Munthu ngati njoka njoka, m'banja lake la njoka amadziwika kuti ndilofala kwambiri. Dzina lenileni la chokwawa chimamveka chowopsya, ndipo banja limagwirizana ndi mphiri imanena za ngozi ndi poyizoni. Chifukwa chake tiyeni tiyesere kudziwa kuti ndiwowopsa bwanji komanso wa poizoni bwanji, ndimakhalidwe, mawonekedwe ndi zizolowezi zake.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Njoka shitomordnik
Zokwawa za banja laling'ono la pitheads a njoka njoka za mtundu wa shitomordnikov. Kuchokera ku dzina la banja la njoka, ndikosavuta kuganiza kuti njokayo ndi yowopsa. Zokwawa zimatchedwa choncho chifukwa mdera lake pali zikopa zazikulu kwambiri. Mtundu wa shitomordnikov umaphatikizapo mitundu 13 ya njoka, tidzafotokozera ena mwa iwo.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mu kukula kwa dziko lathu, mutha kupeza mitundu itatu ya shitomordnik:
- miyala;
- wamba;
- Ussuriysk.
Stony shitomordnik imatenga zokongola kupita kumtunda wamiyala yamiyala yamiyala yosiyanasiyana. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kumafika masentimita 80. Mutu waukulu ukuwoneka bwino mthupi lonse. Mtundu wakumbuyo umayambira ku bulauni wofiyira mpaka wakuda. Nyamayi imakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kapena imvi. Pali mtundu wamawangamawanga pambali, ndipo gawo lamkati limakhala lakuda kapena lotuwa ndi zopota.
Kanema: Njoka Shitomordnik
Ussuriysk (m'mphepete mwa nyanja) shtomordnik si yayikulu kwambiri kukula kwake, kutalika kwake sikupitilira masentimita 65. Mutu ulinso waukulu, uli ndi kachitidwe, ndipo pamakhala mzere wakuda kuseri kwa maso. Chikhalidwe chonse cha njokayo ndi bulauni kapena bulauni yakuda. Kumbali, mawanga ozungulira okhala ndi malo opepuka ndi ma edging odziwika amawonekera. Gawo lam'mimba ndi lotuwa ndi zotuwa zoyera kumtunda.
Corymbus yakum'mawa imatha kutalika kwa 90 cm, koma nthawi zambiri imadutsa masentimita 80. Chotupa chokhwima chimayima pamutu, ndipo khungu la thupi limadulidwa. Chotumphukacho ndi cha beige kapena imvi-bulauni ndi utoto wokhala ndi mphete zazikulu za ocher kapena mawanga ofananira ndi diamondi. Pakatikati pa zochitikazo ndizowala pang'ono, ndipo makulidwewo pafupifupi akuda. Mawanga akuda amdima amawoneka mbali.
Njoka yakum'mawa yasankha United States. Makulidwe ake ndi olemera, kutalika kwake kumafika mita imodzi ndi theka. Thupi lake limakhala burgundy kapena lofiirira kwathunthu. Mtunda wonsewo uli ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Mutuwu ndiwosanjikiza komanso wofotokozedwa ndi mizere iwiri yoyera yotsatira. Mchira wachikaso wowala umakopa chidwi, ndikukopa nyama.
Cormorant wa ku Malawi ndi wochepa, koma woopsa kwambiri komanso wowopsa, kutalika kwake sikupitirira malire a mita. Chokwawa ndi chofiyira kapena chofiirira, chokhala ndi mawonekedwe a zigzag pamtunda. Njoka iyi imadzibisa yokha m'masamba ndi kunama popanda kusuntha kamodzi kufikira nthawi yomwe iwonongeke.
Pallas 'mouton (wamba) ndiye mtundu wofala kwambiri wa mouton. Chokwawa chija chimatchedwa dzina la wasayansi waku Germany, woyenda, wazachilengedwe Peter Simon Pallas, yemwe anali wogwira ntchito m'boma lathu. Choyamba adalongosola za njoka. Makulidwe a reptile ndi avareji, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 70. Kenako, tiwunika mawonekedwe amtundu wa njoka zakunja, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha shitomordnik wamba.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka ya poizoni shitomordnik
Zizindikiro zonse zamtunduwu ndizomwe zimapezeka pakuwonekera kwa shitomordnik wamba. Miyeso ya chokwawa yawonetsedwa kale, koma kutalika kwa mchira wake ndi pafupifupi masentimita khumi ndi limodzi. Mutu wa njokayo ndi wokulirapo, wotambalala, ndipo umayima bwino mthupi lonse mothandizidwa ndi kubedwa kwa khomo lachiberekero. Mawonekedwe a mutu amawongoka pang'ono, izi zimawoneka bwino mukawona zokwawa kuchokera pamwamba.
