nthenga zimakula pafupifupi masiku 60, ndipo anapiye amachoka pachisa tsiku la 95 lokha. Koma anapiye amatha kuuluka pafupifupi masiku 105-112. Makolo amapitilizabe kudyetsa anawo pafupifupi mwezi umodzi atathawa.
Mitu ya anangumi ndi mbalame zokhazokha. Onse makolo amatenga nawo mbali pazochita zomanga zisa, makulitsidwe ndi kulera ana. Pofuna kuti mazira azizizira, wamkulu amatenga mlomo wathunthu wamadzi ndikuwathira pa chisa. Amayikanso udzu wouma mozungulira mazirawo ndikusandutsa mazirawo ndi mapazi awo kapena milomo.
Adani achilengedwe a mitu ya anangumi
Chithunzi: mbalame ya whale
Pali mitundu ingapo yodya nyama zakutchire. Izi ndi mbalame zazikuluzikuluzikuluzikulu (mphamba, mphamba, mphamba) zomwe zimawombera pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, adani owopsa kwambiri ndi ng'ona, zomwe zimakhala m'madambo ambiri aku Africa. Tizilombo ndi mazira titha kudya nyama zambiri, koma izi zimachitika kawirikawiri, chifukwa mbalamezi zimalimbikira kuteteza ana awo ndikumanga zisa m'malo osafikirika kwa omwe akufuna kuzidya.
Adani owopsa a mutu wa nangumi ndi anthu omwe amagwira mbalame ndikuzigulitsa kuti azidya. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu akomweko amalandira ndalama zambiri kuchokera kugulitsa mbalamezi kumalo osungira nyama. Kitoglava ikuopsezedwa ndi alenje, kuwononga malo awo ndi anthu komanso miyambo yazikhalidwe zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azisakidwa mwadongosolo ndikugwidwa ndi anthu amitundu yakomweko.
Chosangalatsa: M'miyambo yambiri yaku Africa, mitu ya anangumi amawerengedwa kuti ndi yosavomerezeka komanso yopanda chiyembekezo. Mitundu ina ya m'derali imafuna kuti mamembala awo aphe mbalamezi kuti athe kuyeretsa dziko lawo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mitundu ya zamoyo iwonongeke m'malo ena a Africa.
Kugulidwa kwa anthu pa malo osungira nyama, omwe adapangidwira kuti mitundu imeneyi ipulumuke, kudapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu. Mbalame zambiri zotengedwa kumalo awo achilengedwe ndi kuziika kumalo osungira nyama zimakana kukwerana. Izi ndichifukwa choti mitu ya anangumi ndi nyama zobisa kwambiri komanso zosungulumwa, komanso nkhawa zapaulendo, malo osadziwika, komanso kupezeka kwa anthu kumalo osungira nyama amadziwika kuti amapha mbalamezi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kitoglav m'chilengedwe
Pakhala pali kuyerekezera kambiri kwa anthu am'madzi a whale, koma zolondola kwambiri ndi mbalame 11,000-15,000 pamagulu onsewa. Popeza anthu amwazikana m'malo akulu ndipo ambiri mwa iwo sangathe kufikira anthu pafupifupi chaka chonse, ndizovuta kupeza nambala yodalirika.
Kuopseza kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, kusaka ndi kutchera malonda ogulitsa mbalame. Malo oyenera amakonzedwa kuti aziweta ndi kudyetsa ziweto. Ndipo monga mukudziwa, ng'ombe zimaponda zisa. Ku Uganda, kufufuza mafuta kumatha kukhudza anthu amtunduwu kudzera pakusintha kwa chilengedwe komanso kuipitsa mafuta. Kuwononga mpweya kumathandizanso kuti zinyalala za agrochemical and tannery zimadutsa kapena kutaya mu Nyanja ya Victoria.
Mitunduyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita malonda a zinyama, zomwe ndizovuta, makamaka ku Tanzania komwe kugulitsa mitunduyo kuli kovomerezeka. Mitu ya anangumi imagulitsidwa $ 10,000- $ 20,000, kuwapanga kukhala mbalame zodula kwambiri kumalo osungira nyama. Akatswiri a ku Madambo a Bangweulu, Zambia akuti mazira ndi anapiye amatengedwa ndi anthu akumaloko kuti azidya ndi kugulitsa.
Chosangalatsa: Kuswana bwino kumatha kukhala kotsika ngati 10% pachaka, makamaka chifukwa cha umunthu. Pa nyengo yobereketsa ya 2011-2013. Ndi anapiye 10 pa 25 okha omwe adachita nthenga bwino: anapiye anayi anafera pamoto, m'modzi adaphedwa, ndipo 10 adatengedwa ndi anthu.
Malo okhala akuopsezedwa ndi moto ndi chilala ku Zambia. Pali umboni wina wogwidwa ndikumangidwa. Kusamvana ku Rwanda ndi ku Congo kwadzetsa kuphwanya madera otetezedwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mfuti kwapangitsa kuti kusaka kuzikhala kosavuta. Ku Malagarasi, madera akulu a mitengo ya miombo yoyandikana ndi madambo akuchotseredwa kulima fodya ndi ulimi, ndipo anthu, kuphatikiza asodzi, alimi komanso abusa omwe amakhala osamukasamuka, akula mwachangu mzaka zaposachedwa. M'zaka zinayi, zisa zisanu ndi ziwiri (7) mwa zisanu ndi zitatu zokha zidakwaniritsidwa.
Kuteteza mitu ya nangumi
Chithunzi: Kitoglav wochokera ku Red Book
Tsoka ilo, mtundu uwu watsala pang'ono kutha ndipo ukuvutika kuti upulumuke. Mitu ya anangumi a Shoebill amadziwika kuti ali pachiwopsezo ndi IUCN. Mbalamezi zikulembedwanso mu Zowonjezera II za CITES ndipo zimatetezedwa ndi malamulo ku Sudan, Central African Republic, Uganda, Rwanda, Zaire ndi Zambia ndi African Convention on Nature and Natural Resources. Zikhalidwe zakomweko zimatetezeranso mitu ya anangumi, ndipo anthu akumaloko amaphunzitsidwa kulemekeza komanso kuopa mbalamezi.
Mitundu yosawerengeka komanso yakomweko imapezeka kuti ili pachiwopsezo chifukwa akuti imakhala ndi anthu ochepa omwe amafalitsidwa kwambiri. Bungwe la Bangweulu Wetland Management Council likukhazikitsa dongosolo loteteza zachilengedwe. Ku South Sudan, akutengedwa kuti amvetsetse mitunduyo ndikukweza madera otetezedwa.
Kitoglav imabweretsa ndalama kudzera mu zokopa alendo. Oyenda ambiri amapita ku Africa pamaulendo amtsinje kukawona nyama zakuthengo. Malo angapo ofunikira amatchulidwa ngati malo amadzi osefukira ku South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania ndi Zambia. M'madambo a Bangweulu, asodzi am'deralo amalembedwa ntchito ngati alonda kuti ateteze zisa, kukweza chidziwitso chakumidzi ndikubala bwino.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/24/2019 pa 18:24
