Nutcracker - mbalameyi, yomwe imatchedwanso mtedza, ndi ya wodutsa ndipo ndi ya banja lalikulu lalamulo ili - ma corvids. Mayina apadziko lonse asayansi ndi Nucifraga caryocatactes. Tanthauzo lake limatanthauza "wowononga mtedza" kapena "nutcracker" - monga dzina la mbalameyo limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Latin, Greek, German, English ndi zilankhulo zina zaku Europe.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kedrovka
Nutcrackers, pamodzi ndi mitundu ina 120 ya mbalame yochokera kubanja la Corvidae, ali ndi makolo ofanana, zotsalira zoyambirira zomwe zidapezeka ku Germany ndi France. Anapezeka zaka 17 miliyoni BC. Maonekedwe ake, nutcracker amafanana ndi khwangwala muzolemba, koma wocheperako kuposa mbalameyi.
Pali magawano m'magulu asanu ndi anayi osiyanasiyana potengera mawonekedwe, mtundu wa chakudya ndi malo okhala, koma oyang'anira mbalame ambiri amawapanga m'magulu awiri: kumpoto ndi kumwera. Amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Eurasia.
Kanema: Kedrovka
Kuphatikiza apo, palinso mtundu wina womwe umakhala m'nkhalango za coniferous ku North America - Nucifraga columbiana kapena Clark's nutcracker. Mbalamezi ndizocheperako kuposa anzawo aku Eurasia ndipo zimakhala ndi imvi, mapiko a phulusa, ndipo mapiko ndi mchira wawo wakuda. Amakhala m'nkhalango zamapiri am'mapiri ndipo amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zofananira ndi oimira ena a corvids - Podoces kapena jays ya m'chipululu.
Kutengera mtundu wa zakudya, mbalame zimagawidwa mtedza - omwe chakudya chawo chimayang'aniridwa ndi mtedza ndi mtedza. Ma hazelnuts ali ndi mulomo wamphamvu kwambiri koma wamfupi. Ku Siberia, anthu omwe ali ndi milomo yopyapyala komanso yayitali amapezeka, osinthidwa kuti azidya mtedza wa paini.
Malo okhala ku Europe amakhala ndi nkhalango:
- kudya wamba;
- Pini waku Switzerland;
- nkhalango zosakanikirana;
- Pini wa ku Scots;
- pine wakuda;
- Pine wa ku Makedoniya;
- nkhanza (Corylus).
Anthu aku Siberia ndi Far East amakonda:
- mkungudza;
- Paini wa ku Siberia;
- Mkungudza waku Japan;
- Wopanga Sakhalin.
Anthu okhala ku Tien Shan amakopeka ndi nkhalango za spruce ya Tien Shan. M'mapiri a Himalaya, nkhalango zokhazokha, mitengo ya mkungudza, mitengo ya buluu, pinvoy fir, Himalayan fir, Morind spruce wokhala ndi nkhalango za rhododendron.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame nutcracker
Oimira awa odutsa ndi ocheperako pang'ono kuposa jackdaw, amatha kufananizidwa ndi kukula kwa jay. Kutalika kwa mbalameyi kumakhala kuyambira 30 mpaka 40 cm, 10-12 cm imagwera mchira. Mapikowo amatenga masentimita 50 mpaka 60. Mzimayi amatha kulemera 125-190 g, ndipo amuna - mkati mwa 130-200 g. ...
Nutcracker, yomwe imapezeka ku Russia (N. caryocatactes), ili ndi nthenga za chokoleti zofiirira zokhala ndi mawanga oyera. Palibe malo oterowo pamutu ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu. Mapikowo ndi akuda ndi ubweya wobiriwira; nthenga zina zouluka zili ndi nsonga zoyera.
Mchira ndi wakuda. Nthenga ziwiri zapakati zapakati kumapeto kwake zimakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira, pomwe ena ofananira nawo amakhala ndi mzere wokulirapo. Nthenga zamkati mchira ndizoyera. Miyendo ndi milomo ndi yakuda-yakuda, maso ndi abulauni-bulauni. Ma paws pawokha ndiamphamvu ndi zikhadabo zolimba zomwe zimathandiza kugwirizira ma cones akamawombedwa.
