Ndi mawonekedwe ake onse ofunikira mlembi wa mbalame akuwonetsa kuti ali ndiudindo woyenera komanso wofunikira, ndipo zovala zake zakuda ndi zoyera zikufanana ndi kavalidwe kaofesi. Mbalame yolusa iyi yaku Africa idalandira ulemu wakomweko chifukwa chakukonda kwake, chifukwa mbalameyo imadya njoka zamitundumitundu. Tiyeni tiwonetsetse nyama yodabwitsayi powerenga zizolowezi zake, mawonekedwe ake akunja, mawonekedwe ake ndi malo omwe angatumizidwe kwamuyaya.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Secretary Bird
Mbalame ya mlembi ndi ya gulu lofanana ndi la hawk ndipo banja la alembi omwe ali ndi dzina lomweli, ndiye omwe akuyimira okha. Ili ndi dzina chifukwa cha mawonekedwe achilendo komanso zizolowezi zake. Nthenga imakonda kuponda pang'onopang'ono ndikugwedeza nthenga zake zakuda zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa mutu, kuwonetsa kufunikira kwake ndi kufunikira kwake. Nthenga zakuda izi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi nthenga za tsekwe, zomwe, monga amadziwika kuchokera m'mbiri, alembi amilandu amawaika m'mawigi awo.
Kanema: Mlembi Wa Mbalame
Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe ake akunja odabwitsa, nthenga yomweyi idadziwika kuti ndi yopha njoka mosalephera. Chifukwa cha ichi, anthu aku Africa amalemekeza mbalame ya mlembi ndi ulemu waukulu, imagwiritsanso ntchito ngati zokongoletsa zovala zamayiko monga South Africa ndi Sudan. Mbalameyi imawonetsedwa ndi mapiko akulu otambasuka, zomwe zikuyimira chitetezo cha dzikolo komanso kupambana kwa anthu aku Africa kuposa mitundu yonse ya anthu osafuna. Mbalame yoyamba ya mlembi anafotokozedwa ndi dokotala wachifalansa, katswiri wa zinyama, katswiri wa zachilengedwe Johann Hermann kumbuyo mu 1783.
Kuphatikiza pa mlembi, mbalameyi ili ndi mayina ena:
- kulengeza;
- hypogeron;
- Wodya njoka.
Kukula kwa mbalameyo ndi kodabwitsa kwa mbalame, thupi lake limatha kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi theka, ndipo kulemera kwake sikokulirapo - pafupifupi kilogalamu zinayi. Koma mapiko ake ndi odabwitsa - amapitilira kutalika kwa mita ziwiri.
Chosangalatsa: Palinso mtundu wina wamomwe dzina la mbalame lidachokera, losiyana ndi lomwe tafotokozali. Ena amakhulupirira kuti mbalameyi idatchulidwa choncho ndi atsamunda aku France, omwe adamva dzina lachiarabu loti "kusaka mbalame", zomwe zimamveka ngati "sakr-e-tair" ndikuzitcha mu French "secrétaire", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "mlembi."
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mlembi mbalame m'chilengedwe
Mbalame ya mlembi imasiyana osati kukula kwake kokha, komanso mawonekedwe ake onse, osafanana ndi wina aliyense. Pokhapokha atasokonezeka nthawi zina ndi mphalapala kapena cranes, ndiyeno, kuchokera patali, pafupi, samasiyana konse. Mtundu wa mbalame ya mlembi umangoletsedwa; simudzawona mitundu pano. Mitengoyi imayang'aniridwa ndi imvi-yoyera, ndipo pafupi ndi mchira, mdima wakumbuyo, umasandulika mthunzi wakuda kwathunthu. Mdima wakuda umakongoletsa mapiko amphamvu a alembi, ndipo mathalauza achikuda akuda amawoneka pamapazi.
Kukula kwa nthenga kumakhala kosazolowereka: mutha kuwona mapiko akuluakulu amphamvu komanso ataliatali, ngati olimbirana miyendo. Popanda kunyamuka kokwanira, mbalameyo silinganyamuke, choncho imayenda bwino, ikumathamanga kwambiri kuposa makilomita makumi atatu pa ola limodzi. Mapiko a kukula kwakukulu amatheketsa kuuluka mwakachetechete msinkhu, ngati kuzizira kwamlengalenga.
