Mbalame yotchedwa peregine falcon - mitundu yofala kwambiri pakati pa mbalame zodya nyama. Ili pafupi kukula kwa khwangwala wamba. Woimira banja la mphamba amadziwika kuti ndiye cholengedwa chothamanga kwambiri padziko lapansi. Alenje abwino kwambiri omwe ali ndi maso abwino komanso othamanga mphezi samasiya nyama zawo popanda mwayi wopulumuka.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Sapsan
Katswiri wasayansi Wachingelezi Marmaduke Tunstell anafotokoza koyamba mtunduwo mu 1771 ndipo adaupatsa dzina loti Falco peregrinus. Gawo lake loyamba limamasuliridwa kuti "chopindika zenga" chifukwa chamapiko a mbalameyo ikuuluka. Peregrinus amatanthauza kuyendayenda, komwe kumakhudzana ndi moyo wa nkhono wa peregrine.
Kanema: Mbalame yamphesa
Achibale apafupi akuphatikizapo Gyrfalcon, Laggar, Saker Falcon, Mediterranean ndi falcons aku Mexico. Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamodzi. Ornithologists amakhulupirira kuti kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu iyi kuchokera ku mitundu ina kunachitika nthawi ya Miocene kapena Pliocene, pafupifupi zaka 5-8 miliyoni zapitazo.
Pakatikati mwa kusiyana, mwachidziwikire, kunali Western Eurasia kapena Africa, popeza gululi limaphatikizaponso mitundu kuchokera ku Old World ndi New World. Chifukwa chosakanikirana pakati pa mitundu, kafukufuku wasayansi mgululi ndi ovuta. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo obereketsa kunyumba, kuwoloka ma falcine ndi ma falc Mediterranean ndikotchuka.
Padziko lapansi pali mitundu ing'onozing'ono pafupifupi 17, yopangidwa mogwirizana ndi malo awo:
- nkhanu yamphongo;
- nkhanu yaku Malta;
- nkhono wakuda;
- Falco peregrinus japonensis Gmelin;
- Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides;
- Falco peregrinus peregrinator Sundevall;
- Falco peregrinus wamng'ono Bonaparte;
- Falco peregrinus madens Ripley Watson;
- Falco peregrinus tundrius Woyera;
- Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe;
- Falco peregrinus cassini Sharpe ndi ena.
Chosangalatsa: Kuyambira kale, ma falgine amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira mankhusu. Pakufukula ku Asuri, chithunzi chopezeka pansi chidapezeka, cha m'ma 700 BC, pomwe m'modzi mwa asakawo adayambitsa mbalame, ndipo winayo adaigwira. Mbalamezi ankagwiritsa ntchito posaka ma Mongol osamukasamuka, Aperisi komanso mafumu achi China.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yotchedwa Peregrine falcon
Peregrine Falcon ndichinyama chachikulu. Kutalika kwake kwa thupi ndi masentimita 35-50, mapiko ake ndi masentimita 75-120. Akazi amalemera kwambiri kuposa amuna. Ngati mwamuna amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 440-750, ndiye wamkazi - 900-1500 magalamu. Mtundu mwa akazi ndi amuna ndiwofanana.
Thupi, monga la nyama zina zolusa, ndi lamphamvu. Minofu yolimba pachifuwa chachikulu. Pazitsulo zolimba, zikhadabo zakuthwa, zomwe zimang'amba khungu la nyama mosavuta. Thupi lakumtunda ndi mapiko ake ndi otuwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Mapikowo ndi akuda kumapeto. Mlomo ndi wopindika.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kunsonga kwa mulomo, mbalame zili ndi mano akuthwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziziluma kuluma mafupa a chiberekero.
Nthenga zomwe zili pamimba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowala. Kutengera ndi malowa, imatha kukhala ndi utoto wobiriwira, wofiyira, wotuwa. Pachifuwa pali mikwingwirima ngati madontho. Mchira wake ndi wautali, wokutidwa, wokhala ndi mzere wamagazi woyera kumapeto. Gawo lakumutu la mutuwo ndi lakuda, lakumunsi ndilopepuka, lofiira.
Maso abulauni azunguliridwa ndi khungu lopanda kanthu la utoto wachikaso. Miyendo ndi milomo ndi yakuda. Achinyamata a peregrine falcons amakhala ndi mtundu wosasiyana pang'ono - bulauni wokhala ndi gawo lotsika pang'ono ndi mizere yayitali. Liwu ndilokweza, lakuthwa. Nthawi yoswana, amalira mofuula, nthawi zina amakhala chete.