Nthenga zokhala ndi zozizwitsa zimabisa mbalame iyi bwino. Mitunduyi ndiyofunikira kuti musakhale ndi nutcracker wosakwanira. Alibe ndege yokoma ndipo sakonda kupanga maulendo ataliatali. Pofufuza malo ozungulira, mbalame zimasankha nthambi zopanda kanthu kapena nthambi.
Chosangalatsa: Kambalame kakang'ono molimba mtima kamenyera gologolo kuti amuchotsere kondomu ya pine kapena hazelnut.
Kodi nutcracker amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kedrovka ku Russia
Palibe malo opitilira a nutcrackers ku Eurasia, makamaka ku Europe. Zimatengera kupezeka kwa nkhalango zomwe zimatha kupereka chakudya chachikulu cha mbalamezi - mtedza. Nutcracker amapezeka madera ambiri kumpoto kwa kontinentiyo, komwe amakhala kumwera chakumwera kwa Europe, mdera la Tien Shan komanso kum'mawa kwa zilumba zaku Japan. Amapezeka m'maiko a Scandinavia ndi Alps kumpoto kwa Italy, mwina ku Pyrenees.
Malire akumwera amayenda motsatira a Carpathians, akukwera kumwera kwa Belarus, amayenda m'chigwa cha Mtsinje wa Kama. Ku Asia, malire akumwera amatsikira kumapiri a Altai, ku Mongolia amayenda motsatira Khangai ndi Kentey, Big Khingan, ku China - phiri la Zhangguangtsailin, likukwera kumwera kwa Primorye. Kumpoto, malire kulikonse amagwirizana ndi malire a nkhalango ndi nkhalango-tundra zone. Malo okhala akutali ndi mapiri a Tien Shan, Dzhungarskiy Alatau, Ketmen, Kirghiz Range, kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Talas, kutsetsereka chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a Altai.
Ku Kashmir, timagulu tating'ono ta ku Siberia nutcracker asinthidwa kukhala N. Multipunctata. Mbalameyi ndi yayikulu komanso yakuda, koma mawanga owala ali ndi mawonekedwe akulu. Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Himalaya, ma subspecies ena, N. hemispila, amapezeka, omwe amafanana mofanana ndi anthu aku Kashmir, koma mtundu wawo waukulu ndi wopepuka, ndipo mawanga oyera ndi ochepa. Mtundu wa mbalameyi umakhudza mapiri ambiri a Himalaya, kum'mawa kwa Tibet ndi madera akumwera a China, kuyambira kum'mawa kwa Afghanistan mpaka ku Peninsula yaku Korea.
Nutcracker amasuntha pang'ono mlengalenga, amakonda moyo wokhazikika. Amachita manyazi makamaka ndi malo amadzi. M'zaka zowonda, mbalamezi zimakakamizidwa kupita pandege zakutali kukafunafuna chakudya. Akatswiri okhulupirira mbalame amakhulupirira kuti umu ndi momwe nutcrackers adafika kuzilumba za Kuril ndi Japan, Sakhalin.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kusuntha kwa ma nutcrackers kudawonedwa mu 1885 kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Russia (Arkhangelsk ndi zigawo za Perm) kumwera chakumadzulo chakumwera chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a Ural. Kulowera chakumwera chakumadzulo, mbalamezi zidadutsa ku Poland ndi ku Hungary, adasamukira ku Germany ndi Belgium, Holland, France, South England. Mbalame zochepa chabe ndi zomwe zinabwerera. Ambiri adamwalira, ena adatsalira zigawo zatsopano.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mbalame ya nutcracker imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi nutcracker amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kedrovka m'nyengo yozizira
Mbalamezi zimakonda mtedza wa paini pazakudya zawo, koma m'malo ambiri momwe nkhalango zowirira zimakhalapo, zimadya mtedza wa hazel, nthanga za beech ndi mbewu zina. Ma conifers ena amathanso kukhala gawo la zokonda za wokhala m'nkhalangoyi. Mbalame zimakolola kwambiri nthawi yophukira, kutola mtedza m'malo obisala.
