Kuyang'ana chithunzi cha nyama iyi mu chikombole, malingaliro awiri amadzuka mosasunthika mu moyo: mantha ndi kusilira. Kumbali imodzi, mumamvetsetsa Mfumu Cobra owopsa kwambiri komanso owopsa, ndipo, komano, wina sangamuyamikire, moona mtima, nkhani yachifumu komanso mawonekedwe onyada, odziyimira pawokha, achifumu, omwe amangolodza. Tidzamvetsetsa bwino kwambiri m'moyo wake, pofotokoza osati mbali yakunja kokha, komanso zizolowezi, mawonekedwe, njoka.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: King Cobra
King cobra amatchedwanso hamadryad. Chokwawa chimakhala chamtundu womwewo wamfumu cobras, pokhala nthumwi ya banja la asp. Banja ili ndilokulirapo komanso lakupha, lili ndi mibadwo 61 ndi mitundu 347 ya zolengedwa za njoka. Mwina mphiri ya mamba ndi njoka yayikulu kwambiri mwa njoka zapoizoni zonse. Kutalika kwake kumatha kupitirira mamita asanu ndi theka, koma zoterezi ndizochepa kwambiri, pafupifupi, kutalika kwa njokayo ndi 3 - 4 mita.
Chosangalatsa: Cobra wamkulu kwambiri adagwidwa mu 1937, kutalika kwake kunali mamita 5.71, adakhala moyo wake wa njoka ku London Zoo.
Mwambiri, dzina lomwelo "cobra" lidabwerera m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi m'nthawi yazomwe zidapezeka kwambiri. Achipwitikizi, omwe adakhazikika ku India, adakumana ndi njoka yowoneka bwino, yomwe adayamba kuitcha "Cobra de Capello", kutanthauza "njoka m'chipewa" m'Chipwitikizi. Chifukwa chake dzinali lidayamba mizu ya zokwawa zonse zokwawa zokhala ndi hood. Dzinalo la king cobra limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini kuti "kudya njoka".
Kanema: King Cobra
Herpetologists adatcha ichi hptile hannah, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi dzinalo m'Chilatini (Ophiophagus hannah), amagawa mamba amfumu m'magulu awiri osiyana:
- Achi China (kontinenti) ali ndi mikwingwirima yayikulu ndi zokongoletsa yunifolomu thupi lonse;
- Indonesia (chilumba) - njoka zamtundu wolimba zopanda mawanga ofiira ofiira pakhosi ndi mikwingwirima yopyapyala yopingasa.
Pali malingaliro olakwika akuti mamba njoka ndi njoka yapoizoni kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ichi ndichinyengo. Udindo woterewu unapatsidwa kwa Taipan McCoy, yemwe poizoni wake ndiwowopsa kwambiri komanso wamphamvu kuposa poizoni wa Hamadryad. Pali zokwawa zina zomwe zili ndi poyizoni wamphamvu kuposa mamba ya mamba.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: King cobra njoka
Tidazindikira kukula kwa mphiri yamfumu, koma kukula kwake muzithunzi zapakatikati kumafikira pafupifupi kilogalamu zisanu ndi chimodzi, yayikulu mpaka kufika khumi ndi awiri. Pozindikira zoopsa, njoka yam'manja imakankhira nthiti pachifuwa kotero kuti china chake ngati hood chimawonekera pamwamba. Ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chakunja. Pamalowa pali zikopa zisanu ndi chimodzi zazikulu zakuda, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe oyandikana.
Nyumbayi imatha kutupa chifukwa cha zikopa za khungu zomwe zili m'mbali. Pamwamba pamutu wa mphiri pali malo athyathyathya, maso a chokwawa ndi ochepa, nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima. Ziwopsezo zowopsa za njoka zimakula mpaka sentimita imodzi ndi theka.
Mtundu wa njoka yokhwima nthawi zambiri umakhala wa azitona wakuda kapena wabulauni wokhala ndi mphete zowala m'thupi, ngakhale sizofunikira. Mchira wa chokwawa chimakhala chithaphwi kapena chakuda kwathunthu. Mtundu wa anawo nthawi zambiri umakhala wabulauni kapena bulauni kapena wakuda; zoyera, nthawi zina ndi chikasu, mikwingwirima yomwe imadutsa pamenepo imawonekera. Malinga ndi kamvekedwe ka njoka ndi mikwingwirima yomwe ili pamenepo, mutha kulingalira kuti ndi gulu liti lomwe lili pamwambapa (Chitchaina kapena Indonesia) njoka ya mamba. Mtundu wa masikelo omwe uli pakatikati pa njokayo umadalira komwe kuli njoka yam'bulu, chifukwa kubisa chokwawa ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake zitha kukhala za mithunzi yotsatirayi:
- chobiriwira;
- bulauni;
- wakuda;
- wachikasu wachikasu.
