Ng'ombe - mphaka wokongola wokhala ndi thupi losalala, losalala, tsitsi lalifupi, lofiira ndi golide pamaso. Izi ndi zina mwa mitundu yokongola kwambiri yamphaka zakutchire Padziko Lapansi, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti lynx ya m'chipululu. Ng'ombeyo ilibe mawanga kapena mikwingwirima ndipo ili ndi miyendo yayitali komanso thupi lowonda kuposa mphaka weniweni.
Ndiwo amphaka olemera kwambiri komanso othamanga kwambiri ku Africa. Kusintha kwa maatomiki komwe kumapangitsa kuti nyamayo ikhale yokongola kwambiri komanso masewera othamanga ndi zotsatira za zaka 35 miliyoni zakusintha kwachikazi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Caracal
Malo omwe ali mumtundu wamphaka wamtengowo ndiwosokoneza, koma akukhulupirira kuti ndiwokhudzana kwambiri ndi serval ndi mphaka wagolide. Malo okhalapo nyama yamtengowo ndi osiyana ndi azibale ake. Ma Servals ndi nyama zakufa ndizofanana kukula kwake, komabe, nyama zosaka nyama zimasaka m'malo okhala chinyezi, pomwe nyama zakufa zimakhazikika kumadera ouma.
Kanema: Caracal
Kukhazikika ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa nyama zodyera m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso madera osiyanasiyana kukula kwake kumawonetsa kuti nyama ija ili pachiwopsezo ngati nyama. Zotsatira zamaphunziro a phylogenetic zikuwonetsa kuti nyama ya mphalapala ndi mphaka wagolide waku Africa (C. aurata) adasinthasintha pakukula kwawo pakati pa zaka 2.93 ndi 1.19 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu iwiriyi, limodzi ndi serval, imapanga Caracal genetic line, yomwe imabalalika pakati pa 11.56 ndi 6.66 miliyoni. Mdala wa mzerewu adafika ku Africa pafupifupi zaka 8.5-5.6 miliyoni zapitazo.
"Felis caracal" ndi dzina lasayansi logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi a Johann Daniel von Schreber mu 1776 pofotokoza za khungu la kambalame wochokera ku Cape of Good Hope. Mu 1843, katswiri wazinyama waku Britain a John Gray adaziyika mumtundu wa Caracal. Imaikidwa m'banja la Felidae ndi banja la Felinae. M'zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20, anthu angapo a nyama yakufa adafotokozedwa ndikukhala ngati subspecies.
Kuyambira 2017, ma subspecies atatu amadziwika ndi asayansi ngati ovomerezeka:
- caracal yakumwera (C. Caracal) - wopezeka ku South ndi East Africa;
- caracal yaku kumpoto (C. nubicus) - wopezeka kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Africa;
- Ng'ombe yaku Asia (C. Schmitzi) - yomwe imapezeka ku Asia.
Dzinalo "karakal" lili ndi mawu awiri achi Turkic: kara, kutanthauza kuti wakuda, ndi nkhonya, kutanthauza khutu. Kugwiritsa ntchito koyambirira kwa dzinali kudayamba mu 1760. Dzinalo ndi khate la ku Perisiya. Mwa Agiriki ndi Aroma, dzina loti "lynx" mwachidziwikire limagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitemboyo. Dzinalo nthawi zina limagwiritsidwabe ntchito ndi nyama yamphesa, koma mphamba wamakono ndi mtundu wina.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ng'ombe yamphongo
Caracal ndi mphaka woonda wokhala ndi matupi olimba, nkhope yayifupi, mano aatali a canine, makutu opindika, ndi miyendo yayitali. Ali ndi malaya abulauni kapena ofiira, omwe utoto wake umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi munthu. Akazi ndi opepuka kuposa amuna. Pansi pake pamakhala yoyera ndipo, ngati mphaka wagolide waku Africa, amakongoletsedwa ndi timadontho tambiri tating'ono. Ubweya wokha, wofewa, wamfupi komanso wandiweyani, umakhala wolimba mchilimwe.
