Tonsefe timadziwa njoka yodziwika bwino, koma tamva zochepa za wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wamadzi. Nthawi zambiri, kumuwona, anthu amatenga izi zomwe zidapangidwa kale ngati chokwawa chakupha komanso chowopsa, chomwe njoka yamadzi nthawi zambiri amavutika. Tidzaphunzira zambiri za moyo wake, zizolowezi zake, mawonekedwe ake komanso mawonekedwe ake akunja omwe amasiyanitsa njoka iyi ndi mchimwene wake wamba.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Madzi kale
Njoka yamadzi ndi njoka yopanda poyizoni ya banja lomwe lapangidwa kale ndi mtundu wa njoka zenizeni. Wokuluma uyu nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa ngati njoka yoopsa, chifukwa chake, nthawi zina, amachita naye mwankhanza. Choyamba, imasiyanitsidwa ndi njoka yamadzi wamba ndi mtundu wake, chifukwa chake imalakwitsa ngati njoka yapoizoni.
Kanema: Madzi kale
Njoka yamadzi ilibe mawanga achikasu kapena lalanje kumbuyo kwa mutu, ngati wachibale wamba, malankhulidwe ena amakhala pamtundu wake:
- imvi;
- bulauni;
- azitona wobiriwira.
Chosangalatsa: Pali osungulumwa pakati pa njoka zamadzi, ndi akuda kwathunthu.
Njoka yamadzi imasiyanitsidwa ndi njoka wamba ndi mawonekedwe ngati mabwalo, thupi lake limakutidwa ndi zokongoletsa kiyubiki. Nzosadabwitsa kuti dzina lachi Latin "tessellata" potanthauzira limatanthauza "yokutidwa ndi cubes" kapena "chess". Chifukwa cha mtundu wachilendowu, anthu amatcha njokayo "njoka ya chess". Ambiri, amaganiza kuti iyi ndi njoka yamtunduwu.
Kale m'madzi si wachibale wamba wamba, komanso woyandikana naye, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi, amakhala madera oyandikana ndi malo omwewo komanso nyengo. Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha moyo wawo wopambana komanso wabwino ndikupezeka pamalo osungira madzi, oyenda komanso opanda madzi.
Kuwonekera m'malo osangalatsa a osamba, nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa mantha ndi chisokonezo, kwinaku akuvutika nthawi yomweyo. Kuopa konseku ndi nkhanza kwa njoka yamadzi kuchokera ku umbuli waumunthu, ndiyomwe ilibe vuto lililonse ndipo siyabwino konse.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka yamadzi
Kuphatikiza pa kuti madzi samapatsidwanso mawanga owala lalanje kumbuyo kwa mutu, imakhalanso ndi zina zakunja zomwe zimapezeka munthawi imeneyi. Kutalika kwa thupi la njoka yamadzi kumatha kufikira mita imodzi ndi theka, koma nthawi zambiri pamapezeka anthu pafupifupi masentimita 80. Akazi amakhala okulirapo pang'ono komanso otalika kuposa amuna. Kutalika kwa njoka wamba kumakhala kofanana, kumatha kukula masentimita ochepa okha.
Poyerekeza ndi njoka wamba, m'mphepete mwamadzi mwa mphutsi mumaloza kwambiri. Monga tanena, nthawi zambiri imasokonekera ngati njoka chifukwa cha mtundu, khungu, komanso kusowa kwa zigamba za lalanje. Komabe, ngati muwerenga mwatsatanetsatane za njoka yamadzi, ndiye kuti mutha kuwona zizindikilo zina zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi chokwawa chakupha:
- mutu wa mphiri uli mu mawonekedwe a kansalu, ndipo mwa njokayo ndi wozungulira, wozungulira;
- zishango zamutu ndizazikulu mwa njoka, munjoka ndizocheperako;
- mutayang'ana m'maso mwa njokayo, mutha kuwona kuti njoka iyi ili ndi mwana wowongoka, pomwe njokayo ili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira;
- mu kukula, njoka wamba ndi yocheperako kuposa njoka, kutalika kwake, nthawi zambiri, sikupitilira 73 masentimita, ndipo kutalika kwa njokayo kumadutsa mita.