Poyerekeza ndi thupi, mutu wa mbalamezi siwokulirapo. Dera lozungulira maso ndi lalanje, koma izi sizili chifukwa cha nthenga, koma chifukwa chakuti kulibeko, ndiye khungu lofiira-lalanje limawoneka. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi khosi lalitali kwambiri, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala lofunika kwambiri. Maso akulu, okongola ndi milomo yolumikizidwa zimatsimikizira kuti iye ndi wolusa.
Chosangalatsa: Nthenga zazitali zakuda mu nape, zomwe ndi chizindikiro cha mbalame za mlembi, zimatha kupereka amuna, chifukwa nthawi yachikwati amaleredwa mowongoka.
Miyendo yayitali ndi yopyapyala ya mbalame ya mlembi ili ndi zala zazifupi, zomwe zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zolimba kwambiri, zazikulu kwambiri. Nthenga imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ngati chida polimbana ndi njoka. Tisaiwale kuti zida zamtunduwu zimagwira bwino ntchito, zomwe zimapindulitsa kwambiri zokwawa.
Kodi mbalame ya secretary imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mlembi wa mbalame wochokera ku Red Book
Mbalame ya mlembi ndi ya ku Africa kokha; imapezeka kudera lotentha lino. Kukumana naye, kupatula ku Africa, palibe kwina kulikonse. Malo okhala mbalameyi amachokera ku Senegal, mpaka kukafika ku Somalia, kenako amalowa m'chigawo chakummwera pang'ono, kuthera kum'mwera kwenikweni - Cape of Good Hope.
Mlembi amapewa nkhalango ndi madera amchipululu. Apa ndizovuta kwa iye kusaka, nkhalango imaphimba mawonekedwe ozungulira kuchokera kutalika, ndipo mbalameyo imauluka mwakachetechete, ikufufuza malo ozungulira osangopeza zokhwasula-khwasula, komanso kuteteza malo ake okhala. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame imafunikira malo okwanira kuti inyamuke, popanda yomwe satha kunyamuka, ndipo zitsamba ndi mitengo m'nkhalango imakhala ngati cholepheretsa. Alembi nawonso sakonda nyengo yam'chipululu.
Choyamba, mbalame zamphamvuzi zimakhala m'mapiri akuluakulu ndi madambo aku Africa, pano madera amawalola kuti abalalike bwino, ndi kunyamuka, ndikuwona momwe zinthu zilili kumtunda, mwaluso zikuuluka mlengalenga. Mlembi mbalame amayesetsa kukhala kutali ndi malo okhala anthu ndikulima malo olimapo kuti apewe kulanda zisa zawo, chifukwa anthu am'deralo amalonda pakuba mazira a mbalame kuti adye. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi sikupezeka kawirikawiri pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu.
Kodi mlembi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mlembi mbalame ndi njoka
Mbalame ya mlembi amatha kutchedwa mvula yamabingu ya njoka zonse, chifukwa zokwawa ndimakonda kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza pa njoka, mndandanda wa nthenga umakhala ndi:
- nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono (mbewa, hares, hedgehogs, mongooses, makoswe);
- mitundu yonse ya tizilombo (zinkhanira, kafadala, mapemphero opemphera, akangaude, ziwala);
- mazira a mbalame;
- anapiye;
- abuluzi ndi akamba ang'onoang'ono.
Chosangalatsa: Pali nthano zonena za kusakhuta kwa mbalame za mlembi. Pali nkhani yodziwika kuti magulu awiri a abuluzi, njoka zitatu ndi akamba ang'onoang'ono 21 anapezeka nthawi imodzi mu goiter ya mbalame.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mbalame ya mlembi yasinthira bwino moyo wapadziko lapansi, kuti izisaka popanda kunyamuka, zimangokhala zabwino kwambiri. Mu tsiku pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zimatha kuyenda mpaka makilomita makumi atatu. Kukhoza kugwira ngakhale njoka zowopsa komanso zowopsa kumawonetsa nzeru zamphamvu komanso kulimba mtima.