Tsitsi lapansi (gawo lalikulu la tsitsi lomwe limakwirira chovalacho) limakhala lozizira m'nyengo yozizira kuposa nthawi yotentha. Kutalika kwa tsitsi loteteza m'nyengo yozizira kumatha kufikira masentimita atatu, koma nthawi yotentha kumachepa mpaka masentimita 2. Pali zipsera zakuda pamaso: pamapadi a masharubu, kuzungulira maso, pamwamba pamaso ndikutsika pang'ono pakati pamutu ndi mphuno.
Mbali yapadera ya nyama zakuthupi ndi yolitali, zikopa zakuda pamwamba pamakutu ngati ngayaye. Pali malingaliro ambiri okhudzana ndi cholinga chawo. Ziphuphu zimatha kuthamangitsa ntchentche kumaso kwa mphaka kapena kuthandiza kubisala muudzu wamtali kuti athyole mutuwo. Koma, chodziwika kwambiri ndikuti mphaka amasuntha timakutu take kuti alumikizane ndi nyama zakufa.
Miyendo ndi yayitali mokwanira. Mapazi akumbuyo ndi amtali kwambiri komanso amisempha. Mchira ndi wamfupi. Mtundu wamaso umasintha kuchokera golide kapena mkuwa kukhala imvi kapena wobiriwira. Anthu okhulupirira zachipembedzo adanenedwa koma ndizosowa kwambiri.
Aang'ono amakhala ndi zikopa zazifupi komanso maso akuda. Ma carbal subspecies sangakhale osiyana mu phenotype. Zazimayi ndizochepa ndipo zimalemera makilogalamu 13, pomwe amuna amatha kulemera mpaka makilogalamu 20. Mchira wafupikitsidwa, komabe umakhala gawo lalikulu la kutalika kwathunthu kwa thupi. Kutalika kwa mchira kumasiyana masentimita 18 mpaka masentimita 34. Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi kuyambira mphuno mpaka pansi pamchira kumakhala masentimita 62 mpaka 91. Ngakhale nyama yaying'ono kwambiri yayikulu kuposa amphaka ambiri am'nyumba.
Kodi caracal imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mphaka wa Caracal
Malo okhala mtengowo umafalikira ku Africa konse mpaka ku Middle East mpaka ku India. Imasinthidwa mwangwiro ndi moyo wankhanza watsiku ndi tsiku la savanna, nkhalango youma, chipululu chouma, mapiri ouma ndi mapiri owuma. Ku Africa, nyama zakufa zimafalikira kwambiri kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, koma zimawoneka kuti ndizosowa ku North Africa. Ku Asia, kutalika kwake kumayambira ku Arabia Peninsula, kudutsa Middle East, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan mpaka kumadzulo kwa India.
Kumpoto kwa Africa, anthu akusowa, koma zigawo zina za ku Africa, padakali mitembo yambiri. Malire awo okhala ndi chipululu cha Sahara komanso nkhalango ya equator yozungulira West ndi Central Africa. Ku South Africa ndi Namibia, C. nyama yakufa ndi yochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti imawonongedwa ngati nyama yosasangalatsa. Anthu aku Asia ndi ochepa poyerekeza ndi aku Africa.
Zosangalatsa: Mitengoyi idaphunzitsidwa kale kusaka mbalame ku Iran ndi India. Anayikidwa m'bwalo lamasewera momwe munali gulu la nkhunda ndipo kubetcha kunayikidwa pa mbalame zingati zomwe zingamenyedwe ndi mphaka pakulumpha kamodzi.
Mitunduyi imakhala m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'zigwa zouma, m'chipululu komanso m'nkhalango, koma imakonda madera ouma opanda mvula komanso malo okhala. M'malo okhala ndi mapiri, izi zimachitika mpaka kufika mamita 3000. Nyengo yowuma yomwe ili ndi masamba ochepa imakonda nyama. Poyerekeza ndi serval, nyama zakuthwa zimatha kupirira nyengo zowuma kwambiri. Komabe, samakonda kukhala m'zipululu kapena m'malo otentha. Ku Asia, nyama zakufa nthawi zina zimapezeka m'nkhalango, zomwe sizachilendo kwa anthu aku Africa.