Mtundu wamimba nthawi zonse umakhala wopepuka kuposa gawo lakumbuyo, nthawi zambiri umakhala wowala beige.
Kodi mamba cobra amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Red Book King Cobra
Gawo logawa la mamba yamfumu ndilochulukirapo. Kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia kumatha kutchedwa malo obadwira a banja la njoka za aspids, king cobra sizosiyana pano, zafalikira ku South Asia konse. Chokwawa cholimba chokhazikika ku India, gawo lomwe lili kumwera kwa mapiri a Himalayan, adasankha kumwera kwa China mpaka pachilumba cha Hainan. Cobra amasangalala kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa Indonesia, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Myanmar, Singapore, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand.
Hanna amakonda nkhalango zanyontho, zotentha, amasankha kupezeka kwa nkhalango zowirira. Mwambiri, munthu wa njoka amatha kusintha magawo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe. Itha kulembetsedwanso m'masamba, m'madambo a mangrove, m'mitengo yambiri ya nsungwi.
Asayansi achita kafukufuku ndikutsata mayendedwe a mamba amfumu pogwiritsa ntchito ma beacon olamulidwa ndi wailesi. Zotsatira zake, zidapezeka kuti zokwawa zina nthawi zonse zimakhala mdera lina, pomwe zina zimangoyenda m'malo atsopano omwe ali makilomita makumi kuchokera komwe adalembetsa kale.
Tsopano mimbulu yamafumu ikukhala pafupi ndi midzi ya anthu. Mwachidziwikire, ili ndi gawo lokakamizidwa, chifukwa anthu akuwasamutsa kwambiri kuchokera kumadera okhala anthu, akulima nthaka ndikudula nkhalango, komwe njoka zakhazikika kuyambira kalekale. Cobras amakopedwanso ndi minda yolimidwa, chifukwa pamenepo mutha kudya mitundu yonse ya mbewa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa ndi njoka zazing'ono.
Tsopano popeza mukudziwa komwe mamba amfumu amakhala, tiwone chomwe chimadya.
Kodi mamba amfumu amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: King Cobra Wowopsa
Sizachabe kuti mamba amfumu amatchedwa odya njoka, omwe amakhala alendo pafupipafupi pamndandanda wake wa njoka, womwe umakhala ndi:
- othamanga;
- keffiye;
- boyg;
- makola;
- mimbulu;
- mamba.
Pakati pa mamba, nthawi zina zimapezeka kuti akuluakulu amadya ana awo aang'ono. Kuphatikiza pa njoka, chakudya cha king cobra chimaphatikizaponso abuluzi akuluakulu, kuphatikiza abuluzi owunika. Monga tanenera kale, nyama zazing'ono sizidana ndi makoswe. Nthawi zina mamba amadya achule ndi mbalame zina.
Pakasaka, mamba amakhala achangu komanso othamangitsa, mokwiya kuthamangitsa nyama yake. Choyamba, amayesa kugwira wovulalayo kumchira, kenako ndikuyambitsa kuluma koopsa kumutu kapena pafupi nawo. Phezi yamphamvu kwambiri yamphongo yamfumu imapha wovulalayo pomwepo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mano a njoka siitali ndipo satha kupinda, monga njoka zina zapoizoni, chifukwa chake Hana amayesa kubweza nyamayo kuti ayilume kangapo. Ndipo poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri wa chokwawa ichi amapha ngakhale njovu yayikulu, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi mamililita sikisi amalowetsedwa mthupi la amene walumayo. Poizoni wakupha amakhudza dongosolo lamanjenje, kupangitsa kuti kupume kupuma; patangopita mphindi zochepa kulumidwa, wogwidwa adakumana ndi kumangidwa kwamtima.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Cobra king, mosiyana ndi zokwawa zina zambiri, sachita umbombo. Amangololera mwaufulu kumenyedwa ndi miyezi itatu, pomwe amaphunzitsa ana ake.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: King cobra m'chilengedwe
Kwa ambiri, njoka yam'manja imagwirizanitsidwa ndi choyimira ndi chotupa, chachifumu sichimodzimodzi. Chombocho chimapachikidwa mozungulira, ndikukweza gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a thupi lake. Udindo wamtunduwu sukukakamiza kuyenda kwa njoka, zikuwonetsa kuti chokwawa chimalamulira abale ena a mamba pakamachitika nkhondo mchaka chaukwati. Pankhondoyi, njoka yamphongo yomwe imatha kumutsutsa mdani mu korona ipambana nkhondoyi. Wotsutsidwayo amasiya malingaliro ndikuchotsedwa. Kwa njoka yam'mamba, utsi wake ulibe poizoni, njoka zakhala zikuteteza chitetezo kwa nthawi yayitali, motero ma duel samwalira chifukwa cholumidwa.