Dera lakumtunda la mutu limakhala ndi zikopa zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimayandikana kuti apange chishango. M'derali kuyambira m'maso mpaka m'mphuno, mumakhala maenje otentha kwambiri omwe amatulutsa ma radiation ndi kutentha kulikonse. Ophunzira a shitomordnik, monga chikhalidwe cha zokwawa zonse zakupha, ndi ofukula.
Kulira konsekonse kwa thupi la njoka kumakhala kofiirira kapena kofiirira. Pamtunda, mawanga a utoto wa chokoleti amawoneka, opingasa. Pakhoza kukhala zidutswa 29 mpaka 50. M'mbali, pali mzere wautali wazing'ono zazing'ono zakuda. Mutu wa njokayo umakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, ndipo mzere wakuda wakuda pambuyo pake umayenda mbali zonse ziwiri.
Mtundu wa gawo loyenda mosiyanasiyana umatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira pakhungu loyera mpaka bulauni yakuda. Kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa mimba, zowala ndi zakuda zimawoneka. Pali mizere 23 ya mamba m'chibokosi cha pakati cha thupi la njokayo. Kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu zomwe zili pamimba kumatha kukhala kuyambira 155 mpaka 187, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zoyipa pamimba ndi kuchokera pa 33 mpaka 50 awiriawiri.
Chosangalatsa: Ndi chosowa kwambiri, koma mutha kuwona monophonic, ofiira njerwa kapena mitundu yakuda pafupifupi.
Tsopano mukudziwa ngati njokayo ili ndi poyizoni kapena ayi. Tiyeni tiwone komwe amakhala komanso zomwe amadya.
Kodi njoka yanjoka imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Common shitomordnik
Ngati tikulankhula za mphuno ya Pallas, ndiye kuti malo ake amakhala ochulukirapo, ndiye omwe amapezeka kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse yazipolopolo. Mutha kukumana ndi chokwawa chambiri ku Mongolia, Central Asia, Caucasus, kumpoto kwa Iran, China ndi Korea. Ku Russia, dera lokhalidwa ndi njoka limayambira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa gombe la Caspian ndi chigwa cha Volga kumadzulo mpaka kutsinje wa Zeya kum'mawa. Amapezeka ku Western Siberia ndi Far East.
M'mayiko omwe kale anali USSR:
- Ku Kazakhstan;
- kumpoto kwa Turkmenistan;
- ku Kyrgyzstan;
- Uzbekistan;
- Tajikistan.
Cinquefoil wamba imasinthasintha mosavuta kumadera osiyanasiyana anyengo ndi malo, okhala m'malo osiyana. Chokwawa chija chimakongola popita kuma steppe, nkhalango, madambo, madera amchipululu ndi chipululu, magombe osiyanasiyana amitsinje, malo odyetserako udzu. Ngakhale mapiri ndi chidwi chake sanadutse shitomordnik ndipo amapezeka pamwamba mpaka makilomita atatu.
Zachidziwikire, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya shitomordniki imalembetsedwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, zigawo, mayiko, makontinenti. Mitundu ya reptile ya ku Malay yasankha Burma, Vietnam, Thailand, China, Malaysia, Java, Laos, Sumatra. Amakhala m'mitengo ya nsungwi komanso m'malo otentha, achinyezi, nkhalango, minda yampunga yolimidwa. Njoka yamadzi imakhala kwanthawi zonse m'boma la Florida ku Florida, komwe chinyezi ndi nyengo yotentha zimayanja.