Mamba okutira kumtunda kwa zokwawa zili ndi nthiti, ndipo nthitizi zimapezeka kotenga nthawi. Tidazindikira mtundu wakumbuyo kwa njoka, ndipo mimba yake mwaimuna ili ndi utoto wofiyira, ndipo mwa akazi imakhala ndi utoto wachikaso-lalanje. Kumbali yamkati mwammbali, maziko ake amadzipukutira ndi mawanga akuda omwe amapezeka pathupi la munthu wa njokayo.
Mbali ina ya njoka yamadzi ndi "V" - malo opangidwa kumbuyo kwa mutu, nsonga yake idalunjika kutsogolo. Mtundu wa mgonero wachicheperewu umakhala wofanana ndi wa anthu okhwima, m'mimba mwawo mumangokhala ndi zoyera zoyera. Maso a njoka ali ndi ana ozungulira komanso iris wachikasu wokhala ndi madontho otuwa.
Kodi njoka yamadzi imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Ali kale m'madzi
Kugawidwa kwa njoka yamadzi ndikokulirapo. Poyerekeza ndi m'bale wamba wamadzulo, njoka iyi imatha kuonedwa ngati yokonda kutentha komanso yakumwera. Anakhazikika kum'mwera kwa Europe, adakhala kumwera kwa Ukraine ndi Russia, atasankha madera a Don, Kuban, Volga, m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Azov ndi Black.
Ngati tifotokoza malire a kukhazikika kwa njoka wamba, ndiye chithunzicho chikuwoneka motere:
- kumadzulo, malowa amangokhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa France (chigwa cha Rhine);
- kum'mwera, malirewo amadutsa zigawo zakumpoto za kontinenti ya Africa, ndikufika ku Pakistan ndi Persian Gulf;
- kutsogolo chakum'mawa kwa malo okhala njoka kumadutsa gawo lakumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China;
- malire akumpoto a malowa amapitilira chigwa cha Volga-Kama.
Kuchokera pa dzina la reptile ndizodziwikiratu kuti siyingakhale kutali ndi matupi amadzi, iyenera kuti imafunikira magwero amadzi m'malo ake. Momwemonso, mu gawo lamadzi amathera kale gawo la mkango nthawi yake. Madzi amasankha kukhala m'mbali mwa nyanja, mtsinje, dziwe, nyanja. Ngalande zopangidwa mwaluso ndi mosungiramo zimakhala mwanjoka. Zokwawa amakonda kukhala opanda madzi kapena aulesi, koma amakhala m'mitsinje yozizira, yamkuntho, yamapiri. M'mapiri, njoka yamadzi imapezekanso pamtunda wamakilomita atatu.
Nthawi zambiri, njoka zimasankhidwa kuti zizikhalamo mosamala m'mayendedwe olowera m'madzi, otsetsereka omwe ali ndi miyala, nthaka kapena mchenga. Njoka zimapewa magombe otsetsereka. Njoka zimadutsanso matupi amadzi odetsedwa, chifukwa amasaka ndikudya nyama zochepa popanda kutuluka m'madzi. Malo osiririka kwambiri pomwe zokwawa zimakonda kupumula ndi kupumula ndi miyala yayikulu ikuluikulu yomwe ili m'mbali mwa magombe, kapena nthambi zamitengo zokhotakhota pamwamba pamadzi. Njoka zimayang'ana bwino ndipo zimasunthira mu korona wa mitengo, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimakwera nthambi za zomera zomwe zili pafupi ndi dziwe.
Amadya chiyani madzi?
Chithunzi: Vodyanoy kale kuchokera ku Red Book
N'zosadabwitsa kuti chakudya chamadzulo chimakhala ndi nsomba. Amasaka chotupitsa chomwe amakonda, m'mchere ndi m'madzi abwino.
Zakudya za nsomba zimakhala ndi:
- carp yamkati;
- nsomba;
- roach;
- malowa;
- minda;
- carp yaying'ono;
- nthawi zina ma piki.
Amayamwa kale nsomba zing'onozing'ono m'mbali yamadzi, ndipo amayenera kuthirira nsomba zazikulu, motero amawongoka nazo pagombe.
Chosangalatsa: Pamsaka wina wopambana, amatha kumeza nsomba zazing'ono pafupifupi masentimita atatu, koma nsomba zazikulu kwambiri (pafupifupi masentimita 15 m'litali) zimapezeka pazakudya zake.
Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, m'madzi sanyalanyaza kukhala ndi chotukuka ndi achule, tadpoles, toads, newt. M'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Azov ndi Crimea, idya kale ziphuphu zambiri, motero mbadwazo zidazitcha "goby-head". Njoka zamadzi zimakonda kusaka m'njira ziwiri: amatha kubisala ndikudikirira kuti abisalire, kenako kumuthira ndi liwiro la mphezi, kapena akuchita nawo nyama yomwe ingakhale nyama, akuyenda mozama mozama.
Ngati panthawi yovutitsidwayo wakwanitsa kuthawa, samupeza, apeza chinthu chatsopano posaka. Nthawi zambiri chokwawa chimagwira pakati penipeni pa nsombayo, chimagwira nyama zikuluzikulu ndi nsagwada zake ndikusambira nayo kumtunda, ikuchigwira pamwamba pa madzi. Chomangirira ndi mchira wake pachitsamba chilichonse cha m'mbali mwa nyanja, chimakokera kale katundu wake pamtunda.
Chakudyacho chimayamba ndikameza mutu wa nsomba. Kukula kwa nyamayo kumatha kukhala kwakukulu kuposa chakudya chamadzulo cham'mutu, chifukwa chake chokwawa chimameza mothandizidwa ndi mfundo zosunthika za nsagwada ndi mafupa omwe ali pafupi. Kuyang'ana izi, zikuwoneka kuti wayamba kale kukwawa ndi wovulalayo.
Chosangalatsa: Zimadziwika kuti njoka yaying'ono yodziwika yomwe idapezeka m'mimba mwa njoka imodzi yamadzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Madzi kale
Njoka zamadzi ndizodya njoka zamasana zomwe zimagwira ntchito masana. Imatuluka m'chipinda chake m'mawa, imafunda kwa nthawi yayitali ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa m'mawa. Amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, kutuluka m'madzulo kokha, kenako amabisala m'malo ake mpaka m'mawa. Njoka sizimakonda kutentha kwambiri, chifukwa chake nthawi yotentha imabisala m'madzi kapena tchire la m'mbali mwa nyanja.
Kuchokera pa dzina la reptile, zikuwonekeratu kuti njoka ndizoyendetsa bwino kwambiri komanso osambira bwino, omwe amayenda bwino kwambiri padziko lapansi pansi pamadzi ndipo amatha kukhala m'mbali yamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri, njoka iliyonse imakhala ndi malo akeake, omwe amatsatira, akuyenda pakati pa mita mazana awiri mpaka mazana anayi.
Chosangalatsa: Kuwona njoka zamadzi sikulephera, ndikuthwa kwambiri komanso kumvetsetsa. Atazindikira kuti ali ndi miyendo iwiri ngakhale pamtunda wa mamita khumi, nyamayi imathamanga kuti ilowe m'madzi mozama ndikupewa msonkhano wosafunikira.
Njoka zimagwera m'nyengo yozizira nthawi yoyamba chisanu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imachitika mu Okutobala-Novembala. Kusuntha kwawo kwatayika kale ndikubwera kwa Seputembala, ikayamba kuzizira. Nyengo yozizira imatha kukhala yosakwatiwa kapena yolumikizana. Mapanga momwe njoka zimapulumukira m'nyengo yozizira kwambiri akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi zina nthawi yachisanu pogona, pamakhala zitsanzo za chakudya chamazana awiri. Njoka zamadzi nthawi zambiri zimabisala mu dzenje limodzi ndi abale awo wamba.
Kudzuka kutulutsa koimitsidwa kumachitika pakakhala kutentha kozungulira mpaka madigiri 10 ndi chikwangwani chowonjezerapo, nthawi ino imagwa kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena koyambirira kwa Epulo, zimatengera dera lokhalitsa. Njoka zogalamuka posachedwa zimawoneka zaulesi ndikusuntha pang'ono, pang'onopang'ono zimachira ndikupeza luso lotayika m'nyengo yozizira.