Ku Benin “Penjari National Park, kuyenda kwa nyama zakufa kunkajambulidwa ndi misampha ya kamera. Ku Abu Dhabi, nyama yamphongo yamphongo idapezeka ikugwiritsa ntchito makamera otchera msipu ku Jebel Hafit National Park mu february 2019, yomwe ndi mlandu woyamba kuyambira 1984. Ku Uzbekistan, caracal idangolembedwa m'malo opululu a Ustyurt komanso m'chipululu cha Kyzylkum. Pakati pa 2000 ndi 2017, anthu 15 adawoneka amoyo ndipo osachepera 11 adaphedwa ndi abusa.
Kodi nyama yamtengo wapatali imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Caracal desert lynx
Ng'ombe zamphongo ndizodya kwambiri. Zigawo zazikuluzikulu zamadyedwe zimasiyana kutengera komwe mumakhala. Amphaka aku Africa amatha kudya nyama zazikulu monga ungulates, pomwe amphaka aku Asia amangodya zinyama zazing'ono monga makoswe. Ng'ombe sizimenyedwa kawirikawiri. Ngakhale nyama zakuthwa zimadziwika chifukwa chodumpha modabwitsa mukamagwira mbalame, zoposa theka la chakudya chawo ndizinyama zam'magulu onse.
Gawo lalikulu la nyama zakufa ndi:
- makoswe;
- wamisala;
- hares;
- mbalame;
- anyani ang'onoang'ono;
- nswala.
Nkhunda ndi partridge ndizofunikira nyengo ndi mitunduyo.
Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina amatha kusaka:
- mapiri obwezeretsa (antelope aku Africa);
- Mbawala-dorkas;
- mbawala zamapiri;
- gerenuk;
- mbali zamakoma;
- African bustard.
Zokwawa zina zimadya nyama yakufa, ngakhale izi sizomwe zimakonda kudya. Ndiosiyana ndi amphaka kukula kwake ndipo amatha kupha nyama kawiri kapena katatu kulemera kwa thupi lawo. Nyama zazing'ono zimaphedwa ndi kuluma kwa occiput, pomwe nyama zazikulu zimawonongedwa ndi kuluma kwapakhosi. Kawirikawiri nyamayo imagwidwa nyama ikamadumpha pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo yake yakutali yolumikizana komanso yamphongo.
Zosangalatsa: Caracal imatha kudumphira mumlengalenga ndikuwombera mbalame 10-12 nthawi yomweyo!
Nyama yamphongo isanadye nyama, nthawi zambiri "imasewera" kwa mphindi 5-25, ndikuyiyendetsa ndi manja ake. Nyama yamphongoyo imatha kuponyera kamunthu kakang'ono mlengalenga, kenako nkuyigwira. Zifukwa za khalidweli sizikudziwika. Monga kambuku, nyama yakufa imatha kukwera mitengo ndipo nthawi zina imasunga nyama zambiri panthambizo kuti ibwerere mtsogolo. Izi zimalepheretsa nyamayo kuti idyedwe ndi afisi ndi mikango, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama yamtunduwu igwiritse ntchito bwino kusaka. Zikhadabo zake zazikulu zochotseka ndi miyendo yamphamvu zimapatsa mphamvu yakukwera.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Lynx caracal
Caracal imayenda usiku, ngakhale zochitika zina zimatha kuchitika masana. Komabe, mphaka uyu ndi wobisa kwambiri komanso wovuta kumuwona, chifukwa chake ntchito yake masana imatha kuzindikirika. Kafukufuku ku South Africa adapeza kuti nyama zakufa zimakhalapo kwambiri kutentha kwa mpweya kukatsika pansi pa 20 ° C. Ntchito nthawi zambiri imatsika kutentha kwambiri. Caracal imapezeka yokha. Magulu olembedwa okha ndi amayi omwe ali ndi ana awo.
Caracal ndi nyama yokongola modabwitsa yopangidwa mwachilengedwe. Imasinthidwa bwino kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo, imatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kumwa madzi, ndipo luso lake lodumpha modabwitsa limapangitsa kuti ikhale yoposa yamunthu.
