Gulugufe wa jaundice - gulugufe wopepuka wamapiko, yemwe amapezeka mchilimwe m'minda ya clover kapena nyemba. Zamoyozi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina ya azungu, chifukwa chake zimangosiyanitsidwa zikakhala mgulu la mbozi. Mtunduwo umakonda kusamuka - kukafunafuna chakudya, njenjete zimapita kumpoto.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Butterfly jaundice
Jaundice (Colias hyale) ndi gulugufe wa banja la agulugufe oyera (Pieridae). Njenjete ili ndi mayina ena angapo: hyala jaundice (1758), peat jaundice yaying'ono (1761), jaundice wamba. Mtunduwu uli ndi mitundu yoposa 80.
Chosangalatsa: Dzina lachi Latin la Colias hyale adapatsidwa kachilomboka polemekeza nymph Giala. Amakondera mulungu wamkazi wazomera Diana. Pamodzi adapita kukasaka ndikupumula kunyanja. Zithunzi zawo muzojambula zimakongoletsa zipinda zakale zosungiramo zinthu zakale.
Mitunduyi idafotokozedwa koyamba ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe Karl Linnaeus.
Chifukwa chakufalikira kwake, pali mitundu yambiri ya njenjete:
- colias hyale hyale - wamba ku Europe, mayiko a CIS;
- colias hyale altaica - Gawo la Altai;
- colias hyale irkutskana - amakhala ku Transbaikalia;
- colias hyale alta - Central Asia;
- colias hyale palidis - kum'mawa kwa Siberia;
- colias hyale novasinensis - China.
Zosangalatsa: Paulendo wautali padziko lonse lapansi, a Charles Darwin anasangalala ndikuwona nyama zokongolazi pomwe anthu osamukira ku Indonesia anazungulira chombo chake ndikufika pamenepo kuti apumule.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Meadow jaundice
Ndikosavuta kusokoneza njenjete ndi tizilombo tomwe timachokera ku mtundu wa whitefly. Ndi mbozi zawo zokha, zomwe mtundu wake ndi wosiyana kwambiri, ndi zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa kukayikira. Mbozi za mtundu uwu ndizobiriwira zobiriwira. Kumbuyo, mikwingwirima yachikaso ndi mawanga akuda omwe amakonzedwa m'mizere iwiri.
Kanema: Butterfly jaundice
Mtundu wa mapiko a agulugufe ndi wachikaso, nthawi zina wobiriwira. Kukula kwa mapiko akumbuyo ndi kumbuyo ndikosiyana, monganso mtundu wawo.
- mapiko a mwamuna ndi masentimita 5-6;
- akazi - mamilimita ochepa ochepera;
- kutalika kwa phiko lakutsogolo laimuna ndi mamilimita 23-26;
- kutalika kwa phiko lakuthambo lachikazi ndi mamilimita 23-29.
Mbali yakumtunda yamapiko nthawi zambiri imakhala yachikaso, mbali yakumunsi imakhala yakuda. Pamwamba papiko lakumaso pali gawo lamdima lokhala ndi mawanga achikaso osadziwika. Pali mawanga awiri akuda pakati. Kumbuyo kuli mawanga a lalanje, mawanga awiri pamwamba. Gawo lakumunsi ndi lachikaso lowala.
Mkazi ndi wopepuka kwambiri ndipo maziko ake amakhala oyera, okhala ndi masikelo achikasu. Chitsanzo ndi chimodzimodzi kwa amuna ndi akazi onse. Mapiko akutsogolo ndi mawonekedwe amakona anayi, mapiko akumbuyo amakhala ozungulira. Amapangidwa ndi mphonje ya pinki. Mutu wake ndi wozungulira, maso amafanana ndi ma hemisphere mu mawonekedwe ndipo ndi chiwalo chovuta kwambiri, chopangidwa ndi ma lens ang'onoang'ono zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Antennae amakoka, wakuda, wonenepa pamwamba, pinki m'munsi. Miyendo imapangidwa bwino, iliyonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda. Pali zolandilira pamapazi. Mimba ndi yopyapyala, yogwira m'mphepete mwake. Chifuwacho chimaphimbidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe gulugufewe wamtundu wa jaundice amawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone kumene amakhala.