Tsopano mukudziwa zonse za mawonekedwe a mbalame yosowa ya peregrine falcon kuchokera ku Red Book. Tiyeni tiwone komwe kanyama kameneka kamakhala ndi zomwe amadya.
Kodi nkhono ya peregrine imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame yamphesa ya Peregrine yochokera ku Red Book
Mitunduyi imapezeka kwambiri kumayiko onse kupatula ku Antarctica, kuphatikiza zilumba zambiri. Zimasinthira mosavuta kumalo aliwonse. Amatha kukhala m'malo ozizira otentha komanso ku Africa komanso ku Southeast Asia. Nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka, mbalame zimapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi, kupatula zipululu ndi madera akumidzi. Mbalame zotchedwa peregrine sizipezeka m'nkhalango zambiri zotentha.
Anthu sakonda malo otseguka, chifukwa chake amapewa madera a Eurasia ndi South America. M'mapiri amatha kupezeka pamtunda wa 4,000 metres pamwamba pa nyanja. Kubalalika kotereku kumalola kuti mphamba ziziwerengedwa kuti ndi nyama zowononga kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Mbalamezi zimasankha malo amene anthu sangafikeko. Nthawi zambiri awa amakhala magombe amiyala yamiyala. Malo abwino kwambiri opangira zisa ndi zigwa zamapiri zamapiri. M'nkhalangoyi mumakhala malo pafupi ndi mapiri a mitsinje, madambo osalimba, mitengo yayitali. Amatha kukhazikika muzisa za mbalame zina. Chofunikira chokhala ndi moyo ndi malo osungiramo malo a 10 kilomita lalikulu.
Chosangalatsa: Banja la peregine falcon limakhala pakhonde la nyumba yachifumu ku Atlanta pamwambapa 50th. Chifukwa cha kamera yoyika makanema, moyo wawo ndikukula kwawo kumatha kuyang'aniridwa munthawi yeniyeni.
Mbalame zimakhala pansi. Pofika nyengo yozizira, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali. Amuna okhwima ogonana amayesetsa kuti asachoke m'deralo ngakhale nthawi yotentha. Maulendo ataliatali amatha kuchitika m'mikanda ya arctic ndi yapansi panthaka.
Kodi mbalame yamphongo yamphongo imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Fast Peregrine Falcon
Zakudya za mbalame zimachokera ku mbalame zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono, kutengera komwe amakhala:
- nkhunda;
- mpheta;
- mbalame ya hummingbird;
- abakha;
- nsomba zam'madzi;
- nyenyezi;
- mbalame zakuda;
- mbalame.
Chosangalatsa: Asayansi apeza ndipo apeza kuti pafupifupi 1/5 ya mbalame zonse zomwe zilipo zimadyetsedwa ndi mphamba.
Sadzalephera kugwira mbewa, nyama yaying'ono kapena amphibian ngati atayala pabwalo:
- achule;
- abuluzi;
- mapuloteni;
- mileme;
- hares;
- gophers;
- ma voles;
- tizilombo.
Makoko amtundu wa Peregine amapereka zokonda za thupi la wovutikayo. Miyendo, mitu ndi mapiko sizidya. Oyang'anira mbalame awona kuti zotsalira za mbalame nthawi zonse zimabalalika kuzungulira zisa za mbalame. Asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito izi kuti adziwe zomwe eni ake akudya.
Nthawi yosamalira anapiye, nyama zolusa zimatha kusaka nyama zing'onozing'ono, ndipo nthawi zina sizidzaopa kulowerera nyama yomwe imaposa kukula kwake. Kulemera kwake kwa mphalapala kapena tsekwe ndikokulirapo kangapo kuposa kulemera kwa nkhono, koma izi sizilepheretsa alenje kupha nyama yawo. Mbalame sizimenyana ndi nyama zazikulu.
Achinyamata omwe sangathe kuwuluka kapena mbalame zovulala amatha kutola chakudya pansi, koma kusaka m'mlengalenga kumawakopa kwambiri. Ndege yopingasa, liwiro la nkhono za peregrine sizabwino kwambiri - 100-110 km / h. Nkhunda kapena mbalame zazimeza zimatha kuzizemba mosavuta. Koma ndikutsika mwachangu, palibe mwayi wopulumutsidwa kwa aliyense mwa omwe akhudzidwa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yolusa peregrine falcon
Nyama zolusa zimakonda kukhala pawokha; zimangokhala awiriawiri pokhapokha pakaikidwa mazira. Amateteza madera awo mwankhanza, ndikuwachotsera osati achibale okha, komanso nyama zina zazikulu. Pamodzi, banja lingathamangitse nyama yaying'ono yamiyendo inayi pachisa. Mayi woteteza anapiye amatha kuwopseza yayikulu.