Mlomo wamphamvu umathandiza amphaka a m'nkhalango kupeza maso a mtedza. Nutcracker imatsegula pang'ono ndikumenya chipolopolo. Mphepoyi imagwera pama point awiri nthawi imodzi ndikuphwanya chipolopolocho. Ngakhale ma walnuts amapezeka m'matumba a nutcrackers; mlomo wamphamvu umatha kugawaniza zipolopolo zawo zazikulu.
Chosangalatsa: Ponyamula masheya, nutcracker amagwiritsa ntchito thumba laling'ono, momwe amatha kuyikapo mtedza wa paini zana.
Mbalame zimabisa m'matumba m'malo osiyanasiyana, zimakonda kuzichita m'ming'alu, pamapiri amiyala. Ngakhale m'ngululu, mbalame zokhalitsa zimapezabe zakudya zawo ndikudyetsa anapiye m'matangadza. Amakumbukira bwino malo amalo oterewa ndipo amapeza mosavuta zipinda zawo zosungira pansi pa chisanu. Mbalame yaying'ono, yomwe imangofika magalamu 200, imatha kusunga mpaka 60 kg, ndipo nthawi zina mpaka 90 kg ya mtedza wa paini m'nyengo yozizira. Ndipo m'mimba mwake adayikidwa 10-13 nucleoli.
Chosangalatsa: Makochi okhala ndi nkhokwe zosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma nutcrackers zimapangitsa kuti mphukira zamikungudza zamtsogolo ziwonekere. Mbalameyi ndi yomwe imagawa kwambiri mitengo ya paini ya ku Siberia komanso yaing'ono kwambiri m'mapiri komanso kumpoto kwenikweni. Mbeu za mitengoyi zimapezeka m'matumba a nutcrackers mpaka pamtunda wa makilomita anayi.
Ngakhale mdera lamapiri komanso malo okhala matchire, mutha kuwona mphukira za mkungudza zomwe zimabwera ndi wosatopa mtedza. Mphukira sizikhala m'mavuto otere ndipo zimafa patatha zaka zingapo. Koma zambiri mwamasamba amenewa amapangidwa ndi mbalame m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa zitsamba za taiga, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale mphukira zatsopano za mkungudza wamphamvu.
Menyu ya nutcracker imaphatikizaponso:
- zipatso;
- tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo;
- ma crustaceans apadziko lapansi;
- mazira a mbalame zina.
Nutcracker amatha kuwukira mbalame zazing'ono, ndipo akapambana, choyambirira, amatenga ubongo kuchokera kwa omwe amawadya. Sipeputsa mbalame iyi ndi zovunda, imatha kudyetsa nyama zomwe zagwidwa mumsampha kapena kuzungulira. Mtengo ukadzaza ndi mphutsi za tizilombo, ndiye kuti mbalame zimasonkhana mozungulira kuti upindule. Amathanso kugwiritsa ntchito milomo yawo kutulutsa tizilombo tomwe timapita mobisa kuti tiziphunzira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame nutcracker
Moyo wa mbalame zam'nkhalangozi umasiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka. Pakubzala, imapeza malo obisika m'nkhalango ndipo sichimachoka m'chigawo chaching'ono ichi. Ngati panthawiyi munthu amabwera mwangozi pafupi ndi malowa, ndiye kuti mbalameyo imabisala mwachangu, ndikudziyika pamwamba pamitengo.
Nthawi zina pachaka, mbalamezi ndizochezeka, sizowopa anthu ndipo zimatha kukhala pafupi ndi nyumba, podziwa kuti nthawi zonse pamakhala zopindulitsa. Nthawi zambiri, ma nutcrackers amatha kuwonekera m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi malo owonekera, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje.
Zosangalatsa: Nutcrackers, monga mabodza ena, amapanga mwaluso kwambiri. Oyang'anira mbalame amawawona akusaka mbozi za pine moth mu Novembala molunjika kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa, ndikupanga ma oblique pachikuto cha chisanu.
Kawirikawiri mbalame zimakhala m'munsi mwa mitengo, zimatulutsa nthangala. Akaona ngozi, amatha kunyamuka mwakachetechete n'kukabisala pamwamba pa umodzi mwa mitengo yapafupi. Nthawi zina mbalame imatha kumulola munthu kuti ayandikire kwambiri.