Chosangalatsa: King cobra imatha, panthawi yamakani, imatha kumveka ngati kubangula, chifukwa cha tracheal diverticula, yomwe imatha kumveka pang'onopang'ono.
Cobra amadzuka pachikwama osati nthawi yamasewera aukwati okha, motero amachenjeza anthu omwe sangachite bwino za zomwe zitha kuchitika. Mafinya ake amawumitsa minofu ya kupuma, yomwe imabweretsa kufa kwa omwe alumidwa. Munthu amene walandira mankhwala owopsa sangakhale moyo wopitilira theka la ola, pokhapokha ngati mankhwalawa atangobwera m'thupi, ndipo si aliyense amene ali ndi mwayi wotere.
Chosangalatsa: Zotsatira zakufa kwa anthu olumwa ndi mamba a mimbulu ndizochepa, ngakhale poyizoni wa njoka ndi nkhanza ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Asayansi akufotokoza izi ndikuti poizoni wamfumu amafunika ndi mphiri kuti apeze nyama yosaka, chifukwa imadya njoka zina, motero zokwawa zimapulumutsa poizoni wake wamtengo wapatali ndipo siziwonongedwa pachabe. Kuti awopseze munthu, Hannah nthawi zambiri amaluma iye osagwira, osabaya jakisoni. Njokayo ili ndi kudziletsa kwapadera komanso kuleza mtima ndipo siyingathe kumenyana popanda chifukwa. Ngati anali pafupi, ndiye kuti ndibwino kuti munthu akhale diso lake ndikuyesera kuundana, kotero Hana amvetsetsa kuti palibe chowopseza, ndipo abwerera.
Kukula kwa mphiri yachifumu kumapitilizabe pamoyo wake wonse, womwe, m'malo abwino, ukhoza kupitilira zaka makumi atatu. Kukhetsa kwa nyama zokwawa kumachitika nthawi 4 mpaka 6 pachaka, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto kwa amfumu. Amakhala pafupifupi masiku khumi, panthawi yomwe njokayo ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu, ndipo imayesetsa kuti ipeze malo obisika obisika. Nthawi zambiri, mimbulu imakonda kubisala m'mapanga ndi m'mapanga otetezeka, imakwawa mwaluso mu nduwira za mitengo ndikusambira mwangwiro.
King cobra yemwe amakhala kumalo osungira nyama ndizosowa kwambiri, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwamphamvu za reptile. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizovuta kudyetsa munthu wachifumu, chifukwa sakonda makoswe, posankha zokhwasula-khwasula njoka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Red Book King Cobra
Pakati pa nyengo yaukwati wa njoka, abwenzi nthawi zambiri amalimbana ndi anzawo. Yemwe amatuluka mwa iwo ngati wopambana, ndikupeza mwayi wokwatirana naye. Mphindi yaying'ono yopanga chibwenzi ilipo, njonda, isanakwatirane, iyenera kumvetsetsa kuti wosankhidwa wake ndi wodekha ndipo sangamuphe chifukwa chaukali, ndipo izi ndi zomwe zimachitikira mamba achifumu. Njira yokwatirana yokha imangodutsa ola limodzi.
Mimbulu ya King ndi zokwawa zokhala ndi mazira. Pakatha pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, mayi woyembekezera amayamba kuikira mazira. Pamaso pa chinthu chofunikira ichi, chachikazi chimakonza chisa kuchokera kuma nthambi ndi masamba owola. Nyumbayi imamangidwa paphiri kuti isadzaze madzi akagwa mvula yamkuntho, imatha kufikira mita zisanu m'mimba mwake. Thumba la king cobra lili ndi mazira 20 mpaka 40.