Imeneyi ndi nyama yamtundu, imayika malo okhala mkodzo ndipo, mwina, ndowe zosaphimbidwa ndi nthaka. Zimadziwika kuti nyama imodzi imatha kuthamangitsa nyama zolusa kuwirikiza kawiri. Nthawi yosaka nthawi zambiri imadziwika ndi ntchito ya nyama, koma C. nyama yonyamula nyama nthawi zambiri imawoneka ikusaka usiku. Ku Israeli, amuna amakhala pafupifupi 220 km² ndipo akazi 57 km². Madera amuna kuyambira 270-1116 km² ku Saudi Arabia. Ku Mountain Zebra National Park (South Africa), madera azimayi amasiyana kuchokera pa 4.0 mpaka 6.5 km².
Maderawa amalumikizana kwambiri. Mafupa owoneka bwino komanso kupenta nkhope nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yolumikizirana. Kuyanjana kwa nyama zamphongo pakati pawo kumawonekera poyendetsa mutu kuchokera mbali ndi mbali. Monga amphaka ena, nyama yakufa, mafunde, kulira ndi kutsuka.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mphaka wa Caracal
Kukwatira kusanayambike, akazi amagawa mkodzo, kununkhira kwake komwe kumakopa ndikudziwitsa wamwamuna kuti ndi wokonzeka kuswana. Kuitana kosiyana kokhazikika ndi njira ina yokopa. Pakhala pali mitundu ingapo yamitundumitundu yoonera matupi anyama. Mzimayi akakwatirana ndi amuna angapo, gululi limatha kumenyera kuti likwatirane naye, kapena atha kusankha anzawo okondana ndi amuna akuluakulu komanso okulirapo.
Kulumikizana kumachitika ndi zibwenzi zingapo mkati mwa sabata. Mkazi atasankha wokwatirana naye. Awiriwo amatha kukhala limodzi mpaka masiku anayi, pomwe kukangana kumachitika kangapo. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi amuna opitilira amodzi. Ngakhale amuna ndi akazi amakula msinkhu pakati pa miyezi 7 ndi 10, kugonana bwino kumachitika pakati pa miyezi 14 ndi 15.
Mkazi amatha kulowa mu estrus nthawi iliyonse mkati mwa chaka. Izi zimakhudzana ndikuwongolera zakudya zazimayi. Chakudya chochuluka chikapezeka (chomwe chimasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu), chachikazi chimapita ku estrus. Izi zikufotokozera kuchuluka kwa masiku obadwa pakati pa Okutobala ndi February m'malo ena. Mkazi sangakhale ndi zinyalala zoposa chimodzi pachaka. Nthawi ya bere ndi masiku 69 mpaka 81 ndipo yaikazi imabereka mphaka 1 mpaka 6. Kumtchire, palibe ana oposa atatu obadwa.
Akazi amaika nthawi yambiri ndi mphamvu mu ana awo. Phokoso lamtengo, dzenje losiyidwa, kapena phanga nthawi zambiri limasankhidwa kuti libadwire komanso milungu inayi yoyambirira yakukula. Nthawi yomweyo, makanda amayamba kusewera ndikudya nyama. Chisamaliro chimapitilira mpaka ana amphaka ali ndi pafupifupi masabata 15, koma amangopeza ufulu weniweni pakatha miyezi 5-6.
Adani achilengedwe a nyama zakufa
Chithunzi: Caracal Red Book
Kubisa kwakunja ndi chitetezo chachikulu kwa adani. Nyama zakutchire zimakonda malo ampata oti zikhazikike, choncho zikawopsezedwa, zimagona pansi, ndipo tsitsi lawo lofiirira limakhala ngati kubisalira nthawi yomweyo. Kuphatikiza apo, amayenda mwamphamvu kwambiri pamiyala, yomwe imathandizanso kupewa nyama zazikulu:
- mikango;
- afisi;
- akambuku.
Komabe, nyama zomwe zidatchulidwazo sizikonzekera kukonza nyama zakufa, mdani wake wamkulu ndi munthu. Anthu amawapha chifukwa choukira ziweto, ngakhale izi zimachitika m'malo ena okha a chinyama, koma zimayambitsa kufa anthu ambiri (nyama 2219 mdera limodzi). Izi zili choncho makamaka ku South Africa ndi Namibia, komwe mapulogalamu oyendetsa nyama adayambitsidwa. Ngakhale ndi mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, nyama zakutchire zimachulukitsa malo olimapo.