Zisa zili pamtunda wa makilomita 5-10 kuchokera wina ndi mnzake. Amphamba amakonda kusaka pafupi ndi nyumba zawo, motero mbalame zina zimakhazikika pafupi ndi ma falgine momwe angathere. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala kotheka kutetezedwa osati kokha ku nkhandwe, komanso kwa adani ena omwe amawachotsa.
Mbalame zimapita kukasaka m'mawa kapena madzulo. Ngati palibe aliyense mlengalenga amene angamugwire, nkhandwe zimakhala pamtengo wamtali ndipo zimatha kuyang'ana malowa kwa maola ambiri. Ngati njala ili yayikulu kwambiri, zimauluka pamwamba padziko lapansi kuti ziwopseze omwe angatengeke nawo, kenako nkuyigwira.
Nyama ikawoneka mlengalenga, zolusa zimayesetsa kukwera msanga kuti zizigwire pamwamba pa mphezi. Kuthamanga kwawo pamadzi pafupifupi 322 km / h. Pa liwiro ili, kumenyedwa ndi zala zakumbuyo ndikokwanira kuti mutu wa wovulalayo uwuluke.
Chifukwa cha kupanda mantha kwawo, luso la kuphunzira bwino komanso anzeru, amakhala osaka nyama osayerekezeka. Anthu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito nyama zolusa pagulu. Mbalame yophunzitsidwa imawononga ndalama zambiri, koma imakhala yothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kawirikawiri falcon
Kukula msinkhu kwa amuna ndi akazi kumachitika chaka chimodzi atabadwa. Koma amayamba kuberekana pokhapokha atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Falconi amasankhidwa kwazaka zambiri. Mabanja amangiriridwa kudera limodzi; mibadwo ingapo imatha kukhala mdera limodzi.
Nthawi yoswana imayamba mu Meyi-Juni, kenako kumpoto. Mwamuna amanyengerera mkazi ndi ma pirouettes opumira. Ngati wosankhidwayo adamira pafupi ndi malowa, ndiye kuti banjali limapangidwa. Okondedwa akuyang'anani wina ndi mnzake, tsabola nthenga kapena zikhadabo.
Pa nthawi ya chibwenzi, chachimuna chimatha kudyetsa mnzake, ndikumamupatsa chakudya pothawa. Mkazi amayendetsa kumbuyo kwake ndikugwira mphatsoyo. Pakukonza mazira, banjali limakhala laukali kwambiri kwa olowerera. Pakhoza kukhala zisa zisanu ndi ziwiri m'dera limodzi. Amphamba a Peregine amagwiritsa ntchito malo osiyanasiyana munthawi zosiyanasiyana.
Mazira amaikidwa kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi, kamodzi pachaka. Akazi amagona kuyambira mazira awiri kapena asanu ofiira kapena ofiira, nthawi zambiri atatu - maola 48 aliwonse pa dzira loyesa 50x40 mm. Kwa masiku 33-35, onse awiri amaswa ana. Anapiye obadwa kumene amakhala okutidwa ndi imvi, amakhala ndi zikono zazikulu ndipo alibe chochita.
Mkazi amasamalira ana nthawi zambiri, pamene abambo amapeza chakudya. Kuuluka koyamba kwa anapiye kumachitika atakwanitsa masiku 36-45, pambuyo pake anawo amakhala mchisa cha makolo kwa milungu ingapo ndipo amadalira chakudya chomwe abambo awo amapeza.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhono za peregrine
Chithunzi: Sapsan
Kwa achikulire, palibe ngakhale mbalame imodzi yomwe imawopseza kwambiri, chifukwa mphamba ali pamwamba pamndandanda wazakudya. Komabe, mazira awo kapena anapiye ang'onoang'ono amatha kuvutika ndi mbalame zina zazikulu - akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga, kite, chiwombankhanga. Zisa zapansi zimatha kuwonongedwa ndi ma martens, nkhandwe ndi zinyama zina.
Mbalamezi sizimachita manyazi ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatha kudziyimira zokha, zikumenyana ndi mbalame zazikulu kwambiri kuposa iwo komanso nyama zazikulu kwambiri. Sadzawopa kuthamangitsa munthu - ma falcon falcons nthawi zonse azungulira munthu yemwe wasokoneza mtendere wawo.