Chosangalatsa: Wamwamuna samusiya mnzakeyo atangobereka, koma limodzi naye, amateteza mosamala chisa cha okwatirana. Othandizana nawo amasinthana wina ndi mnzake kuti wotchiyo izungulira nthawi. Pakadali pano, makolo amtsogolo a njoka amakhala okwiya kwambiri, owopsa komanso owopsa modabwitsa.
Njira yofufuzira chisa mwakhama imatenga miyezi itatu yathunthu, pomwe mkazi samadya kalikonse, motero sizosadabwitsa kuti mulingo wankhanza zake zangokhala zochepa. Asanadumphe, amasiya chisa kuti asadye ana ake atadya nthawi yayitali. Njoka zazing'ono zimadya msana kwa tsiku limodzi mchisacho, ndikudzilimbitsa ndi ma yolks otsala m'mazira. Ana amabadwa kale ali ndi poizoni, ngati achikulire, koma izi sizimawapulumutsa ku ziwopsezo za anthu ofuna zoipa, omwe alipo ambiri, chifukwa chake, mwa ana khumi ndi awiri, awiri kapena anayi okha omwe ali ndi mwayi amapeza moyo.
Adani achilengedwe a mamba amfumu
Chithunzi: King cobra njoka
Ngakhale kuti mamba ya mfuwu ali ndi chida chakupha, champhamvu, chomenyera komanso ali ndi mtima wankhanza, moyo wake m'malo achilengedwe siwophweka ndipo sunapatsidwe moyo wosafa. Adani ambiri amadikirira ndikusaka munthu wachifumu woopsa uyu.
Zina mwa izo ndi izi:
- ziwombankhanga;
- nguluwe zakutchire;
- mongooses;
- nyama.
Onse omwe adafuna za hannah omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa samadana naye. Nyama zazing'ono zomwe sizidziwika bwino ndizovuta, zomwe sizingabweretsere adani nyama. Monga tanenera kale, mu dzira lonse logwirana ndi mphiri, ndi ana ochepa okha omwe amakhala ndi moyo, otsala onse amakhala ozunzidwa ndi anthu osafunira zabwino. Musaiwale kuti mayi wa mamba amatha kudya ana akhanda, chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kupirira njala yamasiku zana.
Nguluwe ndi zazikulu komanso zolimba pakhungu, ndipo sikophweka kuti njoka ilume pakhungu lawo. Meerkats ndi mongooses alibe chitetezo chilichonse chazirombo zam'mimba, koma ndi adani ake owopsa. Tiyenera kukumbukira nkhani yotchuka ya Kipling yonena za mongoose wolimba Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, yemwe molimba mtima adamenya nkhondo ndi banja la mamba. Mongooses opanda mantha ndi opunduka amadalira kuyenda kwawo, kuthamangira, luso komanso kuchitapo kanthu pakamenyana ndi chokwawa.
Mongoose adazindikira kale kuti Hana ndiwokokomeza pang'ono komanso wochedwa, chifukwa chake adapanga njira yapadera yodziwukira: nyamayo imadumphira mwachangu ndipo nthawi yomweyo imawomba, kenako imabwereza mayendedwe omwewo, kusokoneza njokayo. Pogwira mphindi yoyenera, mongoose amalumpha komaliza, komwe kumatha ndikulumuma kumbuyo kwa mphiri, komwe kumabweretsa chokwawa chakufa.
Njoka zazing'ono zimawopsezedwa ndi zina, zazikulu, zokwawa, koma mdani wodziwika kwambiri komanso wosayerekezeka wa mamba wamfumu ndi munthu amene amapha njoka mwadala, kuwapha ndi kuwagwira, ndipo mwanjira zina, kudzera munthawi yamkuntho ndipo, nthawi zambiri, zochita mosaganizira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: King Cobra Wapoizoni
Chiwerengero cha mamba wamfumu chikuchepa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, zomwe ndizodzikonda komanso zosalamulirika. Anthu amatchera mamba kuti atenge poizoni wawo, yemwe ndi wofunika kwambiri m'minda yazodzola ndi zodzikongoletsera. Mankhwalawa amapangidwa ndi poizoni, omwe amatha kuyambitsa kuwopsa kwa kulumidwa ndi njoka. The poyizoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ululu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda ambiri (mphumu, khunyu, bronchitis, nyamakazi). Zokometsera zimapangidwa kuchokera ku njoka ya njoka ya mamba yomwe imalimbitsa ukalamba pakhungu pochepetsa makwinya. Mwambiri, kufunika kwa poyizoni ndikwabwino, ndipo mamba amfumu nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi izi, kutaya moyo wawo.