Njoka, polimbana ndi mbalame, zimayesera kuti zilumikize, koma mlembi wolimba mtima amateteza yekha, akumenya zokwawa zothandizidwa ndi mapiko ake amphamvu, ofanana ndi zikopa zazikulu. Nkhondoyo imatha kukhala yayitali, koma, pamapeto pake, imabwera mphindi yabwino pomwe mlembi amasindikiza mutu wa njokayo ndi mwendo wake wolimba ndikuwukhomerera pamutu pake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chokwawa chiwonongeke.
Chosangalatsa: Mothandizidwa ndi miyendo yayitali komanso mlomo wamphamvu, mbalame ya mlembi imaphwanya zipolopolo za kamba mosavuta.
Mbalame za mlembi zili ndi njira zawo zosakira zothandiza kupeza nyama. Pakubwerera kumalo ake, imayamba kupanga phokoso lambiri, ikukupiza mapiko ake akuluakulu ndikuwopseza nyama zazing'ono. Makoswe amasiya mabowo awo chifukwa cha mantha ndikuyesera kuthawa, kenako mbalame yochenjera imawagwira. Nthenga ikhozanso kupondaponda kwambiri m'malo omwe imawona mabampu osazolowereka, omwe amathamangitsanso makoswe pamwamba.
Nthawi yamoto yomwe imachitika mdera la savannah, mlembi mbalameyi amapitilizabe kusaka chakudya chake. Nyama zonse zikathawa pamoto, mwamakani zimangodikirira nyama yake yaying'ono ngati nyama zazing'ono, zomwe nthawi yomweyo amazigwira ndikudya. Atadutsa pamzere wowombera, mlembi amayang'ana mitembo yowotcha kale ya nyama, yomwe amalumanso nayo.
Tsopano mukudziwa zonse zokhudza mbalame zomwe mlembi amasaka njoka. Tiyeni tiwone zambiri za zomwe mbalamezi zimachita.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mlembi wa Mbalame
Mbalame ya mlembi imakhala nthawi yayitali ikuyenda pansi; ikamauluka imawoneka kawirikawiri. Izi zimachitika nthawi yaukwati komanso yisa. Ntchentche ya nthenga ndi yabwino kwambiri, koma isanafike pomwe imafunikira kuthamanga, ndipo imayamba kutalika pang'onopang'ono, popanda kufulumira, ikutambasula mapiko ake amphamvu. Kawirikawiri abambo okhala ndi nthenga amauluka motalika, kuteteza zisa zawo kuchokera kumwamba.
Mbalame za mlembi zimatha kutchedwa zokhulupirika komanso zachikondi, chifukwa zimapanga banja moyo wonse. Ndipo nthawi yamoyo, yoyezedwa mwachilengedwe, ili pafupifupi zaka 12. M'malo othirira komanso komwe kuli chakudya chambiri, alembi amatha kupanga magulu a mbalame kwakanthawi kochepa. Njira yamoyo ya mbalameyi imatha kutchedwa osamukasamuka, chifukwa pofunafuna chakudya amasamukira kumalo atsopano, koma amabwerera kumalo awo obisalako.
Mbalame zimasaka pansi, koma zimakonda kupumula ndi kumanga zisa m'mitengo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mbalamezi zili ndi luso lapadera, chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama, ali ndi mitundu yonse ya machenjerero. Ena mwa iwo afotokozedwa kale, koma alipo enanso. Mwachitsanzo, posaka njoka, ikamawona mbalame yokwawa, mbalame imayamba kumangoyenda mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana, ndikusintha mawonekedwe ake. Chifukwa chake, imasocheretsa nyama, njoka imayamba kumva chizungulire pothawa, imasiya njira ndipo posakhalitsa imadzakhala chotukuka chabwino.
Kuthengo, mlembi amayesetsa kupewa kulumikizana ndi anthu. Akawona anthu, nthawi yomweyo amachoka, akupanga masitepe otalika bwino omwe amathamanga, kenako mbalameyo imanyamuka pansi, ikuthamangira mmwamba. Zinyama zazing'ono za mbalamezi zimaweta mosavuta ndipo zimatha kukhala mwamtendere ndi anthu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anthu aku Africa mwadala amaweta mbalamezi m'minda yawo kuti alembi aziteteza nkhuku ku njoka zowopsa ndikugwira makoswe owopsa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mlembi mbalame ikuuluka
Nthawi yaukwati wa mbalame za mlembi imakhudzana mwachindunji ndi nyengo yamvula, chifukwa chake nthawi yeniyeni yobwera sikungatchulidwe. Monga tanena kale, mbalamezi zimakhala m'mabanja, zomwe zimapangidwira nthawi yonse ya moyo wa avian. Amuna okhala ndi nthenga ndi okonda zachikondi omwe ali okonzeka kusamalira wosankhidwa wawo, akumugonjetsa ndiulendo wokongola wouluka, gule wokwatirana, nyimbo yopambanitsa. Pochita zodabwitsazi pamaso pa mnzake, wamwamuna nthawi zonse amaonetsetsa kuti palibe mlendo amene amabwera kudziko lake, mosateteza mkazi.