Njira yosungunuka m'madzi am'madzi imachitika kangapo pachaka. Pali umboni kuti moulting imachitika mwezi uliwonse chilimwe. Ngati timalankhula za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha nyamayi, ndiye kuti tinganene motsimikiza kuti madziwo ndi cholengedwa chamtendere, sichinazindikiridwe pakuwukira anthu. Iyenso amayesetsa kukhala woyamba kuthawa akawona anthu kuti akhale otetezeka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Njoka yamadzi
Njoka zikatayika dzanzi pambuyo pa kugona, nyengo yawo yaukwati imayamba. Kenako njoka zamadzi zimasonkhana m'magulu athunthu, momwe amapangidwira, atakonzeka kukwerana. Zokwawa zimakhwima pofika zaka zitatu. Nyengo yamkuntho ikakwatirana, zazikazi zimayamba kukonzekera kuikira mazira.
Clutch atha kukhala pakati pa 4 mpaka 20, njira yozengereza ndi yayitali ndipo imatenga maola angapo motsata mayi aliyense woyembekezera. Chowotchera chachikazi chimayikidwa panthaka yosalala ndi yonyowa, pansi pamiyala yayikulu. Mazira omwe angotulutsidwa kumene amawonekera poyera, motero mawonekedwe ake a mluza amawonekera kudzera pachombocho.
Nthawi yokwanira imatenga pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Njoka zazing'ono zopangidwa kumene kuchokera pakubadwa zawonjezera zochitika, kudziyimira pawokha komanso kulimba. Amakwawa mwachangu ndikuwoneka ndendende ngati makolo awo, kumangololera kukula kwawo. Kutalika kwa njoka zazing'ono kumakhala pakati pa masentimita 16 mpaka 19. Nthawi yomweyo, anawo amapita kukasaka koyamba nsomba mwachangu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'misoka yam'madzi, monga mwa wamba, pali magulu angapo, omwe amatha kukhala ndi mazira mpaka chikwi.
M'madzi okhala ndi mphako kale, marathon achikwati okwatirana amachitikanso, pamene zokwawa, zisanachite tulo, zimayambanso kukwerana. Poterepa, kubereka dzira kumasamutsidwira chilimwe chotsatira.
Chifukwa cha umbuli wawo, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti njoka yamadzi ndi zotsatira zakuwoloka njoka wamba ndi mphiri, zomwe ndizolakwika kwambiri. Malingaliro awa ndi olakwika, chifukwa zokwawa ziwirizi ndi za mitundu ndi mabanja osiyana ndipo sizingasakanizane.
Adani achilengedwe a njoka zamadzi
Chithunzi: Njoka yamadzi ya ku Caspian
Kwa anthu, madziwo ali kale otetezeka kwathunthu, koma chokwawa chomwecho chimadikirira ziwopsezo zambiri. Njoka zimatha kuzunzidwa ndi nyama komanso mbalame. Nyama zazing'ono zomwe sizidziwa zambiri zimavutika. Osati konse kukhala ndi chotupitsa ndi njoka desman, muskrats, weasels, nkhandwe, hedgehogs, ziwombankhanga zomwe zimadya njoka, anyani akuthwa, ma kite, akhwangwala. Nthawi zambiri njoka zazing'ono zimagwidwa ndi mbalame zam'madzi ndi mbalame zam'madzi (mallards).
Ngakhale nsomba zazikuluzikulu monga pike ndi catfish zimatha kudya njoka, makamaka mwana. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, anthu ena amanjoka amathanso kudya njoka (sandfa efa, maso akulu ndi njoka zamiyendo yachikasu). Creeper ali ndi zida zina zodzitchinjiriza zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito akaganiza kuti awopsa. Kuopseza munthu wopanda nzeru, imatulutsa mkokomo ndikubisa chinsinsi cha fetid mothandizidwa ndi ma gonads. Gawo ili lamadzi limasokoneza chilombo cha nyama zambiri, ndikupulumutsa moyo wamadzulo.
Chosangalatsa: Vodyanoy ndi wojambula weniweni yemwe amanamizira kuti wamwalira podzitchinjiriza, ndipo wamba ali ndi talente yomweyo.
