South America Harpy Ndi imodzi mwazakudya zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kulimba mtima kwawo kumatha kuchititsa mantha mitundu ya zachilengedwe zambiri. Pamwamba pa unyolo wa chakudya, wodya nyamayi amatha kusaka nyama zazikulu ngati anyani ndi akadyedwe. Mapiko akuluakulu a 2 mita, zikhadabo zazikulu ndi milomo yolumikizidwa ya harpy yaku South America zimapangitsa kuti mbalameyi iwoneke ngati yakupha koopsa kumwamba. Koma kuseri kwa mawonekedwe owopsa a cholengedwa chodabwitsachi ndi kholo lachikondi lomwe likumenyera kukhalapo kwake.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: South American Harpy
Dzina lenileni la harpy limachokera ku Chigiriki chakale "ἅρπυια" ndipo limatanthawuza nthano za Agiriki Akale. Zamoyozi zinali ndi thupi lofanana ndi chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi nkhope yaumunthu ndipo zimanyamula akufa kupita ku Hade. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa dinosaurs amoyo popeza zimakhala ndi mbiriyakale yapadera kuyambira m'masiku a ma dinosaurs. Mbalame zonse zamakono zimachokera ku zokwawa zakale. Archeopteryx, chokwawa chomwe chimakhala padziko lapansi pafupifupi 150 mil. zaka zapitazo, idakhala imodzi mwamalumikizidwe ofunikira kuwulula kusinthika kwa mbalame.
Zokwawa zoyambirira zonga mbalame zinali ndi mano ndi zikhadabo, komanso mamba a nthenga pamapazi ndi mchira wawo. Zotsatira zake, zokwawa izi zidasanduka mbalame. Zinyama zamakono za banja la Accipitridae zidasinthika koyambirira kwa nyengo ya Eocene. Oyambawo anali gulu la ogwira nsomba ndi asodzi. Popita nthawi, mbalamezi zimasamukira kumalo osiyanasiyana ndikupanga zina zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azikhala ndi moyo wabwino.
Kanema: South American Harpy
Zeze waku South America adafotokozedwa koyamba ndi Linnaeus mu 1758 ngati Vultur harpyja. Mmodzi yekhayo wa mtundu wa Harpia, harpy, ndiwokhudzana kwambiri ndi chiwombankhanga chotchedwa (morphnus guianensis) ndi chiwombankhanga cha New Guinea (Harpyopsis novaeguineae), chomwe chimapanga banja laling'ono la Harpiinae m'banja lalikulu la Accipitridae. Kutengera mawonekedwe am'magazi amitundu iwiri ya mitochondrial ndi intron imodzi yanyukiliya.
Asayansi Lerner ndi Mindell (2005) adapeza kuti genera Harpia, Morphnus (Crested Eagle) ndi Harpyopsis (New Guinea Harpy Eagle) ali ndi kufanana kofananira ndikupanga clade yodziwika bwino. Poyamba anthu ankaganiza kuti chiombankhanga cha ku Philippines chimagwirizananso kwambiri ndi harpy yaku South America, koma kusanthula kwa DNA kwawonetsa kuti ndi kogwirizana kwambiri ndi gawo lina la banja lowononga, Circaetinae.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya harpy yaku South America
Amuna ndi akazi a harpy aku South America ali ndi nthenga zomwezo. Ali ndi nthenga zakuda kapena zoterera kumbuyo kwawo ndi mimba yoyera. Mutu ndi wotuwa, mzere wakuda pachifuwa umaupatula kumimba yoyera. Amuna ndi akazi ali ndi kachilombo kawiri pamutu pawo. Akazi amtundu uwu amatha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta, chifukwa amakula kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa amuna.
Harpy ndi imodzi mwamitundu yolemera kwambiri ya ziwombankhanga. Mphungu ya m'nyanja ya Steller ndi mitundu yokhayo yomwe imakula kuposa maimbidwe aku South America. Kumtchire, akazi achikulire amatha kulemera mpaka 8-10 makilogalamu, pomwe amuna amakhala pafupifupi 4-5 kg. Mbalameyi imatha kukhala kuthengo kwa zaka 25 mpaka 35. Ndi imodzi mwa ziwombankhanga zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, mpaka kutalika kwa masentimita 85 mpaka 105. Uwu ndiye mtundu wachiwiri wautali kwambiri pambuyo pa ziwombankhanga zaku Philippines.
Mofanana ndi nyama zina zambiri zolusa, zezeyu amakwanitsa kuona bwino kwambiri. Maso ake amapangidwa ndi timaselo tating'onoting'ono tambirimbiri tomwe timaloleza kuti nyama izionedwa patali. Zeze wa ku South America amakhalanso ndi chidwi chomvetsera. Kumva kumalimbikitsidwa ndi nthenga za nkhope zomwe zimapanga chimbale m'makutu mwake. Izi ndizofala kwambiri pakati pa akadzidzi. Mawonekedwe a chimbale chimapangitsa mafunde akumveka kulowa m'makutu a mbalameyo, kuti imve kayendedwe kake kakuzungulira.