Kugonana nthawi zambiri kumachitika padziko lapansi, ndipo nthawi zina munthambi za mitengo. Atakwatirana, abambo amtsogolo samasiya wokondedwa wawo, koma amagawana nawo zovuta zonse zamabanja, kuyambira pomanga chisa mpaka kulera anapiye. Alembi amamanga zisa zawo munthambi za mthethe, zikuwoneka ngati nsanja yayikulu yamamita awiri m'mimba mwake, imawoneka yodabwitsa komanso yolemera.
Pogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga, zotsatirazi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito:
- zitsamba zimayambira;
- manyowa;
- zidutswa zaubweya waubweya wa nyama;
- masamba;
- ndodo, etc.
Chosangalatsa: Alembi akhala akugwiritsa ntchito chisa chomwecho kwa zaka zambiri, nthawi zonse amabwereranso nthawi yachikwati.
Gulu la mbalame za alembi silikhala ndi mazira opitilira atatu, omwe ndi owoneka ngati peyala komanso oyera. Nthawi yokwanira imakhala pafupifupi masiku 45, nthawi yonseyi bambo wamtsogolo amapita kukasaka yekha kuti adyetse yekha ndi mnzake. Njira yothira anapiye m'mazira sizimachitika nthawi imodzi, koma nawonso. Dzira litayalidwa m'mbuyomu, mwana amafulumirirapo msanga. Kusiyana kwa msinkhu pakati pa anapiye kumatha kukhala masiku angapo. Mwayi wopulumuka ndi wokulirapo kwa iwo omwe adasiya chipolopolocho koyamba.
Kukula kwa anapiye a mlembi kumachedwa. Ana okhala ndi nthenga awa amadzuka phazi lawo atangotsala pang'ono kukwanira milungu isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo atakwanitsa milungu 11 yakubadwa amayamba kuyesa kupanga ndege zawo zoyambirira. Makolo opanda nthenga amasamalira ana awo mosatopa, powadyetsa koyamba nyama yowola theka, pang'ono ndi pang'ono ndikusinthana ndi nyama yaiwisi, yomwe amang'amba zidutswa zing'onozing'ono ndi milomo yawo yayikulu.
Adani achilengedwe a mbalame za mlembi
Chithunzi: Mlembi mbalame m'chilengedwe
Izi zidachitika kuti m'chilengedwe, mbalame zokhwima sizikhala ndi adani. Anapiye a mbalamezi, omwe amakula pang'onopang'ono, amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Akhwangwala ndi akadzidzi African akhoza kulanda anapiye kuchokera zisa zazikulu ndi lotseguka. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri makolo akamapita kukafunafuna chakudya.
Musaiwale kuti ana amaswa pang'onopang'ono ndipo omwe anali oyamba amakhala ndi mwayi wopulumuka, chifukwa amalandira chakudya chochuluka. Izi zimachitika kuti anapiye osakhwima, poyesa kutsanzira makolo awo, amatumphuka kuchokera ku zisa zawo. Ndiye mwayi wopulumuka padziko lapansi wachepetsedwa kwambiri, chifukwa apa atha kukhala nyama ya adani onse. Makolo amasamalirabe mwana wakugwa, kumudyetsa pansi, koma nthawi zambiri ana amphongo oterowo amafa. Ziwerengero za kupulumuka kwa anapiye a alembi ndizokhumudwitsa - mwa zitatu nthawi zambiri mbalame imodzi imapulumuka.