Chifukwa chowonongera mphiri ndichakuti m'maiko ambiri aku Asia nyama yake imadyedwa, powona kuti ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali komanso chokoma. Zakudya zingapo zophika zimapangidwa kuchokera ku nyama zokwawa zachifumu, kuzidya zokazinga, zophika, zamchere, zophikidwa komanso kusungunuka. Achi China samangodya khungu la njoka, komanso amamwa magazi atsopano a Hana. Ku Laos, kudya mamba kumatengedwa ngati mwambo wonse.
Chosangalatsa: Anthu aku Lao amakhulupirira kuti pakudya mphiri, amapeza mphamvu, kulimba mtima, mzimu wathanzi komanso nzeru.
Cobras nthawi zambiri amataya miyoyo yawo chifukwa cha khungu lawo, lomwe limadziwika kwambiri pamsika wamafashoni. Kanyama kanyama kameneka sikangokhala kokongola kokha, kapangidwe kake koyambirira komanso kokometsera, komanso mphamvu komanso kulimba. Mitundu yonse yamatumba, zikwama zandalama, malamba, nsapato zimasokedwa pakhungu la njoka la Hana, zida zonse zamtunduwu zimawononga ndalama zambiri.
Munthu amakopa kuchuluka kwa mamba amfumu kudzera m'zochita zake, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa mfundo yoti mamba amasamuka m'malo omwe amawatumizira kwamuyaya. Anthu akutukuka kumene, akumalima malo olimapo, kukulitsa gawo lamizinda, kudula nkhalango zowirira, kumanga misewu ikuluikulu. Zonsezi zimakhudza moyo wa oimira nyama, kuphatikizapo mamba ya mfumu.
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti chifukwa cha zomwe zachitika pamwambapa, mamba amfumu akucheperachepera, ali pachiwopsezo cha chiwonongeko ndipo udindo wawo ukuwonetsedwa ngati wosatetezeka pamndandanda wazosamalira.
Kulondera Mfumu Cobras
Chithunzi: Red Book King Cobra
Ndizopweteka kudziwa kuti mamba amfumu awopsezedwa kuti atha, kuchuluka kwawo kumachepa mosalekeza, chifukwa sikutheka kuthana ndi umbanda womwe ukuyenda bwino m'maiko ambiri momwe njoka yamfumu yayikulu imakhalako. Osati kokha kugwidwa kosaloledwa kwa zokwawa, komanso zochita za anthu okhala m'malo amisala, zimabweretsa kufa kwa njoka zambiri. Musaiwale kuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi la achinyamata ndi omwe amapulumuka m'gulu lonse.
King cobra adatchulidwa kuti ndi mtundu wopanda chiopsezo womwe ukuopsezedwa kuti ungathe. Chifukwa cha ichi, m'maiko ena, akuluakulu aboma ateteza zokwawa izi. Kubwerera m'zaka za m'ma eyiti wathawu, lamulo lidakhazikitsidwa kudera la India, lomwe likugwirabe ntchito, malinga ndi izi, kuletsa mwamphamvu kupha ndi kugwidwa kosaloledwa kwa zokwawa izi kunayambitsidwa. Chilango chophwanya izi ndikumangidwa zaka zitatu m'ndende. Ahindu amawona mamba ngati yamtengo wapatali ndikupachika chithunzi chake m'nyumba zawo, akukhulupirira kuti chithandizira nyumbayo ndi chitukuko.
Zosangalatsa: Ku India, kuli chikondwerero cholemekeza mamba yamfumu. Patsikuli, anthu amtunduwu amanyamula njoka m'nkhalango kuti ziwapatse kachisi ndi misewu yamizinda. Ahindu amakhulupirira kuti kuluma njoka sikungatheke patsiku lotere. Chikondwererochi chitatha, zokwawa zonse zimabwereranso kunkhalango.
Pamapeto pake, zatsalira kuwonjezera izi Mfumu CobraZowonadi, zimawoneka ngati munthu wamagazi abuluu, ofanana ndi mfumukazi yaku Egypt yomwe ili ndi hood yokongola komanso nkhani. Sichachabe kuti nzeru zake ndi ukulu wake amalemekezedwa ndi mayiko ambiri. Chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti anthu amakhalanso anzeru komanso olemekezeka, kotero kuti chokwawa ichi sichitha padziko lapansi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05.06.2019
Tsiku losintha: 22.09.2019 nthawi ya 22:28