Anthu asanalowerere, harpy waku South America anali cholengedwa chopambana kwambiri, chokhoza kuwononga nyama zazikulu powononga mafupa awo. Kukula kwa zikhadabo zolimba ndi mapiko amafupipafupi amalola kuti zizisaka bwino nkhalango zowirira. Koma zeze sizikhala ndi fungo lililonse, zimatengera kuwona ndi kumva. Komanso, maso awo otchera kwambiri sagwira ntchito bwino usiku. Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti ngakhale anthu samatha kuona bwino usiku poyerekeza ndi iye.
Kodi hule wakumwera kwa America amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: South American Harpy
Mitundu yosawerengeka imayamba kumwera kwa Mexico (kale kumpoto kwa Veracruz, koma tsopano, mwina ku Chiapas kokha), komwe mbalameyi yatsala pang'ono kutha. Kupitilira Nyanja ya Caribbean kupita ku Central America kupita ku Colombia, Venezuela ndi Guiana kum'mawa ndi kumwera kudzera kum'mawa kwa Bolivia ndi Brazil mpaka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Argentina. M'nkhalango zamvula, amakhala m'malo osanjikiza. Chiwombankhanga chimapezeka kwambiri ku Brazil, kumene mbalameyi imapezeka m'dziko lonselo, kupatulapo mbali zina za Panama. Mitunduyi idatsala pang'ono kutha ku Central America atadula mitengo yambiri yamvula.
A harpy aku South America amakhala m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha ndipo amatha kupezeka padenga lolimba, m'malo otsika ndi kutsetsereka mpaka mamita 2000. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka pansi pa 900 m, ndipo nthawi zina amapitilira. M'nkhalango zam'malo otentha, azeze aku South America amasaka mumtengo ndipo nthawi zina pansi. Sizimapezeka m'malo opanda mitengo yambiri, koma nthawi zonse amayendera nkhalango kapena malo odyetserako ziweto panthawi yosaka nyama. Mbalamezi zimauluka kupita kumalo komwe kuli nkhalango zowirira kwathunthu.
Ma Harpies amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana:
- serrado;
- kaatinga;
- buriti (kumulowetsa mauritius);
- mitengo ya kanjedza;
- kulima minda ndi mizinda.
Ma harpies amawoneka kuti amatha kupulumuka kwakanthawi m'malo akutali a nkhalango yoyamba, kudula nkhalango, komanso m'malo okhala ndi mitengo ingapo yayikulu, ngati angapewe kuthamangitsa ndikukhala ndi nyama zokwanira. Mitunduyi imapezeka kawirikawiri m'malo otseguka. Zeze sakhala osamala kwambiri, koma modabwitsa ndiwosaoneka ngakhale ali akulu.
Kodi harpy waku South America amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: South American harpy mwachilengedwe
Amadyetsa makamaka zinyama zapakatikati, kuphatikiza ma sloth, anyani, armadillos ndi nswala, mbalame zazikulu, abuluzi akulu ndipo nthawi zina njoka. Imasaka m'nkhalango, nthawi zina m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, kapena imayenda kwakanthawi kochepa kuchokera pamtengo kupita pamtengo ndi luso lodabwitsa, kufunafuna ndikumvetsera nyama.
- Mexico: Amadyetsa anyani akuluakulu, anyani akangaude omwe anali ofala m'derali. Amwenye am'deralo ankatcha maimbidwe amenewa "faisaneros" chifukwa amasaka ma ghana ndi ma capuchin;
- Belize: Belize nyama zolimbirana monga opossums, anyani, nungu ndi nkhandwe zotuwa;
- Panama: Sloths, nkhumba zazing'ono ndi ana, anyani, macaws ndi mbalame zina zazikulu. A harpy ankadya nyama ya- sloth pamalo omwewo kwa masiku atatu, kenako n’kusamutsira kumalo ena pambuyo poti thupi la wovutitsidwayo lichepetsedwa mokwanira;
- Ecuador: Nyama zaku arboreal, anyani ofiira ofiira. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya nyama zolowa inali ma sloth, macaws, guana;
- Peru: anyani agologolo, anyani ofiira ofiira, ma sloth atatu a zala;
- Guyana: kinkajou, anyani, ma sloth, possums, saki yoyera mutu, coati ndi agouti;
- Brazil: anyani ofiira ofiira, anyani anyani apakatikati monga ma capuchins, saki, sloths, ng'ombe, macacs a hyacinth ndi ma caryams;
- Argentina: Amadya margais (amphaka amiyala yayitali), ma capuchins akuda, nungu zazing'ono ndi ma possum.