Nutcrackers amapanga mawu osangalatsa. Amatha kufananizidwa ndi kulira kwa khwangwala, koma osagundika kwambiri, mofanana ndikulira kwa jayi. Kuyimba kwawo kumamveka ngati "kray-kray", ngati ali ndi nkhawa, mantha, ndiye - "kr-cr-cr." Nthawi zina nyimbo zimatha kutchedwa mtundu wanyimbo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nutcracker m'nkhalango
Nutcrackers amatha kutchedwa mbalame zapagulu, kupatula nthawi yokomera. Mukawona mbalame imodzi, ndiye kuti nthawi zonse pamakhala mwayi wokumananso angapo pafupi. Pawiri amapangidwa kumapeto kwa dzinja, ndipo malo okonzera mazaza amakonzedwa ngakhale chisanu chomaliza chisanasungunuke. Chisa cha wokhala m'nkhalangachi chingapezeke kawirikawiri, kokha m'nkhalango zakutali kwambiri, ngati panthawiyi munthu angakumane ndi chopondereza, chimafuna kuchoka kwa iye osadziwika. Kutengera nyengo, mbalamezi, zazimuna ndi zazimuna, zimagwira ntchito yokonza chisa chawo kuyambira Marichi mpaka Meyi.
Nyumbayi ndi yayikulu kwambiri pafupifupi masentimita 30 komanso kutalika kwake mpaka masentimita 15. Kuphatikiza apo, thireyi ndi yaying'ono: pafupifupi 10-15 masentimita. Chisa chimakhala pamwamba pa spruce kapena mitengo ina ya coniferous, pamalo pomwe nthambi imasiya thunthu. Pansi pake, nthambi zowuma za ma conifers, zokutidwa ndi ndere, zimayikidwa, gawo lotsatira ndi nthambi za birch, chisa chimadzaza ndi udzu, ulusi kuchokera pansi pa khungwa, zonsezi zimadza ndi kusakanizika ndi dongo, ndipo pamwamba pake pali utoto wouma, moss, pansi.
Mbalame zimagona 3 mpaka 7, koma nthawi zambiri mazira 5 oyera kapena oyera. Chiyambi chachikulu cha chipolopolocho ndi maolivi kapena ang'onoang'ono ma violet-imvi. Nthawi zina pamakhala ma inclusions ochepa ndipo amatengedwa kumapeto kopanda tanthauzo. Mazira oblongwo amakhala pafupifupi masentimita atatu m'litali ndi mainchesi awiri ndi theka kudutsa.
Onse makolo amachita nawo makulitsidwe. Anapiye amaswa patatha masiku 19. Choyamba, amadyetsedwa tizilombo ndi zipatso, maso a mtedza. Pakatha milungu itatu, anapiyewo atuluka kale pachisa ndipo amatha kusaka okha chakudya. Koma ngakhale mbalame zazing'ono sizibisalanso, kukuwa ndikupatsa moni makolo awo akubweretsa chakudya, ndipo mbalame zazikulu, ndi kulira kosimidwa, zimathamangira aliyense amene asokoneza ana awo. Pambuyo pa anapiye, mbalame zakale zimasungunuka. Anawo akamakula, ma nutcrackers amasuntha m'magulu kuchokera kumadera akutali kupita kumalo otseguka. Kukula msinkhu kwa mbalamezi kumachitika chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri.
Adani achilengedwe a nutcrackers
Chithunzi: Nutcracker m'chilengedwe
Mbalame yakutchire, ngakhale siyikulu, imakhala yolemetsa ikanyamuka ndipo imakhala yopanda chitetezo ikakumba malo ake osungira, kwinaku ikusiya kukhala tcheru ndi kusamala. Pakadali pano, nkhandwe, nkhandwe, ndi nyama zazing'ono zingathe kuzembera pa izo: marten, sable, weasel. Amakhalanso pachiwopsezo akabisa zofunikira. Ngati mbalameyo inazindikira kuti ikuwonedwa panthawiyi, ndiye kuti imayesa kubisa gulu lake.