Copperhead Mace idalanda kontinenti yaku North America, kapena m'malo mwake, kum'mawa kwake. Mitundu ya Ussuri yafalikira ku Far East. Malo okhala njoka amapezeka mumabowo amphaka, miyala yoluka, kukula kwa shrub. M'malo osiyanasiyana, shitomordniki imagwira ntchito munthawi zosiyanasiyana za chaka ndi tsiku. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kuchulukana kwa zokwawa m'malo osiyanasiyana kumakhala kocheperako, kokha mchaka komanso kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachilimwe mumatha kupeza njoka zambiri.
Kodi njokayo idya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Shitomordnik Pallas
Menyu ya njoka ya njoka imadzazidwa ndi:
- mitundu yonse ya makoswe;
- zikopa;
- mbalame zapakatikati zokhotakhota zisa;
- mazira a mbalame;
- anapiye.
Njoka zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimadya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Mphutsi zokhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimadyetsa achule ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Sikovuta kuganiza kuti zakudya zam'mmphuno zam'madzi ndizambiri za nsomba. Shitomordniki wokhala mumchenga wa ku Mongolia amakonda kusaka abuluzi. Nthawi zina kuchuluka kwa njokazi kumakhala m'malo azipolowe (Kazakhstan ndi Mongolia steppes). Zimakhalanso kuti njenjete za njoka sizimadya mbalame zokha, komanso mazira a njoka zazing'onozing'ono.
Nthawi zambiri, chokwawa chilichonse chimakhala ndi gawo lake losaka, kupyola komwe chimapitako kawirikawiri. Kukula kwa malo osodza otere kumasiyana kuchokera pa 100 mpaka 160 mita. Nthawi zambiri njoka zimapita kukasaka madzulo. Njira yosakira yokha imakhala ndi kutsatira nyama, kenako ndikuwombera mwachangu, komwe kumatha ndi kuluma koopsa. Poizoni amachita pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, ophedwa pomwepo nyamayo imayamba kuyamwa ndikumeza kwa mutuwo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Maenje otentha kwambiri amathandiza pakamwa kumverera nyama yake ngakhale mumdima wandiweyani, chifukwa zimasinthasintha pang'ono pakatenthedwe kozungulira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Snit shitomordnik
Kutentha kwa njoka wamba kumatha kuyambira nthawi ya Marichi mpaka Meyi, zimatengera madera omwe kumakhala njoka. Masika, nthawi zambiri amakhala wokangalika masana, amakonda kulowetsa kunyezimira kwa dzuwa lotentha. M'nyengo yotentha, mawonekedwe ake amasintha kukhala usiku, ndipo akamakonda kutentha amakhala m'mabowo ndi zitsamba zamthunzi. Nthawi yosaka imayamba madzulo.
Chosangalatsa: Pallas Mouthworm amasambira bwino ndipo amakonda kusambira m'malo osungira ozizira nthawi yotentha.
Ngakhale cormorant wamba ndi owopsa, ali ndi mano owopsa omwe amapinda mmbuyo, amatha kuluma poizoni, sangawonetse kupsa mtima poyamba, koma amangowukira podzitchinjiriza, pomwe kulibe kopita. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri anthu, osazindikira chokwawa, ataponda. Kukonzekera kuukira kumawonetsedwa ndi kugwedezeka kwa nsonga ya mchira.
Poizoni wamankhwala amtunduwu, monga njoka zonse, zimakhudza, koyambirira, kuzungulira kwa magazi, kenako dongosolo lamanjenje, zomwe zimabweretsa ziwalo za ntchito yopuma. Munthu woluma pakamwa pa chishango amabweretsa zowawa zazikulu, zomwe zimayambitsa kukha mwazi pamalo obowoleza, koma nthawi zambiri pakadutsa sabata zonse zimatha, ndipo wolumirayo amachira. Ana aang'ono amakumana ndi zovuta zambiri chifukwa cholumidwa ndi njoka. Ndipo nyama zoweta (akavalo, agalu, mbuzi), kulumidwa ndi njoka nthawi zambiri kumapha.