Kodi gulugufe wa jaundice amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Jaundice wamba
Malo ogawa njenjete ndi otakata kwambiri - Europe ili mpaka 65 madigiri kumpoto. Tizilombo timakonda nyengo yotentha, yotentha.
Ku Russia, imapezeka m'malo ambiri, kupatula kumpoto:
- Gorno-Altai;
- European chapakati;
- Pribaikalsky;
- Tuvinsky;
- Volgo-Donsky;
- Kumpoto kwa Ural;
- Kaliningrad;
- European North East;
- Nizhnevolzhsky ndi ena.
Amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse ku Eastern Europe. Kum'mawa, pafupi ndi Polar Urals, anthu othawa kwawo nthawi zambiri amalembedwa. Kwa nthawi yayitali, panali malingaliro akuti mtunduwo sukhala ku Ciscaucasia, koma tsopano zatsutsidwa. Tizilombo sizimauluka kupita ku Kola Peninsula, kuzipululu ndi kudera laphompho louma.
Malo omwe mumawakonda ndi malo otseguka a nkhalango ndi steppes, meadows, glades, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, misewu, minda, magombe amtsinje, madera opanda madzi. M'mapiri odyetsera maluwa, mutha kuwona tizilombo pamalo okwera mpaka 2 zikwi mita kupitirira nyanja. Amapezeka ku Turkey, China, Mongolia.
Chosangalatsa: Kumwera kwa Europe ndi Caucasus, pali mitundu yamapasa yomwe ngakhale akatswiri a tizilombo, Coliashyale ndi Coliasalfacariensis, sangathe kusiyanitsa. Kwa akuluakulu, mtunduwo ndi wofanana ndipo gawo la mbozi likatha, sizingatheke kudziwa mtunduwo.
M'ngululu ndi chilimwe, Lepidoptera amasamukira kumpoto kufunafuna chakudya. Mumakhala nyemba za alfa ndi clover. Chifukwa cha kusamuka, mitunduyi imapezeka mdera la Denmark, Austria, Poland, Finland, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Lithuania, Latvia, ndi Netherlands.
Kodi gulugufe wa jaundice amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Butterfly jaundice kuchokera ku Red Book
Ma Imagoes amadyetsa timadzi tokoma, tomwe amatola kuchokera kumaluwa a zotsekemera, zotsekemera, tsache, duwa clover, nyemba zoumbidwa ngati kakhirisimasi, nyemba zamaluwa, nyemba zamtoto, hypocrepsis, redhead, esparcet, nsapato za akavalo, rosacea ndi nyemba zina ndi mbewu za cruciferous.
Mbozi imaswa kuchokera m'mazira imangodya mnofu wa masamba, ndikusiya mitsempha. Pambuyo pa nthawi yachitatu, mphutsi zimatafuna masamba kuchokera m'mbali, pamodzi ndi mafupa. Asanafike ku hibernation, mbozi zimadya mwamphamvu kwa mwezi umodzi, kumapeto kwa nyengo imeneyi ndi masiku 20-23.
Jaundice Marco Polo, wotchulidwa ndi wasayansi waku Russia Grigory Grum-Grzhimailo polemekeza woyenda waku Italiya, amadyetsa mbewu za astragalus. Jaundice ya Christophe imadyetsa zomera zopangidwa ndi khushoni. Jaundice Wiskott amasankha malo otsetsereka obzalidwa ndi mbozi. Peat jaundice amadya masamba a mabulosi abulu.
Mbozi zimadyetsa makamaka usiku. Imago ili ndi timasamba ta kulawa, tomwe timathandiza kuti timve timadzi tokoma. Kakhungu kotsekemera komanso kosunthika kamakupatsani mwayi wolowera mkati mwa duwa kuti mupeze timadzi tokoma. Malasankhuli a mitundu ina amakonda kudya masamba aminga yaminga.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gulugufe ya Meadow jaundice
Njenjete zimauluka kumadera akumwera kuyambira Epulo mpaka Okutobala. Mibadwo 2-3 ya tizilombo imatha kuoneka pachaka. Mbadwo woyamba umawuluka m'malo okhala ndi nyengo yozizira kuyambira Meyi mpaka Juni, wachiwiri kuyambira Julayi mpaka Ogasiti. Lepidoptera ya mibadwo yonseyi nthawi zambiri imawuluka nthawi imodzi.