Ngakhale madziwo alibe poizoni konse, nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi umbuli wa anthu, chifukwa munthu mosadziwa amamutenga ngati njoka yoopsa. Ambiri ofanana nawo amafa pankhondo zosalingana ndi anthu, chifukwa chake, pakuwona kuyandikira kwa miyendo iwiri yoyipa, ali mwachangu kubwerera, kubisala mkatikati mwa madzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Madzi kale
Ngakhale malo omwe njoka yamadzi imagawika ndiyambiri, reptile imakhudzidwa ndimavuto osiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa anthu kuchepa. M'dziko lathu, mulibe mavuto akulu okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa njoka zamadzi, m'malo ena okha amaphatikizidwa ndi Red Data Books. Ku Europe, zinthu zafika poipa kwambiri, mtundu wamtunduwu womwe ulipo kale watsala pang'ono kutha.
Mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni chonchi m'maiko aku Europe ndi chifukwa chakuti ali ndi gawo laling'ono, chifukwa chake palibe malo oti njoka zikhazikike, anthu awathamangitsa kulikonse. Ngalande zamadambo, kudula mitengo mwachangu, kuyika misewu yayikulu kumakhudza kwambiri chakudya chamadzulo cha anthu, chifukwa chake kumazimiririka kumaderawa.
Kuphatikiza pamavuto onse omwe ali pamwambapa, ali ndi vuto pakukula kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, chifukwa matupi ambiri amadzi awonongeka kwambiri ndipo sakhala oyenera kudya chakudya chamadzulo. Njoka zimatha kutengeka ndi mitundu yonse ya phokoso lochokera m'maboti oyendetsa magalimoto, zombo, malo amphepete mwa nyanja, ndi zina zambiri. Musaiwale kuti anthu amawononga njoka zamadzi chifukwa chofanana ndi mphiri wakupha.
M'gawo la Russia lonse, mitundu iyi ya njoka imakhala yosadziwika, chifukwa palibe zambiri zodalirika pa kuchuluka kwa omwe adadya mgonero. Ngati tikulankhula zakusungidwa kwachilengedwe kwa njoka yamadzi, tiyenera kudziwa kuti mitundu ya zokwawa izi ndizotetezedwa ndi Berne Convention.
Kuteteza njoka zamadzi
Chithunzi: Vodyanoy kale kuchokera ku Red Book
Tapeza kale kuti kuchuluka kwa njoka yamadzi kwatsika kwambiri m'malo aku Europe, komwe njokayi ikuwopsezedwa kuti idzatha. Mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoniwu umalumikizidwa, choyambirira, ndikuti kulibe malo okhala, chifukwa madera onse ozungulira ali ndi anthu. Kutetezedwa kwa njoka yamadzi pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi akuti mitundu iyi ya zokwawa imaphatikizidwa pazowonjezera zachiwiri za Berne Convention for the Conservation of European Species of Wild Fauna and Habitats (mitundu yazinyama zomwe zimafunikira chitetezo chapadera) kuyambira 1979 Mitunduyi imadziwika kuti ndiyosowa kwambiri, koma nambala yake yeniyeni sinadziwike.
M'madera adziko lathu, momwe ziweto zimadyera sizowopsa monga ku Europe, ngakhale anthu akucheperachepera pang'onopang'ono m'malo ena. Zinthu zoyipa ndizo kuipitsa matupi amadzi ndi anthu omwe, omwe amapha njoka zamadzi, ndikuziwona ngati njoka. Pakadali pano, palibe chidziwitso chokhudza kuchuluka kwa njoka zamadzi; kuchuluka kwawo mdera la Russia sikunakhazikitsidwe. Chokwawa ichi chalembedwa mu Red Book la madera ena: Voronezh, Samara, Saratov.
Mwa zina zodzitetezera njoka yamadzi, mutha kulemba:
- bungwe la madera otetezedwa;
- kuletsa kugwira;
- Kukwezeleza njira zoteteza njoka zam'madzi pakati pa anthu am'deralo;
- kuletsa kulowererapo kwa anthu m'ma biotopes achikhalidwe.
Pomaliza, zikungowonjezeranso kuti sizinthu zonse zosadziwika zomwe ndi zoopsa, monga njoka yamadzi, yomwe ambiri sanaganizirepo, kuipeza ngati mphiri wa chess. Moyo wam'madzi wa njoka wa wokonda nsomba wopanda vuto uyu ndiwosangalatsa ndipo, mukamvetsetsa bwino, muphunzira zinthu zatsopano komanso zachilendo zomwe kale zimabisika mwakuya kapena munkhalango zowirira, zamatchire.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06/14/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 12:05