Mphuno ndi yoopsa pamitengo, ndipo nthumwi za banja la weasel, lomwe limatha kukwera bwino mitengo ikuluikulu, limatha kuwononga zisa, kuwononga mikangano kapena kuukira anapiye. Mbalame zodya nyama nazonso zimadya nyama yolusa: nkhwangwa, akadzidzi, mphamba, mphamba.
Chosangalatsa: Ngati zowalamulira zawonongeka ndi zolusa, ma nutcrackers amatha kupanga chisa chatsopano ndikuyikiranso mazira.
Mmodzi mwa adani a nutcrackers ndi munthu. Palibe kusaka kwapadera kwake, ngakhale nyama ya nutcracker imadya, koma kulawa ndikomveka, kowawa. Zochita za anthu odula mitengo ndizovulaza kwambiri. Koma tsoka lalikulu kwambiri ndikuwotcha nkhalango, komwe kumachitika chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu; mahekitala ambiri a nkhalango chaka chilichonse amapsa ku Western Siberia, Irkutsk Oblast, Buryatia, ndi ku Transbaikalia konse. Ndipamene pamakhala mitengo yayikulu yamkungudza, komwe ndi malo okhazikika komanso chakudya chama nutcrackers. Zisa zokoka ndi anapiye zimawonongeka ndi moto. Mbalame zachikulire zimasowa chakudya ndi zakudya zawo, zomwe zimawapatsa nyengo yozizira, yomwe si mbalame zonse zomwe zingapulumuke m'malo otere.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kedrovka ku Russia
Oimira mabodzawa amakhala m'nkhalango za coniferous-birch, zomwe zimakhala ndi ma conifers. Nkhalango zamapiri zokhala ndi m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi mapiri a Alpine ndi malo omwe European nutcracker amakhala. Kuchokera kumwera kwa France, malowa amayenda mpaka ku Urals ndi Kazakhstan, amagawidwa ku Mongolia ndi Siberia, kukafika ku Far East ndikulanda Kamchatka, kumpoto kwa China, Korea ndi Japan.
Kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa ma nutcrackers kumakhudzidwa ndimatekinoloje, kuwotcha nkhalango pafupipafupi, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa madera olima chifukwa cha nkhalango. Koma kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi sikuwopsezedwa ndipo, ngakhale kuli kwakuchepa, akukhalabe okhazikika.
Malo okhala nutcracker ndi otakata mokwanira ndipo safika poyandikira chiopsezo. Peresenti ya kuchepa kwa anthu ochepera 30 pazaka khumi kapena mibadwo itatu. Chiwerengero cha nutcrackers padziko lonse lapansi chikuyerekeza kuti ndi anthu 4.9 - 14.99 miliyoni. Ornithologists amakhulupirira kuti 370 zikwi - 1.1 miliyoni awiriawiri chisa ku Europe, omwe ndi anthu 739,000 - 2.2 miliyoni, omwe ali pafupifupi 15% ya chiwerengerocho.
Ziwerengero zadziko lonse za kuchuluka kwa awiriawiri ndi:
- China - mapaundi 10,000-100,000;
- Korea - awiriawiri miliyoni;
- Japan - 100-10 zikwi ziwiri;
- Russia - 10 zikwi - 100 zikwi.
Ma subspecies akumwera akucheperachepera chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango zaku Taiwan, pomwe zili mtedza waku Europe munthawi ya 1980-2013. anali ndi chizolowezi chokhazikika cha ziweto.
Nutcracker - mbalame yaying'ono yamtchire imagwira ntchito yofunikira pakufalitsa mbewu za ma conifers osiyanasiyana, pomwe mitengo yatsopano imawonekera. Kuphatikiza apo, amawononga tizirombo tomwe takhazikika pamitengoyo. Mbalame, pofunafuna chakudya chawo, nthawi zambiri zimakhetsa mitengo ya mkungudza kuchokera m'mitengo yayitali, potero zimathandiza nyama zina kusungitsa nyengo yozizira. Ngakhale zimbalangondo, zomwe zimangoyendayenda m'nkhalango za mkungudza, zimadya ma cones omwe agwa, ndikuwatumizira pakamwa pawo. Mtedza kapena mtedzawu ndi mbalame yosangalatsa kwambiri komanso yothandiza, yoyenera kusamaliridwa ndi kutetezedwa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 01.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 22:42