Agulugufe amagwira ntchito masana okha. Popumula, mapiko awo amakhala opindidwa kumbuyo kwawo, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuwona mbali yakumtunda ya mapikowo. Anthu amawuluka mwachangu kwambiri. Chakumapeto kwa kasupe ndi koyambirira kwa chilimwe, tizilombo timapita kumadera akumpoto kuti tikakhazikike m'malo okhala ndi zomera zokwanira zokwanira.
Amayi ndi ocheperako kuposa amuna, chifukwa chokhala chete. Zimauluka kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri zimakhala muudzu. Kuthawa kwawo sikungafanane, kukugwedezeka, kuthamanga. Peat jaundice imatha pafupifupi nthawi yonse m'madambo. Amuna, ngakhale amakhala moyo wongokhala, amapezeka kutali kwambiri ndi komwe amakhala nthawi yachilimwe.
Ulendo woyenda movutikira umalola tizilombo kuyenda mtunda wautali. Kawirikawiri satuluka mtunda woposa mita kuchokera pansi. Kutalika kwa moyo kumatengera malo okhala. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, zitha kukhala mpaka miyezi 10. Mitundu ina ya jaundice imangokhala m'masiku ochepa mpaka masabata angapo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wamba wa jaundice
Ngakhale kuthawa kwa Lepidoptera kumachitika kamodzi chilimwe, mibadwo iwiri imapezeka mchaka chimodzi. Pamapiko aamuna pali masikelo apadera omwe amasanduka ma pheromones, opangidwa kuti akope azimayi amtundu womwewo. Mamba awa amapangidwa m'magulu opanga mawanga.
Masana, zibwenzi zimasakirana kuti zitheke, zimauluka mwachangu osalekeza. Zitakwatirana, zazikazi zimauluka kukafunafuna zomera za mbozi. Amayikira mazira 1-2 mkati mwa masamba kapena pamitengo ya chomeracho. Mazirawo ndi fusiform okhala ndi nthiti 26 kapena 28.
Dzira likangotsalira, limakhala lachikaso, koma panthawi yomwe mbozi imaswa, imapeza utoto wofiyira. Mphutsi imapezeka pa tsiku la 7-8. Mbozi imabadwa yobiriwira ndi pinki yazungulira pafupifupi 1.6 mm kutalika. Mutu ndi wawukulu, wokhala ndi granules oyera.
M'badwo wa chilimwe umayamba m'masiku 24. Yophukira mphutsi molt katatu ndikupita m'nyengo yozizira. Pakadali pano, zakula mpaka 8 mm. Ku Ulaya, mbozi imadzikuta ndi masamba m'nyengo yozizira; nyengo yotentha, imadzibisa pansi.
Pofika masika, kutalika kwa mphutsi kumafika 30 mm, imakutidwa ndi tsitsi lakuda. Ana amapezeka pambuyo pa zaka zisanu. Ndi ulusi wa silika, mbozi zimamatira ku tsinde kapena tsamba. Pupa lilinso lobiriwira, kutalika kwa 20-22 mm. Poyembekezera kuwonekera kwa gulugufe, chibayo chimakhala chofiira.
Adani achilengedwe a agulugufe a jaundice
Chithunzi: Butterfly jaundice kuchokera ku Red Book
Nthawi zambiri, adani a mbozi ndi tizilombo tomwe timawasaka. Natural adani a akulu ndi tizilombo, mbalame, amphibians, zokwawa, nyama zazing'ono.
Mwa iwo:
- okwera mavu;
- hymenoptera;
- ziphuphu;
- akangaude;
- agulugufe;
- mbozi zapansi;
- nyerere;
- ntchentche za tahini;
- nsikidzi zolusa;
- nsikidzi;
- kupemphera mantises;
- ktyri;
- wamitu yayikulu;
- abuluzi;
- makoswe;
- achule.
Mbalame zimasaka mphutsi kuti zidyetse anapiye awo. Mbalame zina zimaukira tizilombo tikamapuma, tikudya kapena kumwa madzi. Mbalame zimalumikiza agulugufe motsutsana ndi mitengo kuti mapiko awo aziuluka, pambuyo pake amangodya pamimba pokha. Mbalame zakumwera zimagwira lepidoptera pothawa.