Amamenyedwanso chifukwa cha khungu lake komanso nyama yake, yomwe mafuko ena amawona ngati yabwino. Ngakhale kutayika kwa ntchito zamtunduwu ndizochepa, chifukwa zikopa za nyama zakufa sizofunikira pakati pa anthu ena. Caracal imatha kukhala kuthengo kwa zaka 12, ndipo nyama zina zazikulu zimakhala mndende mpaka zaka 17.
Ngakhale nyama zakutchire ndi nyama zolusa, mikango ndi afisi samawasaka nthawi zonse. Mitembo imakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri pachilengedwe monga chiwongolero cha mitundu ina. Amadya chilichonse chomwe chilipo ndipo amakhudza mphamvu zochepa zogwirira ndikupha. M'madera ena, nyama zakufa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zochepa zomwe zimapha mitundu ina ya omwe akhudzidwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mphaka wa Caracal
Nambala yeniyeni yamtchire kutchire sikudziwika, kotero kuwunika kwathunthu kuchuluka kwawo sikungatheke. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi ochepa kapena omwe ali pangozi ku Asia ndi North Africa. Pakati ndi kumwera kwa Africa, amadziwika kuti ndi ambiri ndipo amasakidwa kulikonse komwe ali. Mitembo yapoizoni, yomwe imapha nyama zambiri zodya nyama, imamasulidwa ndi oweta ziweto kuti iphe zolusa.
Pakati pa 1931 ndi 1952, pafupifupi mitembo 2,219 pachaka idaphedwa ku South Africa panthawi yolimbana ndi adani. Alimi aku Namibia akuyankha funso la boma akuti mpaka mtembo wa anthu 2,800 adaphedwa mu 1981.
Zosangalatsa: Zowopsa zina ndikuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa malo okhala. Pamene anthu akudutsa m'derali, nyama zimathamangitsidwa ndipo chizunzo chimakulirakulira.
Anthu ammudzi amapha nyama yakufa kuti ateteze ziweto. Kuphatikiza apo, akuwopsezedwa kuti adzapha nsomba kuti agulitse nyama ku Arabia. Ku Turkey ndi Iran, nyama zakufa nthawi zambiri zimaphedwa pangozi zapamsewu. Ku Uzbekistan, chiwopsezo chachikulu pamitemboyo ndikupha abusa kuti abwezere chifukwa chotayika ziweto.
Kuteteza nyama
Chithunzi: Caracal kuchokera ku Red Book
Kuchuluka kwa nyama zakufa za mu Africa zalembedwa mu CITES Zakumapeto II, pomwe anthu aku Asia adalembedwa mu CITES Zakumapeto I. Kusaka nyama zikuletsedwa ku Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, India, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia ndi Turkey. Amadziwika kuti ndi "nyama yovuta" ku Namibia ndi South Africa ndipo amaloledwa kusakidwa kuti ateteze ziweto.
Chosangalatsa: Karakal adatchulidwa kuti ali pangozi ku Uzbekistan kuyambira 2009, komanso ku Kazakhstan kuyambira 2010.
Amakhulupirira kuti atsala pang'ono kutha ku North Africa, ku Pakistan, kutha ku Jordan, koma kukhazikika pakati ndi kumwera kwa Africa. Malonda apadziko lonse a nyama zakutchire monga ziweto ndizofala makamaka ku United States, Russia, Canada ndi Netherlands.Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa mphaka wotumizidwa kumaonedwa kuti ndiwotsika, zikuwonetsa kuti malondawa atha kukulirakulira.
Nyama yakuthengo yakhala pamndandanda wazinyama zosavomerezeka kuyambira 2002 popeza ndizofala m'maiko opitilira 50 komwe chiweto sichikuopsezedwa. Kuwonongeka kwa malo chifukwa chakukula kwaulimi, kumanga misewu ndi kukhazikika ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu m'maiko onse.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05/29/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 20.09.2019 pa 21:25