M'malo olumikizana ndi mace, monga banja lonse la njoka, kukwiya msanga komanso mapapo oyenda mwachangu amakula bwino. Njoka zimadziphatika ngati chilembo "s" ndikupanga chingwe chofulumira, ndikupweteka pang'ono, kenako kuyamba. Zowopsa zitha kukhala zazitali, chifukwa chake khalani kutali ndi chokwawa chokwiya. Shitomordnik adatchedwa waulesi, chifukwa nthawi zambiri samachoka pamalo omwe amamuukira, koma amakhalabe pamalo pomwe adaukira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zokwawa zokwawa zapoizoni zimapatsa munthu chenjezo lokhudza chiwembucho, chodzaza nyumbayo, kugwedeza phokoso, kutulutsa mkokomo, koma kupatula pamndandandawu ndi njoka ya ku Malay, yomwe imangoyimitsidwa mpaka nthawi yolimbana nayo, chifukwa chake ndi yonyenga komanso yowopsa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Poizoni shitomordnik
Shitomordniki wamba amakhala wogonana atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Njoka izi ndi ovoviviparous, i.e. mkazi nthawi yomweyo amabala njoka zazing'ono, akudutsa njira yoikira mazira. Nthawi yaukwati ya ma morrel imayamba patatha milungu iwiri itadzuka kuyambira nthawi yozizira yoimitsidwa, nthawi imeneyi kumadera osiyanasiyana imagwera pa Epulo-Meyi ndipo imathera nthawi yonse ya njoka. Nthawi zina pakati pa amuna achimuna pamamenyera kuti akhale ndi mkazi. Mu njoka yamadzi, zimachitika m'madzi momwemo.
Pakati pa Julayi ndi koyambirira kwa Okutobala, mkazi amabereka njoka zazing'ono zitatu kapena khumi ndi zinayi. Amakhala 16 mpaka 19 cm masentimita ndipo amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 6. Nthawi yabwino kwambiri yakubadwa kwa ana ndikumapeto kwa Julayi ndi Ogasiti onse. Pakubadwa, njoka zimavala zipolopolo zowonekera, zomwe zimang'amba nthawi yomweyo, ndikudzimasula ku maunyolo awo. Mitundu ya njoka zazing'ono imabwereza mtundu wamakolo ndi mtundu wa makolo awo. Choyamba, makanda amadya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana (dzombe, akangaude, ziwala, nyerere), pang'onopang'ono kupita kuzakudya zazikulu ndi mbalame ndi makoswe.
Njoka ya ku Malawi ndi chokwawa chomwe chimakhala ndi oviparous, chomwe chili ndi mazira pafupifupi 16 m'chiwombankhanga chake chotetezedwa, pomwe njoka zimayamba kutuluka patatha masiku makumi atatu ndi awiri. Njoka zobadwa mdziko lapansi nthawi yomweyo zimakhala ndi poyizoni komanso zimatha kuluma. Ponena za kutalika kwa moyo wa zokwawa, shitomordniki wamba imatha kukhala m'malo achilengedwe kuyambira zaka 10 mpaka 15.
Adani achilengedwe a njoka yamoto
Chithunzi: Common shitomordnik
Ngakhale cormorant ndiyowopsa, ndiyabanja lamanjoka owopsa, iyenso nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi anthu osiyanasiyana osafuna kuwadya.
Mbalame zambiri zodya nyama zimaukira njenjete kuchokera mlengalenga, pakati pawo mutha kulemba:
- kadzidzi;
- ma kiti;
- chotchinga;
- mphamba;
- ziwombankhanga zoyera;
- khwangwala;
- alireza.
Kuphatikiza pa mbalame, pali olakwa pakati pa nyama zoyamwitsa, monga mbira, harzu (wachikasu wamawere marten), agalu amphaka. Inde, omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi achinyamata osadziwa zambiri, omwe nthawi zambiri amavutika.
Mmodzi mwa adani a munthu wa njokayo ndi munthu amene amawononga reptile, mwachindunji kapena kudzera munjira zina zosawonekera. Zochita zachiwawa zaumunthu zimavulaza zokwawa pakuziyendetsa mu mafelemu amalo, omwe pang'onopang'ono akuchepa, ndipo pali malo ocheperako komanso ocheperako, chifukwa amakhala ndi anthu.