Adani a mbalame zamakalata amathanso kuwerengedwa pakati pa anthu omwe amakhala m'malo ambiri aku Africa, osamutsa mbalamezo m'malo omwe zimatumizidwa kwamuyaya. Kulima, kukonza misewu, kudyetsa ziweto kumavulazanso mbalame, kuwapangitsa kukhala ndi nkhawa komanso kufunafuna malo okhala. Anthu aku Africa nthawi zina amawononga malo okhala mbalame, ndikuwachotsera mazira ochepa omwe amadya. Sizachabe kuti mbalame za alembi zimayesetsa kukhala kutali ndi malo okhala anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Secretary Bird
Ngakhale kuti anthu aku Africa amalemekeza mlembi mbalame chifukwa chopha njoka zowopsa zambiri ndi makoswe, anthu ake akuchepa. Izi ndichifukwa cha zinthu zingapo zoyipa. Choyamba, mikanda yaying'ono ya mbalameyi imatha kuwerengedwa pano, chifukwa nthawi zambiri wamkazi amaikira mazira atatu okha, omwe ndi ochepa kwambiri. Kachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa anapiye ndikotsika kwambiri, mwa atatu, nthawi zambiri amodzi okha amapeza njira yopita kumoyo.
Izi zimachitika osati chifukwa cha kuwombedwa kwa mbalame zosiyanasiyana, komanso chifukwa choti m'malo otentha a Africa, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimasowa chakudya, motero makolo amangodyetsa mwana m'modzi yekha. Nthawi zambiri, kuti adyetse ana, alembi amapha nyama yayikulu, yomwe nyama yake imapulumutsidwa ndikung'amba tiziduswa kuti tiwatambasule kwakanthawi. Amabisa mitembo m'nkhalango zowirira.
Kuphatikiza pazifukwa zonse pamwambapa zakuchepa kwa mbalame za alembi, palinso zina zoyipa, makamaka zamunthu. Izi ndichifukwa choti anthu aku Africa amadya mazira a mbalamezi, akuwononga zisa zawo. Komanso, kuchuluka kwa malo okhala anthu pazosowa zawo kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa mbalame, chifukwa pali malo ochepa komanso ocheperako okhala. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kumvetsetsa, koma zonsezi zidapangitsa kuti mtundu uwu wa mbalame zodabwitsa uli pangozi, chifukwa chake umafunikira chitetezo.
Kuteteza mbalame kwa alembi
Chithunzi: Mlembi wa mbalame wochokera ku Red Book
Monga tanena kale, momwe zinthu ziliri ndi kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi sizabwino, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi zikuchepa, ndipo mbalame zimaopsezedwa kuti zitha.Pankhaniyi, kubwerera ku 1968, mlembi mbalame adatengedwa motetezedwa ndi Msonkhano waku Africa Wosamalira Zachilengedwe.
Mlembi wodabwitsa komanso wocheperako wa mbalame amalembedwa mu IUCN International Red List, mitundu yake imakhala pachiwopsezo. Choyamba, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusalowerera kwamunthu m'malo osasunthika a mbalamezi, komwe kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa malo okhala mbalame, chifukwa onse amakhala ndi anthu pang'onopang'ono. Ziwombankhanga zogwiritsa ntchito zisa zowonongera zimachitikanso, ngakhale mbalameyi imalemekezedwa chifukwa chodyedwa, chomwe chimachotsa anthu njoka ndi makoswe oopsa.
Chosangalatsa: Anthu aku Africa akale amakhulupirira kuti ngati utenga nthenga za mlembi popita kokasaka, ndiye kuti njoka iliyonse yoopsa singawope munthu, chifukwa sakanakwawa pafupi.
Anthu ayenera kukhala osamala komanso osamala ndi mbalame yapaderayi, chifukwa imawabweretsera zabwino zambiri, kuthetsa njoka zosiyanasiyana ndi tizirombo ta makoswe. Chifukwa chiyani munthu sayenera kupulumutsa mbalame kuopseza ndi zoopsa, choyambirira, kuchokera kumbali yake ?!
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti dziko lanyama silisiya kutidabwitsa, chifukwa ladzazidwa ndi zozizwitsa komanso mosiyana ndi zolengedwa zina zilizonse, kuphatikiza mbalame ya mlembi, yomwe ndi yapadera, yachilendo komanso yosiyana. Zimangokhala chiyembekezo cha umunthu pazochita za anthu, kuti mlembi wa mbalame anapitirizabe kukhalapo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 22:10