Anthu akhala akusirira luso la mbalameyi. Adayesa kuwongolera mapepalawo ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito pazolinga zawo. Anapiye a mphesa anagwidwa ndikuphunzitsidwa kugwira mbalame zina. Mafumu, akalonga, ndi sultan anali ndi mbalame zosaka. Falconry inali yotchuka ku Middle Ages. Chiwonetserochi ndichosangalatsa kwambiri, chifukwa chake amphamba a peregrine anali amtengo wapatali, amapereka msonkho ndi misonkho.
Mdani woopsa kwambiri kwa mbalame ndi munthu. Chifukwa chakukula kwa nthaka yaulimi, mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zonse amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha tizirombo. Komabe, ziphe sizimangopha tizilomboti, ndizoopsa kwa mbalame zomwe zimadya tizirombo. Madera akulu okhalamo nyama zolusa awonongedwa ndi anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame yotchedwa Peregrine falcon
Ngakhale amatha kusinthasintha nyengo iliyonse komanso nyengo, nthawi zonse mbalame yotchedwa peregrine falcon imadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yosowa. Mwambiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumaonedwa kuti ndi kokhazikika pakadali pano, koma m'malo ena chiwerengerochi chitha kusinthasintha kapena kutsika kuti chiwonongeke m'malo omwe amakhala.
Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20, anthu adawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi DDT. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakonda kudziunjikira mthupi la mbalame ndipo zimakhudza kukula kwa anapiye. Zipolopolozo zinayamba kusalimba kwambiri moti sizinkathanso kulemera kwa mbalamezo. Kuberekanso kwa ana kwatsika kwambiri.
Pakati pa 1940 ndi 1960, mbalame zidasoweka kum'mawa kwa America, ndipo kumadzulo, anthu adatsika ndi 75-90%. Ma Falcine achikunja nawonso sanathenso kupezeka ku Western Europe. Mu 1970, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunaletsedwa ndipo chiwerengerocho chinayamba kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Pakadali pano, pali pafupifupi 2-3 zikwi awiriawiri ku Russia.
Chosangalatsa: Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ogwira ntchito anapha nkhandwe kuti asatenge ndikudya nkhunda zonyamula.
Ngakhale kuwomberako mbolo ndikuziika mu ukapolo kalekale, mpikisano wazakudya ndi nkhono za balaban, kuwonongedwa kwa malo achilengedwe, komanso kupha nyama mosavomerezeka zikuchulukirachulukira. Zowononga zimatha kuyanjana ndi anthu okhala moyandikana, koma amakhala tcheru kwambiri ndi chisokonezo chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi anthu.
Chitetezo cha fodya wa Peregine
Chithunzi: Mbalame yamphesa ya Peregrine yochokera ku Red Book
Zowononga zili mu Red Book of Russia, komwe amapatsidwa gawo 2. Mitunduyi ikuphatikizidwa mu Msonkhano wa CITES (Zowonjezera I), Zowonjezera II za Msonkhano wa Bonn, Zowonjezera II za Msonkhano wa Berne. Kafukufuku ali mkati, ntchito zikukonzedwa kuti zamoyozi zisungidwe.
Posachedwa, ntchito zowonjezerapo zikukonzekera kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame ku Europe, komanso kukhazikitsa njira zomwe zikukonzekera kukonza malo okhala. Mpaka pano, pali kulimbana ndi kulephera kwa mabungwe azamalamulo omwe sagwira ntchito moyenera ndi kuwononga nyama.
Ku Canada ndi Germany pali mapulogalamu obereketsa mbalame m'mayendedwe omwe amasinthidwa mikhalidwe yachilengedwe. Pofuna kupewa kuweta anapiye, kudyetsa kumachitika ndi dzanja la munthu, lomwe lovala chovala champhamba cha peregrine. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, anthu amasamukira kumizinda. Ku Virginia, ophunzira amapanga zisa zopangira mabanja.
Royal Society Yoteteza Mbalame ku Great Britain ikulimbana mwachangu ndi kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe. Ku New York, mbalame zakhazikika bwino, apa pali chakudya chabwino ngati njiwa. Pama eyapoti, mphamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwopseza gulu la mbalame.
Mbalame yotchedwa peregine falcon Ndi mbalame yapadera kwambiri. Alenje owononga onse, olusa amadziwika ndi nzeru zawo mwachangu, kuleza mtima, luso lapamwamba kwambiri la kuphunzira komanso kuganiza mwachangu kwa mphezi. Ndege imamusangalatsa - chisomo ndi changu amasangalatsa owonera. Nyama yoopsa imadabwitsika ndi mphamvu zake ndikuwopseza omwe akupikisana nawo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 25.06.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/23/2019 ku 21:32