M'mayiko ena, amasaka shitomordnikov pazolinga zam'mimba, chifukwa nyama yake imawerengedwa kuti ndiyabwino makamaka pazakudya za anthu akummawa. Toxin ya njoka imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala ndi cosmetology, chifukwa ili ndi mankhwala ambiri komanso odana ndi ukalamba. Chifukwa chake, moyo wa shitomordnik kuthengo, chilengedwe sichinthu chophweka ndipo chimakumana ndi zoopsa zambiri komanso zoyipa zina.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Njoka shitomordnik ku Russia
Malo okhala shitomordnik ambiri ndi ochulukirapo, koma kuchuluka kwa anthu sikuchuluka kwambiri. Pafupifupi madera onse momwe chamoyo chokwawa chimakhala, kuchuluka kwake sikukufunika kwenikweni. Masango akuluakulu a njoka amapezeka kokha masika, m'nyengo yokwatirana; mzaka zaposachedwa, njoka izi zakhala zikuchepa kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha Pallas shitomordnikov chikuchepa kulikonse, chomwe sichingakhale koma chodandaula. Izi ndichifukwa cha zochita ndi zochita zosiyanasiyana za anthu. Pali madera ochepa omwe sanakhudzidweko pomwe njoka zimakhazikika, munthu amangokakamira ndikusunthira komwe akuyenda.
Kudyetsako ziweto, kulima malo, kutsetsereka m'mapiri, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kukulitsa malo okhala m'matauni ndi kumidzi, kumanga misewu ikuluikulu kumabweretsa chidziwitso chakuti kuchuluka kwa zokwawa zikucheperachepera, ndipo mmadera ena zimasowa kwathunthu kapena zimakhala zochepa.
Mphamvu zochiritsira za poizoni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala komanso cosmetology zimapwetekanso zokwawa, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimaphedwa chifukwa cha izo. Nyama yokoma ya njoka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pachakudya chakummawa imaseweranso osati phindu la ziweto za njenjete, omwe amadwala matenda osokoneza bongo a anthu. Zonsezi zomwe zili pamwambazi zimasokoneza kuchuluka kwa njoka, zomwe zimatsalira pang'ono kumadera osiyanasiyana.
Woteteza Njoka wa Shieldmouth
Chithunzi: Njoka shitomordnik kuchokera ku Red Book
Monga tanena kale, kuchuluka kwa njoka wamba kumachepa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo zomwe zimayambitsa matenda, zomwe zimayambitsa nkhawa zamabungwe osamalira zachilengedwe, chifukwa chake mitundu iyi ya njoka imapezeka mu Red Data Books kumadera ena adziko lathu, komwe kuli pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Mwachitsanzo, shitomordnik wamba imalembedwa mu Red Book of the Republic of Khakassia, pomwe imawerengedwa kuti ndi mitundu yosawerengeka, yopanda kuphunzira, yomwe magawidwe ake ndi ochepa. M'madera ena a Republic, mtundu uwu wa njoka wasowa kwathunthu. Zomwe zikuchepetsa apa ndi kudyetsa nkhosa, kulima nthaka, ndikukonza malo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Mwa njira zodzitetezera, izi ndi izi:
- chitetezo ndi kusasokonezedwa m'malo okhazikika;
- malo otetezedwa a nkhokwe ya Chazy;
- Kukwezeleza njira zodzitetezera pakati paomwe akukhala.
Mace a Pallas akuphatikizidwa mu Red Book of the Kemerovo Region, komwe anthu ake ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso osatetezeka. Mu Red Book of the Novosibirsk Region, reptile ili m'gulu lachitatu, lomwe likuwonetsa kupezeka kwake ndi ochepa.
Mitundu yotereyi monga cormorant yamwala ili mu Red Book of the Khabarovsk Territory, kuchuluka kwa zokwawa izi kumachepa kwambiri. Imatetezedwa m'malo a "Komsomolsky" ndi "Bolshoy Khekhtsirsky".
Poyerekeza, zikudziwikabe kuti njoka njoka osati aukali monga ambiri amakhulupirira ndipo iyemwini amayesetsa kupewa kukumana ndi zosafunikira ndi ziphuphu. Chokwawa chimangoyambitsa chiwombankhanga chikangogwidwa mwadzidzidzi ndipo palibe njira yothawira. Anthu iwonso, nthawi zina, amachita mosazindikira komanso mosazindikira, akusokoneza mwankhanza zomwe zimayesedwa kuti ndi njoka, ndichifukwa chake amalumidwa kwambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 22.06.2019
Idasinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 13:38