Kuukira ziweto monga nkhuku, ana ankhosa, mbuzi ndi nkhumba zazing'ono kwanenedwapo, koma izi ndizosowa kwambiri munthawi zonse. Amayang'anira anyani a capuchin, omwe amadyera mazira a mbalame kwambiri ndipo amatha kuyambitsa mitundu yazachilengedwe.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: South American Harpy
Nthawi zina azeze amakhala olusa osakhalitsa. Mtundu uwu nthawi zambiri umapezeka mwa nyama zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango. Ku ma harpp aku South America, izi zimachitika akakhala m'masamba ndikuyang'ana kwa nthawi yayitali kuchokera pamwamba pamadzi pomwe nyama zambiri zimamwa madzi. Mosiyana ndi ziweto zina kukula kwake, azeze ali ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono ndi mchira wautali. Ichi ndi chizolowezi chomwe chimalola mbalame yayikulu kuyendetsa njira yake yowuluka kudzera muudzu wa nkhalango zowirira.
Harpy waku South America ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse zodya nyama. Nyamayo ikangowoneka, imawulukira kwa iyo mwachangu kwambiri ndikuukira nyamayo, ndikugwira chigaza chake pamtunda wopitilira 80 km / h. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito zikhadabo zake zazikulu ndi zolimba, imaphwanya chigaza cha womugwirirayo, ndikumupha nthawi yomweyo. Posaka nyama zazikulu, siziyenera kusaka tsiku lililonse. Kawirikawiri chiwombankhanga chimabwerera kuchisa ndi nyama ndipo chimadyetsa masiku angapo otsatira chisa.
Chosangalatsa: M'mikhalidwe yovuta, harpy imatha kukhala popanda chakudya mpaka sabata.
Mbalame zimalankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu. Kufuula kwakuthwa nthawi zambiri kumamveka ngati azeze ali pafupi ndi chisa chawo. Amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu awa kuti azitha kulumikizana ali otanganidwa kulera. Anapiye amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amenewa ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 38 ndi 40 zakubadwa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chimbudzi cha ku South America
Zeze wa ku South America ayamba kufunafuna wokwatirana wazaka zapakati pa 4 ndi 5. Amuna ndi akazi a mtundu uwu amakhala moyo wawo ndi mnzawo yemweyo. Banja likangogwirizana, amayamba kufunafuna malo abwino okhala.
Chisa chikumangidwa pamtunda wa mamitala 40. Zomangamanga zimachitika limodzi ndi onse awiri. Zeze wa ku South America amatenga nthambi ndi zikhadabo zake zamphamvu ndi kukupiza mapiko awo, ndikupangitsa kuti nthambiyo ithyole. Nthambizi zimabwereranso kumalo osungira ndi kumanga pamodzi kuti zimange chisa chachikulu. Chisa chapakati cha harpy chimakhala ndi m'mimba mwake masentimita 150-200 ndi kuya kwa mita imodzi.
Zosangalatsa: Mabanja ena amatha kupanga chisa chopitilira chimodzi m'moyo wawo, pomwe ena amasankha kukonzanso chisa chimodzimodzi mobwerezabwereza.
Chisa chawo chikakhala kuti chakonzeka, kugwirana kumachitika, ndipo patatha masiku ochepa mkazi amayikira mazira awiri oyera oyera. Makulitsidwe amachitidwa ndi mkazi, chifukwa champhongo ndi chaching'ono. Munthawi imeneyi, azimuna amachita kusaka komanso kusamira mazira kwakanthawi kochepa chabe, pomwe wamkazi amapuma kuti adyetse. Nthawi yokwanira ndi masiku 55. Dzira limodzi likangotuluka, banjali limanyalanyaza dzira lachiwiri ndikusintha kukhala kholo la mwana wakhanda.
Miyezi ingapo yoyambirira itadulidwa, yaikazi imakhala nthawi yayitali pachisa, pomwe yamphongo imasaka. Mwana wankhuku amadya kwambiri, chifukwa amakula mwachangu kwambiri ndipo amatenga mapiko ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Komabe, kusaka kumafunikira luso lapamwamba, lomwe limakula bwino mzaka zingapo zoyambirira m'moyo wake. Akuluakulu amadyetsa ana kwa chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Zeze wachichepere waku South America amakhala moyo wawokha kwa zaka zoyambirira.
Adani achilengedwe a azeze aku South America
Chithunzi: South American Harpy akuthawa
Mbalame zazikulu zimakhala pamwamba pa chakudya ndipo sizisakidwa kawirikawiri. Alibe nyama zolusa kuthengo. Komabe, azeze awiri achikulire aku South America omwe adatulutsidwira kuthengo ngati gawo la pulogalamu yobwezeretsanso adagwidwa ndi nyamayi ndi nyama yaying'ono kwambiri, ocelot.