Tizilombo tosawerengeka tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala ndi ziweto sizowopsa pamtunduwu. Mavu a parasitic amaikira mazira awo pamasamba, omwe amadyedwa ndi njenjete, kukhala onyamula mphutsi za mavu, omwe amadya agulugufe amoyo. Mkati mwa thupi, amadyetsa ziwalo za jaundice, amakula ndikukula. Mphutsi zokwana 80 zimatha kutuluka kuchokera ku mbozi.
Anthu ena amagwera mumtengowu, koma tizilombo tambiri timafa chifukwa cha akangaude omwe amakonda kusaka nyama. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sichiukira akuluakulu. Amakhala ndi thupi la njenjete, koma osapha, popeza kupulumuka kwawo kumadalira wolandira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Meadow jaundice
Chiwerengero cha peat jaundice ndi chochepa. M'madera ena, mwachitsanzo, ku Rivne Nature Reserve, nthawi yotentha, agulugufe 6-10 amalembedwa pa hekitala iliyonse ya malo okhala. Pakadutsa mbozi, tizilombo zimawononga mbewu zaulimi.
Alimi ena amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pofuna kuchepetsa mphutsi. Izi zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kosatheka kwa anthu. Kuchulukitsa kwa peat ndi ngalande zazikoka kumakhudza chilengedwe cha lepidoptera, nkhalango zimadzaza ndi mitengo ndi zitsamba, zomwe zimathandizanso kuchepa kwa manambala. Kusonkhanitsa mabulosi abulu kumakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha mbozi.
Ku Western Europe ndi m'maiko ena aku Central Europe, ziwerengero zatsika kufika povuta kwambiri mzaka za zana la 20. Mu biotopes, pansi pazoyenera, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumatha kukhazikika. Ku Belarus, ikuchepa pang'onopang'ono.
Zomwe zimachepetsa zimaphatikizaponso kudzipatula kwa anthu, dera laling'ono lachilengedwe, kukula kwa zigoba za oligotrophic, kufooka ndikukula kwa zigoba zomwe zidakwezedwa. M'madera momwe anthu amapezeka m'modzi, izi zidapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu kapena kutha kwathunthu.
Kuteteza agulugufe a jaundice
Chithunzi: Jaundice wamba
Ngakhale kuti mtunduwo ndi wa gulu la tizirombo, adalembedwabe mu Red Book ndikutetezedwa ndi lamulo lachilengedwe. Hekla jaundice ndi jaundice yagolide akuphatikizidwa mu "Red Book of European Day Butterflies", adapatsidwa gawo la SPEC3. Peat jaundice yatchulidwa mu Red Book la Ukraine ndi gawo I komanso Red Book of Belarus ndi gulu II.
Mitundu yambiri idaphatikizidwa mu Red Book la USSR wakale. Mitundu yomwe ikukumana ndi zovuta kuchokera kwa anthu imafunikira njira zina zowatetezera ndikuwongolera momwe alili, kufunafuna anthu okhala m'malo awo.
Ku Ukraine, peat jaundice imatetezedwa m'malo angapo ku Polesie. M'madera omwe muli anthu ambiri, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti timange malo osungira zachilengedwe ndi kuteteza madera a peat mchigawo chawo, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zimbudzi.
Zikakhala kuti madambo adzauma ndi nkhalango zoyandikira, m'pofunika kuchitapo kanthu kuti abwezeretse kayendedwe ka hydrological. Izi zikuphatikiza kuphatikiza kwa ngalande zokonzanso zomwe cholinga chake ndikutuluka kwamadzi kuchokera kumadambo Kugwetsa nkhalango ndikuvomerezeka popanda kuwononga chivundikiro cha nthaka.
Mitunduyi imatetezedwa kudera la NP "Nechkinsky" ndi malo achilengedwe a botanical "Andreevsky pine nkhalango". Palibe njira zina zofunika pakumadera otetezedwa. Gulu la zochitika zomwe zimayang'aniridwa posamalira zachilengedwe ndizokwanira.
Gulugufe wa jaundice Zimapindulitsa kwambiri polimbikitsa kupukuta mungu ndi kudzipukusa zokha pazomera zambiri. Zachilengedwe zilizonse zimatha ndipo njenjete ndizosiyana. Asayansi apanga zoyesayesa zambiri pakufufuza ndi kuteteza malo okhala maluwa okhala ndi mapiko, kuti asunge ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwawo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06/20/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/23/2019 nthawi 20:54