Anapiye oswedwa amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha mbalame zina zomwe zimadya chifukwa chochepa, koma atetezedwa ndi mayi wawo wamkulu, mwana wankhuku amatha kupulumuka. Kudyetsa kotereku ndikosowa, chifukwa makolo amateteza kwambiri chisa ndi gawo lawo. Zimbwa za ku South America zimafunikira pafupifupi 30 km hunting kuti zizisaka mokwanira. Ndi nyama zakutchire kwambiri ndipo zimathamangitsa mitundu iliyonse yomwe ikupikisana nayo.
Pakhala pali zochitika zambiri zakutha kwachilengedwe m'malo omwe anthu amachita kwambiri. Zimayambitsidwa makamaka ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala chifukwa chodula mitengo ndi ulimi. Palinso malipoti a alimi omwe amawona azeze aku South America ngati nyama zowopsa zomwe zimawawombera mwachangu. Mapulogalamu apadera ophunzitsira alimi ndi alenje pakadali pano akupangidwa kuti azindikiritse ndikumvetsetsa kufunikira kwa mbalamezi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya harpy yaku South America
Ngakhale harpy yaku South America ikupezekabe m'malo akulu, magawidwe ake ndi ziwerengero zikuchepa mosalekeza. Zili pachiwopsezo makamaka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malo okhala chifukwa chakuchuluka kwa mitengo, kuswana ng'ombe ndi ulimi. Komanso, kusaka mbalame kumachitika chifukwa chowopseza ziweto komanso kuwopseza moyo wamunthu chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu.
Ngakhale, zowonadi za kusaka anthu sizinalembedwe, ndipo nthawi zambiri amangosaka nyama. Zowopseza zoterezi zimafalikira m'malo ake onse, mbali yayikulu yomwe mbalameyi yangokhala yowoneka kwakanthawi. Ku Brazil, awonongedwa pang'ono ndipo amapezeka kumadera akutali kwambiri a Amazon Basin.
Chiwerengero cha anthu chaka cha 2001 kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yoswana chinali 10,000-100,000. Ngakhale ziyenera kudziwika kuti owonera ena atha kuyerekezera molakwika kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikuwonjezera anthu mpaka masauzande. Ziwerengero zamtunduwu zimadalira kwambiri poganiza kuti ku Amazon kuli anthu ambiri oyimba azeze.
Kuyambira chapakatikati pa zaka za m'ma 1990, harpy yakhala ikupezeka ambiri ku Brazil kokha kumpoto kwa equator. Zolemba za sayansi kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1990, komabe, zikusonyeza kuti anthu atha kusamuka.
Kuteteza Ma Harpies aku South America
Chithunzi: South American Harpy Red Book
Ngakhale akuyesetsa, chiwerengerochi chikuchepa. Kuzindikira kufunika kwa mitunduyi kukufalikira pakati pa anthu, koma ngati kufalikira kwa nkhalango sikuyimitsidwa, azeze okongola kwambiri aku South America amatha kutha kuthengo posachedwa. Palibe chidziwitso chenicheni pakukula kwa anthu. Akuti mu 2008 anthu ochepera 50,000 amakhala kuthengo.
Ziwerengero za IUCN zikuwonetsa kuti mtunduwo wataya mpaka 45.5% ya malo ake abwino mzaka 56 zokha. Chifukwa chake, Harpia harpyja adatchulidwa kuti "Wowopsa" mu Kafukufuku Wofiyira wa IUCN wa 2012. Iwonso ili pachiwopsezo ndi CITES (Zowonjezera I).
Kusamala kwa azeze aku South America kumatengera chitetezo cha malo awo kuti chisafike pangozi. Chiwombankhanga chimawerengedwa kuti chatsala pang'ono kutha ku Mexico ndi Central America, komwe chidafafanizidwa m'malo ake akale. Amawerengedwa kuti ali pangozi kapena ali pachiwopsezo kumadera ambiri aku South America. Kum'mwera kwa malo ake, ku Argentina, amapezeka kokha m'nkhalango za m'chigwa cha Paraná m'chigawo cha Misiones. Adasowa ku El Salvador komanso pafupifupi ku Costa Rica.
Zoyimba ku South America Chofunikira kwambiri m'nkhalango zotentha. Kupulumutsa anthu kungathandize kuteteza mitundu yambiri yam'malo otentha omwe amakhala mofanana. Zoyambazi zimayang'anira kuchuluka kwa nyama zam'mlengalenga ndi zam'mapiri m'nkhalango yamvula, zomwe pamapeto pake zimalola kuti zomera zizikula bwino. Kutha kwa harpy waku South America kumatha kusokoneza chilengedwe chonse chachilengedwe cha ku Central ndi South America.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05/22/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 20.09.2019 pa 20:46
